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((Short description|Banknote replacement))
((refimprove|date=May 2017))
[[File:Obverse of the series 2009 $100 Federal Reserve Note.jpg|thumb|400px|right|A $100 "star note". The [[asterisk]], or "star" following the serial number indicates this is a replacement note for one that was misprinted.]]
A '''replacement banknote''', commonly referred to as a '''star note''', is a [[banknote]] that is printed to replace a faulty one and is used as a control mechanism for governments or monetary authorities to know the exact number of banknotes being printed. Also, since no two serial numbers can be the same,<ref>((Cite web|title=U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing - Serial Numbers|url=https://www.moneyfactory.gov/resources/serialnumbers.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=www.moneyfactory.gov))</ref> the bill is simply reprinted with a symbol in the serial number, identifying it as a replacement for an error note. Replacement bills have different symbols to mark the error around the world, although the most popular examples are "star notes".

==Description==
As quality control finds defective notes in the printing process after the serial number has been overprinted, they are taken out with their serial number written down and replaced with another banknote printed specifically for this purpose, so that the number of banknotes being printed stays the same in each production batch. This saves time and money compared to re-printing exactly the same serial number that was used before. It is rare that the replacement banknote has the same [[serial number]] as the original faulty one. A replacement note will have its own serial-numbering system that separates it from the normal numbering system.

==Examples of marker by countries==
* The [[United States]], [[India]]<ref>((Cite web|title=Reserve Bank of India - Museum|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/pm_republicindia.aspx|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.rbi.org.in))</ref> and the [[Philippines]] use the "★" in the serial number to mark a replacement banknote. These are known as "star notes". These were also used by [[Australia]] until 1972.
* [[Canada]] used "✽" at the beginning of serial numbers on its replacement banknotes until 1975. They are known as "asterisk notes". Some later issues use prefixes with "33" or "X" to mark replacement banknotes.
* [[Argentina]] uses "R" in the serial number to mark replacement banknotes.
* [[The Bahamas]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Guatemala]] use "Z" in the serial number to mark replacement banknotes. 
* [[Scotland]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Mongolia]] use "ZZ" in the serial number to mark replacement banknotes.
* [[Singapore]] uses "Z/0" in the serial number to mark replacement banknotes.
* [[Indonesia]] uses "X" in the serial number to mark replacement banknotes.
* [[Iraq]] uses prefix "Letter/99" in the serial number to mark replacement banknotes.
* [[Zambia]] uses "X3" in the serial number to mark replacement polymer banknotes.
* [[Thailand]] uses "Sพ, 0Sพ,1Sพ,2Sพ ..." in the serial number to mark replacement polymer banknotes.
* [[Serbia]] uses "ZA" in the serial number to mark replacement banknotes.
* [[Nigeria]] uses "DZ" in the serial number to mark replacement banknotes.

Different countries may also have their own numbering or marking schemes. There is no guaranteed way to know the rarity of replacement banknotes as they are only introduced to replace defective ones. Some banknote collectors go after these rather unusual banknotes as their specialty. Both paper and polymer replacement notes exist as this control mechanism.

==Star note==
[[File:1957 one United States dollar star note.jpg|thumb|1957 one United States dollar star note {Star precedes serial number)]]
A star note is also a [[bank note]] that has an asterisk (*), or star, after the [[serial number]]. Many early issues carried the star in front of the serial number.  These have been used by various countries around the world including [[Australia]] and the [[United States]]. In the US, the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] inspects currency for printing errors prior to releasing notes into general circulation. When notes are discovered that have been printed incorrectly (such as having the serial numbers upside down, etc.) the misprinted "error notes" are replaced with star notes because no two bills within a certain series can be produced with the same serial number.<ref name="USTREAS">((cite web|url=http://www.moneyfactory.gov/starnotes.html|title=Star Notes|publisher=The United States Treasury Bureau of Engraving and Printing|access-date=May 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315063013/http://moneyfactory.gov/starnotes.html |archive-date=March 15, 2015))</ref> They are used to maintain a correct count of notes in a serial number run. By their nature, star notes are more scarce than notes with standard serial numbers and as such are widely collected<ref>((Cite web|title=Is My Star Note Rare?|url=http://www.mycurrencycollection.com/reference/star-notes/is-my-star-note-rare|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.mycurrencycollection.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=star note|url=https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=star+note|access-date=2021-01-08|website=www.youtube.com))</ref> by [[notaphilist]]s. Some of the highest prices paid for modern (post-1928) U.S. banknotes have been for star notes.((citation needed|date=March 2016))

A star note was also substituted for the last note in a block rather than printing a note with a serial number consisting of eight zeros. This practice is no longer in use, as the highest range of serial numbers is now reserved for uncut sheets sold to collectors, so regular notes intended for circulation do not reach the final serial number in the block. Star notes are highly sought after by collectors and are sold for a price exceeding their face value depending on how low the serial number is.<ref>((cite web |last1=Hockley |first1=Max |title=Which Star Notes are Valuable? |url=https://thesilverpicker.com/how-to-make-money-with-star-notes/ |website=thesilverpicker.com |publisher=The Silverpicker |access-date=8 November 2023))</ref>
==Pre-star replacement note==
Before the asterisk (*), or star, was introduced in the [[United States]] in 1910, there was no identifier that distinguished notes that had been replaced due to printing errors, and thus these replacements went largely unnoticed. Beginning in 1903, the advent of the rotary press improved production by applying all eight serial numbers in a single pass, unlike the prior paging machine, which applied one number at a time.  While the rotary press improved production, it was counterproductive to use to print a single replacement sheet, thus the older paging machines were retained and used to make replacements.  Due to the distinctive font differences between these two processes, replacement notes, pre-star, can be identified based on several factors including year of printing and close examination of the printed serial number font.<ref name="PRESTAR">((cite web|url=https://shawnhewitt.com/non-star-replacement-notes/pre-star-large-size-replacement-type-notes/|title=Pre-Star Large Size Replacements|publisher=Shawn Hewitt|access-date=2021-12-22))</ref>

==References==
((Reflist))

((Portal bar|Numismatics))

[[Category:Banknotes]]
[[Category:Numismatic terminology]]

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