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((Short description|Religious views on suicide))
((Suicide sidebar))
[[File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -47- - Desperation.jpg|thumb|175px|Painting by [[Giotto]] depicting a person committing the sin of ''desperatio'', the rejection of God's mercy, because while choked they are unable to ask for repentance.<ref>''Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi-xoFAPnPMC&pg=PA108 pp. 108–9].</ref>]]
There are a variety of '''religious views on [[suicide]]'''.

Regarding [[Suicide in antiquity|suicide in the ancient European religions]], both Roman and Greek, had a relaxed attitude.<ref>[[Danielle Gourevitch]],  "Suicide among the sick in classical antiquity." ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' 43.6 (1969): 501-518.</ref><ref>John D. Papadimitriou, et al. "Euthanasia and suicide in antiquity: viewpoint of the dramatists and philosophers." ''Journal of the Royal Society of medicine'' 100.1 (2007): 25-28. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/014107680710000111 online]</ref><ref>Anton J. L. Van Hooff, ''From autothanasia to suicide: Self-killing in classical antiquity'' (Routledge, 2002).</ref>

==[[Indian religions|Dharmic religions]]==
===Buddhism===
In [[Buddhism]], an individual's past acts are recognized to heavily influence what they experience in the present; present acts, in turn, become the background influence for future experiences (the [[doctrine]] of [[karma]]). Intentional actions by ''mind, body or speech'' have a reaction. This reaction, or repercussion, is the cause of conditions and differences one encounters in life.

Buddhism teaches that all people experience substantial [[suffering]] (''[[dukkha]]''), in which suffering primarily originates from past negative deeds (karma), or may result as a natural process of the cycle of birth and death (''[[samsara]]''). Other reasons for the prevalence of suffering concern the concepts of [[impermanence]] and [[illusion]] (''[[maya (Buddhism)|maya]]''). Since everything is in a constant state of impermanence or flux, individuals experience dissatisfaction with the fleeting events of life. To break out of ''samsara'', Buddhism advocates the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], and does not advocate suicide.

In [[Theravada Buddhism]], for a monk to so much as praise death, including dwelling upon life's miseries or extolling stories of possibly blissful rebirth in a higher realm in a way that might condition the hearer to die by suicide or to pine away to death, is explicitly stated as a breach in one of highest [[vinaya]] codes, the prohibition against harming life, one that will result in automatic expulsion from [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]].<ref>Pruitt & Norman, ''The Patimokkha'', 2001, Pali Text Society, Lancaster, Defeat 3</ref>

For Buddhists, since the first precept is to refrain from the destruction of life, including one's self, suicide is seen as a negative act. If someone dies by suicide in anger, he may be reborn in a sorrowful realm due to negative final thoughts.<ref>[http://hi.baidu.com/762841999/blog/item/89f19ff301e39cce0b46e054.html 千萬不要自殺﹗--悔恨千年剧烈痛苦!]</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.bfnn.org/cherish/|title=珍惜生命（墮胎與自殺的真相）|website=www.bfnn.org))</ref> Nevertheless, Buddhism does not condemn suicide without exception, but rather observes that the reasons for suicide are often negative and thus counteract the path to enlightenment.<ref>[http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-NX020/09_09.htm 論佛教的自殺觀]</ref>  With that said, in thousands of years of Buddhist history, very few exceptions are found.

But in a Buddhist tale, a ''[[bhikkhu]]'' named Vakkali who was extremely ill and racked with excruciating pain, was said to have died by suicide when near death and upon making statements suggesting he had passed beyond desires (and thus perhaps an ''[[arhant]]'').<ref name="suffering"/>  Self-[[euthanasia]] appears to be the context for his death.

Another case is the story of a ''bhikkhu'' named Godhika, also beset by illness,<ref name="suffering">((cite web |last1=Attwood |first1=Michael |title=Suicide as A Response to Suffering |url=http://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol4/suicide_as_a_response_to_suffering.html |website=Western Buddhist Review |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522111755/http://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol4/suicide_as_a_response_to_suffering.html |archive-date=22 May 2015 |url-status=dead))</ref> who had repeatedly attained temporary liberation of mind but was unable to gain final liberation due to illness.<ref name="suffering"/> While believing himself again in a state of temporary liberation it occurred to him to cut his own throat, in hopes thus to be reborn in a high realm.<ref name="suffering"/> The [[Buddha]] was said to have stated:

((Quote|Such indeed is how the steadfast act:
They are not attached to life.
Having drawn out craving at its root
Godhika has attained final [[Nirvana|Nibbaana]].<ref name="suffering"/>))

Ultimately, tales like these could be read as implying past Buddhist beliefs that suicide might be acceptable in certain circumstances if it might lead to non-attachment. In both above cases, the monks were not enlightened before dying by suicide but they hoped to become enlightened following their deaths.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/buddhistethics/euthanasiasuicide.shtml Buddhism, euthanasia and suicide] at the [[BBC]]</ref>

The Channovàda-sutra gives a third exceptional example of one who died by suicide and subsequently attained enlightenment.<ref>((cite journal |url=http://www.buddhistethics.org/3/keown.pdf |title=Buddhism and Suicide The Case of Channa |author=Damien Keown |journal=Journal of Buddhist Ethics |volume=3 |issue=1996 |pages=19–21 |access-date=2010-11-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615221136/http://buddhistethics.org/3/keown.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-15 ))</ref>

In an entry in ''The Encyclopedia of Religion'', Marilyn J. Harran wrote the following:
((Quote|Buddhism in its various forms affirms that, while suicide as self-sacrifice may be appropriate for the person who is an arhat, one who has attained enlightenment, it is still very much the exception to the rule.<ref>((cite book |author=Mircea Eliade |title=The Encyclopedia of Religion (vol 14) |year=2005 |publisher=New York: Macmillan |page=129 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2 |isbn=978-0-02-865733-2 |url-access=registration ))</ref>))

[[Sokushinbutsu]] in [[Japanese Buddhism]] involves [[asceticism]] to the point of death and entering [[mummification]] while alive.<ref>Jeremiah, Ken. Living Buddhas: The Self-mummified Monks of Yamagata, Japan. McFarland, 2010</ref> This is done to attain [[Buddha-nature]] in one's body.

===Hinduism===
In [[Hinduism]], suicide is spiritually unacceptable. Generally, taking your own life is considered a violation of the code of ''[[ahimsa]]'' (non-violence) and therefore equally [[sin]]ful as murdering another. Some scriptures state that to die by suicide (and any type of violent death) results in becoming a [[ghost]], wandering earth until the time one would have otherwise died, had one not died by suicide.<ref>Hindu Website. [http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/h_suicide.asp Hinduism and suicide]</ref>

The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' talks of suicide, stating those who perform the act can never attain regions (of heaven) that are blessed.<ref>Mahabharata section CLXXXI</ref> [not in citation given]

Hinduism accepts a person's [[right to die|right to end one's life]] through ''[[Prayopavesa]]''.<ref name="hindu">((cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/hinduethics/euthanasia.shtml|title= Hinduism - Euthanasia and Suicide|date= 2009-08-25|publisher= BBC))</ref> Prayopavesa is for old age yogis who have no desire or ambition left, and no responsibilities remaining in this life.<ref name="hindu" /> Another example is dying in a battle to save one's honor.

===Jainism===
In [[Jainism]], suicide is regarded as the worst form of ''himsā'' (violence) and is not permitted.((citation needed|date=January 2019)) ''[[Ahimsa in Jainism|Ahimsā]]'' (nonviolence) is the fundamental doctrine of Jainism.

According to the [[Jain text]] ''[[Puruşārthasiddhyupāya]]'', "when death is near" the vow of ''sallekhanā'' ([[fasting]] to death) is observed by properly thinning the body and the passions.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.deathreference.com/Ho-Ka/Jainism.html|title=Jainism - world, body, life, time, person, human|website=www.deathreference.com))</ref> It also mentions that ''sallekhanā'' is not suicide since the person observing it is devoid of all passions like attachment.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/AcharyaAmritchandrasPurusharthaSiddhyupaya|title=Alt URL))</ref>

==Abrahamic religions==

=== Christianity ===
((main|Christian views on suicide))
((See also|Martyrdom in Christianity))
((More citations needed section|date=November 2012))
There is no express biblical warrant condemning and prohibiting suicide, and there are persons mentioned within the Bible who die by suicide.<ref>((Cite web | url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2000/july10/30.61.html | title=Is Suicide Unforgivable?))</ref><ref name="Gorsuch2009">((cite book|author=Neil M. Gorsuch|title=The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lnXyNwYEPwC|date=12 April 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14097-1|page=25))</ref> Depending on a denomination's [[Biblical canon|canon of books]], there are six or eleven suicides mentioned in the Bible.<ref>Elisabeth Brockmann: ''Selbsttötungen in der Bibel'', in: AGUS (ed.): [https://www.agus-selbsthilfe.de/fileadmin/common/broschueren/downloads/kirche_umgang_mit_suizid.pdf ''Kirche – Umgang mit Suizid''], p. 18-20.</ref> On the other hand, the descriptions of people in the Bible who died by suicide are negative. Major contexts include betrayal ([[Ahitophel]] and [[Judas]])<ref>[http://biblehub.com/commentaries/pulpit/2_samuel/17.htm Pulpit Commentary] on 2 Samuel 17: "Here Ahithophel is almost certainly intended"</ref><ref>[[Eugen J. Pentiuc]], [https://www.goarch.org/-/judas-profile-in-the-psalms-meditation-on-the-holy-wednesday/ Judas’ Profile in the Psalms: Meditation on the Holy Wednesday], accessed 5 August 2017</ref> and divine judgement resulting in military defeat ([[Saul]] and [[Abimelech (Judges)|Abimelech]]). In particular, [[:s:Bible (King James)/Psalms#Psalm 37|Bible (King James) Psalm 37]]:14-15 describes the "wicked" as falling on their own swords, and [[Zimri (king)|Zimri]] is described as having "died for his sins which he committed, doing evil in the eyes of [[Yahweh]]" ([[:s:Translation:1 Kings#Chapter 16]]:18-19). Many Christian theologians take an unfavorable view of suicide.<ref>((Cite web | url=https://lifehopeandtruth.com/life/life-after-death/what-does-the-bible-say-about-suicide/ | title=What Does the Bible Say About Suicide?))</ref>

((Bibleverse|Psalm|139:8|KJV)) ("If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there: if I make my bed in hell, behold, thou art there.") has often been discussed in the context of those who die by suicide.<ref name="Dowie 1902 p. 702">((cite book |last=Dowie |first=J. A. |title=Leaves of Healing |publisher=Zion Publishing House |volume=v. 11 |year=1902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHZPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA702 |page=702))</ref><ref name="Powell 2017 p. 13">((cite book |last=Powell |first=D. |title=Entangled: The Treacherous Snare of the Father of Lies |publisher=5 Fold Media LLC |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-942056-55-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_ZADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |page=13))</ref><ref name="Clemons 1990 p. 55">((cite book |last=Clemons |first=J. T. |title=Perspectives on Suicide |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-664-25085-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14jaAAAAMAAJ |page=55))</ref><ref name="Murray 2011 p. 1">((cite book |last=Murray |first=A. |title=Suicide in the Middle Ages: Volume 2: The Curse on Self-Murder |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-161399-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trene_8DY10C&pg=PT1 |at=Title page))</ref>

According to the theology of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], suicide is objectively a sin which violates the commandment "Thou shalt not kill".<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a5.htm|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church, Paragraph 2280, 2281))</ref>  However, the gravity and culpability for that sin changes based on the circumstances surrounding that sin.  The ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'' (1992), Paragraph 2283 states: "We should not despair of the eternal salvation of persons who have taken their own lives. By ways known to him alone, God can provide the opportunity for salutary repentance. The Church prays for persons who have taken their own lives." Paragraph 2282 also points out that "Grave psychological disturbances, anguish, or grave fear of hardship, suffering, or torture can diminish the responsibility of the one committing suicide." The Catholic Church used to deny all suicides a Catholic funeral mass and burial in [[consecrated ground]]. However, the Church has since changed this practice.<ref>((cite web|last=Byron|first=William|title=Do People Who Commit Suicide Go to Hell?|url=http://www.catholicdigest.com/articles/faith/knowledge/2007/04-01/do-people-who-commit-suicide-go-to-hell|publisher=Catholic Digest|access-date=10 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219215546/http://www.catholicdigest.com/articles/faith/knowledge/2007/04-01/do-people-who-commit-suicide-go-to-hell|archive-date=19 December 2014))</ref>

Protestants such as [[Evangelicals]], [[Charismatics]], [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]], and other denominations have often argued that suicide is self-[[murder]], and so anyone who performs the act is sinning and it is the same as if the person murdered another human being. An additional view concerns the act of asking for salvation and accepting Jesus Christ as personal savior, which must be done prior to death. The unpardonable sin then becomes not the suicide itself, but rather the refusal of the gift of salvation.Most Pentecostals believe that if a person is a Born-Again person can still go to Heaven can still be saved because the blood of Jesus covers the sin of suicide.

Suicide is regarded generally within the [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] tradition as a rejection of God's gift of physical life, a failure of stewardship, an act of despair, and a transgression of the sixth commandment, "You shall not kill" ([[:s:Bible (King James)/Exodus#Chapter 20|Exodus 20]]:13).
The Orthodox Church normally denies a [[Christian burial]] to a person who has died by suicide. However, factors bearing on the particular case may become known to the priest who must share this information with the diocesan bishop; the bishop will consider the factors and make the decision concerning funeral services. However, the Eastern Orthodox Church shows compassion on those who have taken their own life because of [[mental illness]] or severe emotional stress, when a physician can verify a condition of impaired rationality.

In early Christian traditions, the condemnation of suicide is reflected in the teachings of [[Lactantius]], [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]], [[Clement of Alexandria]], and others. Among the martyrs at [[Antioch]] were three women who died by suicide to avoid rape; although professor William E. Phipps gives this as an example of virtuous early Christian suicides, Augustine declared that although they may have done "what was right in the sight of God," in his view the women "should not have assumed that rape would necessarily have deprived them of their purity" (as purity was, to Augustine, a state of mind).<ref name="Christian Perspectives on Suicide">((cite web|first=William|last=Phipps|publisher=religion-online|access-date=27 November 2013|title=Christian Perspectives on Suicide|url=http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1924))</ref>

Some other denominations of Christianity may not condemn those who die by suicide [[:wikt:per se|per se]] as committing a sin, even if suicide is not viewed favorably; factors such as motive, character, etc. are believed to be taken into account.  One such example is [[The New Church]].<ref>((cite web|last=Odhner|first=John|title=Reflections on Suicide|url=http://whatthebiblesays.info/suicide.html|access-date=6 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232842/http://whatthebiblesays.info/suicide.html|archive-date=2 December 2013))</ref>  In [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church), suicide is generally viewed as wrong, although the victim may not be considered responsible for the act depending on the circumstances.<ref>((cite web|title=Suicide|url=http://lds.org/study/topics/suicide?lang=eng|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715042446/http://lds.org/study/topics/suicide?lang=eng|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-15|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints))</ref>

===Islam===
((see also|Islamic view of death#Suicide))
Islam clearly forbids suicide as a verse in the Quran instructs: ((quote|"And do not kill yourselves, surely God is most Merciful to you."|[[Quran 4:29]]  <ref>[[Quran 4:29]]}</ref>))

The prohibition of suicide has also been recorded in statements of [[hadith]] (believed sayings of [[Muhammad]]); for example:
((Quote|Narrated [[Abu Huraira]]: The Prophet said, "He who commits suicide by throttling shall keep on throttling himself in the Hell-Fire (forever) and he who commits suicide by stabbing himself shall keep on stabbing himself in the Hell-Fire."|((Hadith-usc|bukhari|usc=yes|2|23|446))))

Many Muslim scholars and clerics consider suicide [[haram|forbidden]], including [[suicide attacks]].<ref name="hijacked_caravan">
[http://www.ihsanic-intelligence.com/dox/The_Hijacked_Caravan.pdf "The Hijacked Caravan: Refuting Suicide Bombings as Martyrdom Operations in Contemporary ''Jihad'' Strategy"], Ihsanic Intelligence</ref><ref name="nytimes.com">
[[Noah Feldman]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/magazine/29islam.html?pagewanted=all "Islam, Terror and the Second Nuclear Age"], ''New York Times'', October 29, 2006</ref><ref>
David Bukay, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VNtBgbrNGUQC&dq=Qaradawi++Istishhad&pg=PA296 ''From Muhammad to Bin Laden: Religious and Ideological Sources of the Homicide Bombers Phenomenon''], 2011.</ref>

===Judaism===
((Main|Jewish views on suicide|Self-sacrifice in Jewish law|Kiddush Hashem|Martyrdom in Judaism))
Suicides are frowned upon and buried in a separate part of a Jewish cemetery and may not receive certain mourning rites. In practice, every means is used to excuse suicide—usually by determining either that the suicide itself proves that the person was not in their right mind, or that the person must have repented after performing the deadly act but shortly before death occurred. Taking one's own life may be seen as a preferred alternative to committing certain [[Self-sacrifice in Jewish law|cardinal sins]].<ref>See Talmud Bavli Gittin, 57b.</ref> Most authorities hold that it is not permissible to hasten death to avoid pain if one is dying in any event, but the [[Talmud]] is somewhat unclear on the matter.<ref>See Talmud Bavli Avoda Zara 18a</ref> However, assisting in suicide and requesting such assistance (thereby creating an accomplice to a sinful act) is forbidden, a violation of [[Leviticus]] 19:14 ("Do not put a [[stumbling block]] before the blind"), which is understood as prohibiting tempting to sin as well as literally setting up physical obstacles.<ref>See Talmud Bavli (B.) Pesachim 22b; B. Mo'ed Katan 5a, 17a; B. Bava Mezia 75b. and B. Nedarim 42b.</ref>

Biblical and other Jewish accounts of suicide include those of [[Samson]] and the [[woman with seven sons]]. Although the [[Jew]]ish historian [[Josephus]] described a Jewish mass suicide at [[Masada]],<ref>[http://www.netours.com/jrs/2003/masada-revolt.htm Masada and the first Jewish revolt against Rome] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016113344/http://www.netours.com/jrs/2003/masada-revolt.htm |date=2009-10-16 )): Near East Tourist Industry, Steven Langfur 2003</ref> according to the archaeologist Kenneth Atkinson, no "archaeological evidence that Masada's defenders committed mass suicide" exists.<ref>((cite book |title= Making History: Josephus And Historical Method |url= https://archive.org/details/makinghistoryjos00rodg |url-access= limited |editor=Zuleika Rodgers |publisher=Brill |date=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makinghistoryjos00rodg/page/n411 397]|isbn= 9789004150089 ))</ref>

==Neopagan religions==
===Wicca===
In [[Wicca]] as well as numerous other [[Neopagan]] religions, there is no consensus concerning suicide.  Some view suicide as a violation of the sanctity of life, and a violation of the most fundamental of Wiccan laws, the [[Wiccan Rede]].  However, as Wicca teaches a belief in [[reincarnation]] instead of permanent rewards or punishments, many believe that suicides are reborn (like everyone else) to endure the same circumstances in each subsequent lifetime until the capacity to cope with the circumstance develops.<ref>((cite web  |url=http://paganwiccan.about.com/od/contemporaryissues/qt/Suicide.htm |title=Pagans and Suicide))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Church of Euthanasia]]
* [[Prayopavesa]]
* [[Sallekhana]]
* [[Seppuku]]
* [[Sokushinbutsu]]
* [[Voodoo death]]

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

==Further reading==
*((cite book|chapter=[[s:Sermons from the Latins/Sermon 12|Fourth Sunday: Suicide]] |title=Sermons from the Latins|year=1902|publisher= Benziger Brothers|first=Robert|last=Bellarmine|author-link=Robert Bellarmine))

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Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Religious views on suicide.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide"