You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.197.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 10:52, 20 August 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 November 2024
Your current IP address is 44.197.119.13. The blocked range is 44.197.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Electronic lock without a mechanical key))
((more citations needed|date=June 2013))
((Use dmy dates|date=July 2022))

[[File:Remote central locking.jpg|thumb|A remote control for a keyless entry system built into an ignition key: pressing a button on the key unlocks the car doors, while another button locks the car and activates its [[car alarm|alarm system]]]]

A '''remote keyless system''' ('''RKS'''), also known as '''remote keyless entry (RKE)''' or '''remote central locking''', is an [[electronic lock]] that controls access to a building or [[vehicle]] by using an electronic [[remote control]] (activated by a handheld device or automatically by proximity).<ref>((cite web|last=Job|first=Ann|title=Driving Without Car Keys|url=http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=435298|work=MSN Autos|access-date=27 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509234238/http://editorial.autos.msn.com/article.aspx?cp-documentid=435298|archive-date=9 May 2012|url-status=dead))</ref> RKS largely and quickly superseded ''keyless entry'', a budding technology that restrictively bound locking and locking functions to vehicle-mounted keypads.

Widely used in automobiles, an RKS performs the functions of a standard  [[Key (lock)|car key]] without physical contact.  When within a few yards of the car, pressing a button on the remote can lock or unlock the doors, and may perform other functions.  

A remote keyless system can include both ''remote keyless entry'' (RKE), which unlocks the doors, and ''[[Remote starter|remote keyless ignition]]'' (RKI), which starts the engine.

== History ==

Remote keyless entry was patented in 1981 by Paul Lipschultz, who worked for Niemans (a supplier of security components to the car industry) and had developed a number of automotive security devices.  His electrically actuated lock system could be controlled by using a handheld fob to stream infrared data. Patented in 1981 after successful submission in 1979, it worked using a "coded pulse signal generator and battery-powered infra-red radiation emitter." In some geographic areas, the system is called a PLIP system, or Plipper, after Lipschultz. Infrared technology was superseded in 1995 when a European frequency was standardised.<ref name="Mills2014">((cite news |title = Keyless wonder: how did we end up with 'smart' wireless keys for our cars? |work = Sunday Times |first = James |last= Mills |date = 8 November 2014 |url          = https://www.driving.co.uk/news/features/keyless-wonder-how-did-we-end-up-with-smart-keys-for-our-cars/))</ref><ref name="Torchinsky2021">((cite news |title = I Had No Idea The Renault Fuego Was The Car With This Huge Automotive First |work = Jalopnik |first = Jason |last = Torchinsky |date = 23 February 2021 |url = https://jalopnik.com/i-had-no-idea-the-renault-fuego-was-the-car-with-this-h-1846330434))</ref>

The remote keyless systems using a handheld transmitter first appeared on the French made [[Renault Fuego]] in 1982,<ref>((cite web|title=1980–1985 RENAULT Fuego Turbo|url=http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/front_website/octane_interact/carspecs.php/?see=3341|work=Octane|access-date=27 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027091155/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/front_website/octane_interact/carspecs.php/?see=3341|archive-date=27 October 2012))</ref> and as an option on several [[American Motors]] vehicles in 1983, including the [[Renault Alliance]]. The feature gained its first widespread availability in the U.S. on several [[General Motors]] vehicles in 1989.((citation needed|date=February 2013))

Prior to Remote Keyless Entry, a number of systems were introduced featuring Keyless Entry (i.e., not remote), including Ford's 1980 system introduced on the [[Ford Thunderbird (eighth generation)|Ford Thunderbird]], [[Mercury Cougar#Fifth generation (1980–1982)|Mercury Cougar]], [[Lincoln Continental Mark VI]], and [[Lincoln Town Car]], which Ford called ''Keyless Entry System'' (later renamed SecuriCode). The system used a keypad on the driver-side exterior door above the door handle. The keypad had five buttons that would unlock the driver's door when the code was entered, with subsequent code entries to unlock all doors, and the trunk. [[Nissan]] offered the same technology on the [[Nissan Maxima#Second generation (PU11; 1985)|Nissan Maxima]] and [[Nissan 300ZX#Z31|Nissan Fairlady]] beginning in 1984, essentially using the same approach as Ford, with the addition of being able to roll the windows down and open the optional [[moonroof]] from outside the vehicle on the door handle installed keypad on both the driver's and front passengers door. The sixth generation [[Buick Electra]] featured a similar sill-mounted keypad for model years 1985-1988, superseded in 1989 by a remote keyless entry system.

== Function ==
((more citations needed|section, except for two footnotes,|date=November 2013))

Keyless remotes contain a short-range [[radio transmitter]], and must be within a certain range, usually 5–20 meters, of the car to work.  When a button is pushed, it sends a coded signal by  [[radio wave]]s to a receiver unit in the car, which locks or unlocks the door.  Most RKEs operate at a [[frequency]] of 315&nbsp;MHz for North America-made cars and at [[LPD433|433.92&nbsp;MHz]] for European, Japanese and Asian cars. Modern systems since the mid-1990s implement [[encryption]] as well as rotating entry codes to prevent car thieves from intercepting and [[Spoofing attack|spoofing]] the signal.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/07/technology/how-it-works-remote-keyless-entry-staying-a-step-ahead-of-car-thieves.html|title=HOW IT WORKS; Remote Keyless Entry: Staying a Step Ahead of Car Thieves|last=Lake|first=Matt|date=2001-06-07|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2017-02-10|issn=0362-4331))</ref> Earlier systems used infrared instead of radio signals to unlock the vehicle, such as systems found on Mercedes-Benz,<ref>[http://www.benzworld.org/forums/r129-sl-class/1524730-infrared-keyless-entry-95-sl500.html infrared-keyless-entry], benzworld.org.</ref> BMW<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.bimmernut.com/forum/5-series-bmw/31110-infrared-keyless-entry-1990-a.html |title=Archived copy of post to BMW forum |access-date=2012-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109220901/http://www.bimmernut.com/forum/5-series-bmw/31110-infrared-keyless-entry-1990-a.html |archive-date=2013-11-09 ))</ref> and other manufacturers.

The system signals that it has either locked or unlocked the car usually through some fairly discreet combination of flashing vehicle lamps, a distinctive sound other than the horn, or some usage of the horn itself. A typical setup on cars is to have the horn or other sound chirp twice to signify that the car has been unlocked, and chirp once to indicate the car has been locked. For example, Toyota, Scion, and Lexus use a chirp system to signify the car being locked/unlocked. While two beeps means that driver's door is unlocked, four beeps means all doors are unlocked. One long beep is for the trunk or power tailgate. One short beep signifies that the car is locked and alarm is set.

The functions of a remote keyless entry system are contained on a [[key fob]] or built into the [[ignition system|ignition]] key handle itself. Buttons are dedicated to  locking or unlocking the doors and opening the trunk or tailgate. On some minivans, the power sliding doors can be opened/closed remotely. Some cars will also close any open [[power window|windows]] and roof when remotely locking the car. Some remote keyless fobs also feature a red [[panic button]] which activates the [[car alarm]] as a standard feature. Further adding to the convenience, some cars' engines with remote keyless ignition systems can be started by the push of a button on the key fob (useful in cold weather), and convertible tops can be raised and lowered from outside the vehicle while it's parked.

On cars where the trunk release is electronically operated, it can be triggered to open by a button on the remote. Conventionally, the trunk springs open with the help of [[hydraulic cylinder|hydraulic strut]]s or [[torsion spring]]s, and thereafter must be lowered manually. Premium models, such as SUVs and estates with tailgates, may have a motorized assist that can both open and close the tailgate for easy access and remote operation.

For offices, or residences, the system can also be coupled with the security system, garage door opener or remotely activated lighting devices.

== Programming ==
((unreferenced section|date=February 2013))

Remote keyless entry [[Security token|fobs]] emit a [[radio frequency]] with a designated, distinct digital identity code. Inasmuch as "programming" fobs is a proprietary technical process, it is typically performed by the automobile manufacturer. In general, the procedure is to put the car computer in 'programming mode'. This usually entails engaging the power in the car several times while holding a button or lever. It may also include opening doors, or removing [[Fuse (automotive)|fuses]]. The procedure varies amongst various makes, models, and years. Once in 'programming mode' one or more of the fob buttons is depressed to send the digital identity code to the car's onboard computer. The computer saves the code and the car is then taken out of programming mode.

As RKS fobs have become more prevalent in the automobile industry a secondary market of unprogrammed devices has sprung up. Some websites sell steps to program fobs for individual models of cars as well as accessory kits to remotely activate other car devices.

On early (1998–2012) keyless entry remotes, the remotes can be individually programmed by the user, by pressing a button on the remote, and starting the vehicle. However, newer (2013+) keyless entry remotes require [[Car dealership|dealership]] or [[locksmith]] programming via a [[computer]] with special software . The [[Infrared]] keyless entry systems offered user programming, though [[radio frequency]] keyless entry systems mostly require dealer programming.

== Passive Systems ==

Some cars feature a passive keyless entry system. Their primary distinction is the ability to lock/unlock (and later iterations allow starting) the vehicle without any input from the user.

General Motors pioneered this technology with the Passive Keyless Entry (PKE) system in the 1993 Chevrolet Corvette. It featured passive locking/unlocking, but traditional keyed starting of the vehicle.

Today, passive systems are commonly found on a variety of vehicles, and although the exact method of operation differs between makes and models, their operation is generally similar: a vehicle can be unlocked without the driver needing to physically push a button on the key fob to lock or unlock the car. Additionally, some are able to start or stop the vehicle without physically having to insert a key.

== Security ==

Keyless ignition does not by default provide better security. In October 2014, it was found that some insurers in the United Kingdom would not insure certain vehicles with keyless ignition unless there were additional mechanical locks in place due to weaknesses in the keyless system.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/money/2014/oct/27/thieves-range-rover-keyless-locking|title=Thieves target luxury Range Rovers with keyless locking systems|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=27 October 2014))</ref>

A security concern with any remote entry system is a [[spoofing attack|spoofing]] technique called a [[replay attack]], in which a thief records the signal sent by the key fob using a specialized receiver called a code grabber, and later replays it to open the door.  To prevent this, the key fob does not use the same unlock code each time but a [[rolling code]] system; it contains a [[pseudorandom number generator]] which transmits a different code each use.<ref name="Brain">((cite web
  | last = Brain
  | first = Marshall
  | title = How remote entry works
  | work = How Stuff Works website
  | publisher = 
  | date = 15 August 2001
  | url = https://auto.howstuffworks.com/remote-entry2.htm
  | format = 
  | doi = 
  | accessdate = 19 August 2022))</ref>  The car's receiver has another pseudorandom number generator synchronized to the fob to recognise the code. To prevent a thief from simulating the pseudorandom number generator the fob [[encryption|encrypts]] the code.  

News media have reported cases where it is suspected that criminals managed to open cars by using [[Radio repeater|radio repeaters]] to trick vehicles into thinking that their keyless entry fobs were close by even when they were far away ([[relay attack]]),<ref>((Cite web|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/2020/07/14/toronto-northeast-vehicle-electronic-thefts/|title = CCTV video shows suspects using electronic method to steal cars in northeast Toronto – CityNews Toronto))</ref> though they have not reported that any such devices have been found. The articles speculate that keeping fobs in aluminum foil or a freezer when not in use can prevent criminals from exploiting this vulnerability.<ref>((Cite news|title=Vulnerability In Car Keyless Entry Systems Allows Anyone To Open And Steal Your Vehicle |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/josephsteinberg/2015/05/12/vulnerability-in-car-keyless-entry-systems-allows-anyone-to-open-and-steal-your-car/ |work=Forbes |first=Joseph |last=Steinberg |date=May 12, 2015))</ref>

In 2015, it was reported that [[Samy Kamkar]] had built an inexpensive electronic device about the size of a wallet that could be concealed on or near a locked vehicle to capture a single keyless entry code to be used at a later time to unlock the vehicle.  The device transmits a jamming signal to block the vehicle's reception of [[rolling code]] signals from the owner's fob, while recording these signals from both of his two attempts needed to unlock the vehicle.  The recorded first code is sent to the vehicle only when the owner makes the second attempt, while the recorded second code is retained for future use.  Kamkar stated that this vulnerability had been widely known for years to be present in many vehicle types but was previously undemonstrated.<ref name="RollinCode">((cite news | title=A hacker made a $30 gadget that can unlock many cars that have keyless entry | url=http://www.techinsider.io/samy-kamkar-keyless-entry-car-hack-2015-8 | work=[[Tech Insider]] | first=Cadie | last=Thompson | date=2015-08-06 | access-date=2015-08-11))</ref>  A demonstration was done during [[DEF CON]] 23.<ref name="DC23">((cite web | title=Drive It Like You Hacked It: New Attacks and Tools to Wirelessly Steal Cars | url=https://www.defcon.org/html/defcon-23/dc-23-speakers.html#Kamkar | work=[[DEF CON]] 23 | first=Samy | last=Kamkar | date=2015-08-07 | access-date=2015-08-11))</ref>

Actual thefts targeting luxury cars based on the above exploit have been reported when the key fob is near the front of the home. Several workaround can prevent such exploits, including placing the key fob in a tin box.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/electronic-car-theft-rising-1.5138877|title=3 solutions to electronic car theft, a continuing threat to high-end Toronto automobiles|work=CBC))</ref><ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/toyota-lexus-relay-attack-1.5380947|title=Toyota, Lexus owners warned about thefts that use 'relay attacks'|work=CBC))</ref> A criminal ring stole about 100 vehicles using this technique in Southern and Eastern Ontario.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/motor-vehicle-crash-innes-road-1.5396538|title=20 charged in high-end vehicle thefts in Ontario|work=CBC))</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Near field communication]]
* [[Ignition switch]]
* [[Transponder car key]]

== References ==

((refs))

== External links ==
((commons category|Plips))

* [http://auto.howstuffworks.com/remote-entry.htm Article about how keyless entry remote systems on automobiles work]
* [http://www.maxim-ic.com/appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/3395/CMP/WP-19 Requirements of Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) Systems]
* [http://www.snopes.com/autos/techno/lockcode.asp False warning about RKE code thieves at Snopes.com]

((Car-interior))

[[Category:Automotive accessories]]
[[Category:Automotive technologies]]
[[Category:Radio electronics]]
[[Category:Vehicle security systems]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Remote keyless system (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Car-interior (edit)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Commons category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Refs (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Replace (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Unreferenced (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Unreferenced section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Remote keyless system.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_keyless_system"