Brig. Gen. Kamal Itiya (101th Brigade)[16] Brig. Gen. Mundir Ibrahim (103th Brigade)[17] Col. Assad Omran (104th Brigade)[16] Brig. Gen. Mohammad Nayouf (105th Brigade)[16] Brig. Gen. Aqil Jumaa (106th Brigade)[18]
The Syrian Republican Guard (Arabic: الحرس الجمهوري السوري, romanized: al-Ḥaras as-Sūrīyah al-Jumhūrīy), also known as the Presidential Guard, is an elite 25,000 man unit, although it may actually approach corps size with around 60,000 guardsmen.[3][20] Is is composed of two mechanizeddivisions. Its main purpose is to protect the capital of Syria, Damascus, from any foreign or domestic threats. The Guard was the only Syrian military unit allowed within the capital before the civil war.[21] It is designed to defend the President of the Republic as well as the major presidential and strategic institutions, including the presidential palaces.
History
The Guard was formed in 1976 after the Syrian occupation of Lebanon to protect presidentHafez al-Assad. Major-General Adnan Makhlouf commanded the Guard from 1976 until 1997. The Republican Guard is used mostly to protect top Syrian government officials from any external threats and to serve as a counter-weight to the other powerful Syrian Army formations near the capital, the 4th Mechanized Division, the 3rd Armoured Division, and the 14th Special Forces (Airborne) Division.[22] Many members of the Assad family have served in the Republican Guard. The current president Bashar al-Assad was a Colonel, and was given control of a brigade. His younger brother Maher was also a Colonel in the Republican Guard.[23]
At the outset of the 2011 Syrian Civil War, the Republican Guard included three mechanized brigades and two "security regiments." The overall force structure is comparable to a conventional mechanized infantry division, but like the 4th Armored Division, the Republican Guard is outfitted with better equipment and maintained at full strength.
The main ground combat unit of the Syrian military is often called a brigade or regiment and is between 500 and 1,000 strong. This is considerably smaller than a corresponding Western formation of that designation. For reasons of esprit de corps, these retain their pre-civil war titles as tank, infantry, mechanised, artillery, special forces and airborne Republican Guard brigades or regiments. However, their internal organisation is now very different from their pre-civil war structure.[24]
Order of Battle (2021)
In the last days of October 2017, Jane's Information Group published in its Jane's Intelligence Review an article on the current military situation of the Syrian Arab Army and its future challenges. The text reflects the transformation that the battle order has presented through the conflict, from the old order of battle of the Soviet influence to the current one, more adapted to the new challenges.[2]
Between 2017 and 2021, Syrian Republican Guard's battle order was partially changed and new units were created.[25] As of October 2021, according to Gregory Waters, Republican Guard operates ten brigades, two mechanized regiments, two armored regiments, five special forces regiments and three artillery regiments:
101st and 102nd Infantry "Security" Regiments (whose task is to provide security to the President, government ministers, senior government officials and the Army headquarters and other government institutions)[26][16][27]
At the beginning of the Syrian civil war, the Republican Guard kept out of the conflict, with only the regular Syrian Armed Forces fighting. In June 2012, the Republican Guard clashed with rebels near its housing compounds and bases in the suburbs of Qudsaya and al-Hamah, about 8 kilometers from central Damascus.[42]
The unit has been accused by Human Rights Watch of engaging in human rights abuses during the conflict.[43] In 2012, Republican guard units played an important role in repelling opposition offensives on Damascus and Aleppo.[44] Later in 2012, Republican Guard units were deployed to government bases in the North and East of the country, in order to bolster and stiffen the resistance against rebel advances.[45] 400 Syrian Republican Guard fighters were reportedly called in as reinforcements during the Battle of Al-Hasakah.[46]
The 103rd brigade reportedly operated in the Latakia province where (in 2013) it assisted other pro-government units in stopping opposition assaults on the Alawite heartland during 2013 Latakia offensive.[47] The brigade also reportedly participated in offensive operations which partially expelled rebels from the Latakia province.[48]
The 104th brigade is well known in the media due to its multi-year deployment against ISIL in Deir ez-Zor.[52] Deployed to the area in late 2012, according to some sources[citation needed] (other sources state that the brigade was not deployed to Deir ez-Zor before early 2014),[53] the brigade, along with other SAA elements, defended pro-government-held territory in Deir ez-Zor.[54] The brigade was largely under siege from January 2015, supported from the air by the Syrian Arab Air Force and Russian Air Force.[55] The brigade in Deir ez-Zor city continued to be besieged until it was relieved on 5 September 2017.[56] In early 2018 reports emerged that the unit was transferred back to Damascus.[57]
In 2016, elements of the 102nd, 106th brigades and the 800th regiment were reported to have taken part in the successful Aleppo campaign which expelled opposition elements from the city.[27]
In late 2016 and early 2017, together with other pro-government units, the 800th Regiment was reported to have stopped an ISIL offensive by defending the T4 airbase and preventing a possible ISIL assault on Homs.[58][59]
105th brigade was largely employed in Damascus and the surrounding areas, mainly focusing on the East Ghouta front[60][61] which has been an opposition stronghold for years, reportedly containing 25,000 opposition fighters.[62][63][64]
In 2017, following several deployments to the Aleppo front[65][66] the 106th brigade reportedly returned to the Damascus operating area where it continued combat operations.[67][68][69]
On October 18, 2017, Issam Zahreddine, a Major General leading the Syrian government's fight against ISIL in Deir ez-Zor and known as "Lion of the Republican Guard,"[70][71] was killed when a land mine struck his vehicle in the Hwaijet Saqer area of Deir ez-Zor's countryside during a military operation.[10][72][70]
In March 2021, its commander since January 2021, Major General Malik Aliaa (formerly commander of the Republican Guard's 30th Division) was sanctioned by the United Kingdom, which named him as "Responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population by troops under his command, particularly during the increased violence of the offensives on north-west Syria of 2019–2020."[11]
Uniform and insignia
The Republican Guard uniform is distinct from the regular Army uniform. Service dress consists of woodland camouflage worn with red berets, rather than the standard black or green, red epaulettes, red lanyards, and brown leather belts with green camouflaged shoes.[73] On ceremonial occasions, officers wear red peaked caps instead of a beret.[74] Commandos of the Guard can easily been discerned from other units by their 'القوات الخاصة – "Commandos" patch, but are only rarely seen wearing their red beret.[73]
The Republican Guard tends to usually be better equipped than the standard Syrian Army. The Republican Guard has been documented and photographed using the American made M-16 rifle.[75] The Soviet made AKM7.62×39mm rifle is also used with a folding stock which makes it the AKMS variant. The AK-74 and the AKS-74U Carbine is used along with the more modern AK-100 series which both are chambered for 5.45×39mm. The AK-74M rifles are believed to have entered Syria in the mid to late 1990s following a deal with Russia.The AK-74M is also sometimes seen with an NSPU night vision optic sight or a GP-25 Grenade Launcher in some cases.[76]
Members of the Republican Guard have also been seen with the Glock handgun which is in their holster.[77] The Makarov PM9×18mm pistol has also been seen in use with the Guard and in holsters. Maher al-Assad, who is in the Republican Guard as a Commander and also is the brother of current President Bashar al-Assad, is seen with a Springfield Armory XD pistol in his holster while visiting troops.[78]
The NSV machine gun chambered for 12.7×108mm has also been used by the Republican Guard during the civil war and is usually seen being used whilst the guard members are in a building firing at rebels. The PKM machine gun chambered in 7.62×54mmR is also used by the Republican Guard.[79]
^ ab"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.((cite web)): CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^Al-Jabassini, Abdullah (2019). From Insurgents to Soldiers: The Fifth Assault Corps in Daraa, Southern Syria. Wartime and Post-Conflict in Syria. European University Institute. ISBN978-92-9084-767-0.
Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, and Pollack's book reviewed in International Security, Vol. 28, No.2.
