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((Short description|1899–1903 polity in Zamboanga, Philippines))
((Refimprove|date=December 2020))
((Infobox country
|common_name            = Zamboanga
|native_name            = ''República de Zamboanga''
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Zamboanga
|legislature            = [[Chamber of Deputies]]
|era                    = Philippine–American War
|status                 = [[List of historical unrecognized states|Unrecognized state]]<br />((blist|[[Provisional government]] ((midsize|(1899)))|[[United States|U.S.]] [[protectorate]] ((midsize|(1899-1903)))))
|image_flag             = <!--There is no evidence that the flag depicted at File:Flag of the Republic of Zamboanga.svg is an actual flag of the "Republic of Zamboanga." Please see http://www.watawat.net/zamboanga-and-its--republic-.html -->
|government_type        = Republic
|year_start             = 1899
|date_start             = May
|year_end               = 1903
|date_end               = March
|p1                     = Spanish East Indies((!))((nobr|Spanish East Indies))
|flag_p1                = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
|s1                     = Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
|flag_s1                = US flag 48 stars.svg
|capital                = [[Zamboanga City]]
|leader1                = [[Vicente Álvarez (general)|Vicente Alvarez]]<br />Isidro Midel<br />Mariano Arquiza
|today                  = [[Philippines]]<br />((midsize|[[Zamboanga City]] (previous actual control)))<br />((midsize|[[Mindanao]], [[Sulu]], and [[Basilan]] (claimed territory)))
))

((History of the Philippines))

The '''Republic of Zamboanga''' was a short-lived revolutionary government, founded by General [[Vicente Álvarez (general)|Vicente Álvarez]] and the Zamboangueño Revolutionary Forces after the Spanish government in [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]], [[Philippines]] officially surrendered and ceded [[Fort Pilar|Real Fuerte de Nuestra Señora La Virgen del Pilar de Zaragoza]] in May 1899. On May 28, 1899, Álvarez declared the territory's independence from the Spanish Empire, and became the republic's first and only genuinely elected president.<ref>((cite book|last=Malcampo|first=Hermenegildo|title=Historia de Zamboanga|date=2006))</ref>

==History==
===Establishment===
On February 28, 1899, in a house in Santa María, a revolutionary government was organized and General [[Vicente Álvarez (general)|Vicente Álvarez]] was elected provisional president and commander-in-chief. He then planned to take [[Fort Pilar]], the last Spanish stronghold in the Philippines.

===End of Spanish rule===
The state was formally established on May 18, 1899, with the surrender of Fort Pilar to the Revolutionary Government of Zamboanga headed by Álvarez. On May 23, 1899, the Spaniards finally evacuated [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]], after burning down most of the city's buildings in contempt of the Zamboangueños' revolt.<ref>[http://www.zamboanga.com/history/history_zamboanga.htm Zamboanga City History]</ref>

===American occupation===
Álvarez's term was cut short when the commander of Tetuan, Isidro Midel, cooperated with the Americans in exchange for the presidency with his cohort, Datu Mandi. He then ordered the assassination of Major Melanio Calixto, acting commander of Zamboanga, because Álvarez was in Basilan to recruit more forces. On November 16, 1899, Midel flew the white flag over Fort Pilar to signal the occupying American forces to enter, leading to the overthrow of Álvarez's government. Álvarez and his allies were forced to flee to the nearby town of Mercedes, then to [[Basilan]] and eventual hiding.<ref name=Foreman/>((rp|532)) In December 1899, Captain Pratt of the 23rd U.S. Infantry arrived at Zamboanga and took control of [[Fort Pilar]].<ref>[http://www.clusterflock.org/2006/12/altissimo_recordings.html History of the 23rd U.S. Infantry]</ref> Thereafter, the nascent republic became a U.S. protectorate, and Midel was allowed to continue as president for about sixteen months.

===Decline and aftermath of the Republic===
In March 1901, the Americans allowed the republic to hold elections and Mariano Arquiza was elected to succeed Midel as president.<ref name=Foreman>Foreman, J., 1906, The Philippine Islands, A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</ref>((rp|533)) However, Arquiza's government did not exercise effective authority over Zamboanga and finally in March 1903, the Republic of Zamboanga was dissolved.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.zamboanga.com/history/republic_of_zamboanga.html |title=History of The Republic of Zamboanga (May 1899 – March 1903) |date=July 18, 2009 |publisher=Zamboanga.com |location=Zamboanga City, Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201023553/http://zamboanga.com/history/republic_of_zamboanga.html |archive-date=December 1, 2010 |access-date=August 13, 2010 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all))</ref> The American colonial government thus designated [[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]] as capital of the newly established [[Moro Province]], which served as the provincial entity of Mindanao, with Brigadier General [[Leonard Wood]] as governor.

==Legacy==
The Republic of Zamboanga during President Álvarez's term claimed territorial rights over the islands of [[Mindanao]], [[Basilan]], and [[Sulu]], encompassing all of the southern Philippines in the midst of war against the Spanish, Americans, and natives of those islands. However, the Republic's actual sovereignty extended only to the current boundaries of [[Zamboanga City]].

==See also==
* [[Zamboanga City#History|Zamboanga City]]
* [[List of historical unrecognized countries]]
* "[[The Monkeys Have No Tails in Zamboanga]]"

==Notes==
((reflist))

==External links==
* [https://nhcp.gov.ph/vicente-alvarez-and-the-battle-for-fort-pilar/ Vicente Alvarez and the Battle for Fort Pilar] from the National Historical Commission of the Philippines
* [http://www.watawat.net/the_republic_of_zamboanga.html Watawat.net: The Republic of Zamboanga] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130064247/http://www.watawat.net/the_republic_of_zamboanga.html |date=2019-11-30 ))

((Philippine Revolution))

((coord missing|Philippines))

((DEFAULTSORT:Zamboanga, Republic of))
[[Category:Philippine Revolution|Republic of Zamboanga]]
[[Category:Former countries in Philippine history|Republic of Zamboanga]]
[[Category:History of Zamboanga City|Republic of Zamboanga]]
[[Category:Former republics]]
[[Category:Former countries in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1899]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1903]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in the Philippines|Republic of Zamboanga]]
[[Category:1903 disestablishments in the Philippines|Republic of Zamboanga]]

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