The reputation or prestige of a social entity (a person, a social group, an organization, or a place) is an opinion about that entity – typically developed as a result of social evaluation on a set of criteria, such as behavior or performance.[1]

Reputation is a ubiquitous, spontaneous, and highly efficient mechanism of social control.[2] It is a subject of study in social, management,[3] and technological sciences.[4] Its influence ranges from competitive settings, like markets, to cooperative ones, like firms, organizations, institutions and communities. Furthermore, reputation acts on different levels of agency: individual and supra-individual. At the supra-individual level, it concerns groups, communities, collectives and abstract social entities (such as firms, corporations, organizations, countries, cultures and even civilizations). It affects phenomena of different scales, from everyday life[5] to relationships between nations. Reputation is a fundamental instrument of social order, based upon distributed, spontaneous social control.

The concept of reputation is considered important[6] in business, politics, education, online communities, and many other fields, and it may be considered[citation needed] as a reflection of a social entity's identity.

Corporate reputation

Reputation as a concept for companies

Academic literature

Since 1980, the study of 'corporate reputation' has attracted growing scholarly attention from economics, sociology, and management.[7] The concept of reputation has undergone substantial evolution in the academic literature over the past several decades.[7][8][9] Terminology such as reputation, branding, image and identity is often used interchangeably in both the popular press and – until recently – in the academic literature, as well.

The academic literature has generally settled on a small cluster of perspectives on "what reputation is" in a company context.

Economists use game-theory to describe corporate reputations as strategic signals that companies use to convey to markets some of their qualities and abilities.[10] Sociologists view corporate reputation as descriptions of the relative status that companies occupy in an institutional field of rivals and stakeholders.[11] Management scholars describe corporate reputations in one of two main ways,[8] including:

Practical measurement of reputation

In practice, corporate reputations are revealed by the relative rankings of companies created and propagated by information intermediaries.[26] For example, business magazines and newspapers such as Fortune, Forbes, Business Week, Financial Times, and The Wall Street Journal regularly publish lists of the best places to work, the best business schools, or the most innovative companies. These rankings are explicit orderings of corporate reputations, and the relative positions of companies on these rankings are a reflection of the relative performance of companies on different cognitive attributes. Corporate reputations are found to influence the attractiveness of ranked companies as suppliers of products, as prospective employers, and as investments.[27] For those reasons, companies themselves have become increasingly involved with the practice of reputation management.

Connections to related, company-level concepts

Like any social construct, reputation is similar to (i.e., convergent with) certain concepts and different (i.e., discriminant) from others. Reputation can be compared to other "social evaluation" or "social judgment" constructs. For instance, reputation is said to be convergent with adjacent concepts like corporate image, identity, celebrity, status, legitimacy, social approval (likability), and visibility (prominence), but discriminant from related constructs like stigma and infamy.[7][28] Reputation is often considered to be a pragmatic evaluation – actors determine whether the target of the evaluation can be seen as useful to them.[29]

Until recently, the relationships with these adjacent constructs were merely theoretical; that is, they were not formally tested or empirically validated[30] for their "nomological relationships" with these other, related constructs.

Consequences

Performance outcomes

Myriad reputation studies from the 1980s to the 2000s demonstrated that a company's reputation was positively related to various performance measures, such as financial success and profitability.[38][12] However, more recent work demonstrated that reputation can be both "a benefit and a burden",[39] suggesting that "the bigger you are, the harder you (might) fall" with respect to reputation.[20]

Decision outcomes

Relatedly, researchers have theorized or demonstrated that a company's reputation could also influence the decisions and perceptions of its managers;[40] in some cases, reputation can promote the use of risk-reduction strategies by managers as they seek to preserve the reputation they have cultivated.[40] In other cases, researchers argue that reputation can embolden managers to take risks in areas unrelated to their reputation, since stakeholders may be focused on the reputation itself and inattentive to other areas of the company.[41][42]

Topics relating to reputation

Reputation management

Main article: Reputation management

Many organizations create public relations and corporate communication departments dedicated to assisting companies with reputation management. In addition, many public relations and consulting firms claim expertise in reputation management. The growth of the public relations industry has largely been due to the rising demand for companies to establish credibility and reputation.[43] Incidents which damage a company's reputation for honesty or safety may cause serious damage to finances. For example, in 1999 Coca-Cola lost $60 million (by its own estimate) after schoolchildren reported suffering from symptoms like headaches, nausea and shivering after drinking its products.[44]

Although most companies see reputation management as a central part of a CEO's role, managing reputation involves a set of ongoing activities that are best managed when they are delegated to a specific individual in the organization. This is why some companies have created the position of chief reputation officer (CRO). A growing number of people in the business world now have the word "reputation" in their titles – including Dow Chemical, SABMiller, Coca-Cola, Allstate, Repsol YPF, Weber Shandwick, and GlaxoSmithKline (although no longer). Hoover's shows a list of such officers.

Social media like Twitter, Linked In, and Facebook have made it increasingly important for companies to monitor their online reputations in order to anticipate and respond to criticisms of their actions. There are two main routes that customers can take when complaining about companies: individual-direct response or broadcast-based response. For a company, it takes a lot of time and effort to address individual-direct responses. One study showed that "...72% of customers expect a reply within one hour."[45] In order to best recover from negative complaints on social media, it is important for a company to prove its authenticity by providing more specific answers directly to its critics.

Reputation capital

Main article: Reputation capital

A corporate reputation can be managed, accumulated and traded in for trust, legitimization of a position of power and social recognition, and people are prepared to pay a premium price for goods and services offered, which in turn generates higher customer loyalty, a stronger willingness from shareholders to hold on to shares in times of crisis, and greater likelihood to invest in the company's stock.[46] Therefore, reputation is one of the most valuable forms of "capital" of a company. "Delivering functional and social expectations of the public on the one hand and manage to build a unique identity on the other hand creates trust and this trust builds the informal framework of a company. This framework provides "return in cooperation" and produces reputation capital. A positive reputation will secure a company or organisation long-term competitive advantages. The higher a company's reputation capital, the lower the costs of supervising and exercising control."[47]

Building reputation through stakeholder management

According to stakeholder theory, corporations should be managed for the benefit of all their "stakeholders," not just their shareholders. Stakeholders of a company include any individual or group that can influence or is influenced by a company's practices.[48] The stakeholders of a company can be suppliers, consumers, employees, shareholders, financial community, government, and media. Companies must properly manage the relationships between stakeholder groups and they must consider the interest(s) of each stakeholder group carefully. Therefore, it becomes essential to integrate public relations into corporate governance to manage the relationships between these stakeholders which will enhance the organization's reputation. Corporations or institutions which behave ethically and govern in a good manner build reputational capital which is a competitive advantage. A good reputation enhances profitability because it attracts customers to products, investors to securities and employees to its jobs.[27] A company's reputation is an intangible asset and a source of competitive advantage against rivals because the company will be viewed as more reliable, credible, trustworthy and responsible to its employees, customers, shareholders and financial markets.

In addition, according to MORI's survey of about 200 managers in the private sector, 99% responded that the management of corporate reputation is very (83%) or fairly (16%) important. Reputation is a reflection of companies' culture and identity. Also, it is the outcome of managers' efforts to prove their success and excellence. It is sustained through acting reliably, credibly, trustworthily and responsibly in the market. It can be sustained through consistent communication activities both internally and externally with key stakeholder groups. This directly influences a public company's stock prices in the financial market. Therefore, this reputation makes a reputational capital that becomes a strategic asset and advantage for that company. As a consequence, public relations must be used in order to establish long lasting relationships with the stakeholders, which will enhance the reputation of the company.[49]

Causes and consequences

Reputation models can be placed in a broader framework that distinguishes reputation from its underlying causes and from its consequences. This approach is important to clarify the meaning of reputation.

Reputation recovery/repair

Organizations frequently make missteps that cause them to lose the positive regard of stakeholders.[52] In the wake of studies addressing the disproportionate penalties that accrue to high reputation firms when they make such missteps,[20] reputation researchers have proposed models to account for both reputation damage and reputation repair, summarizing prior work in disciplines including economics, marketing, accounting, and management.[53]

Reputation transfer

In the context of brand extension strategies, many companies rely on reputation transfer as a means of transferring the good reputation of a company and its existing products to new markets and new products. Consumers who are already familiar with other products of an established brand, exhibiting customer satisfaction and loyalty, will more easily accept new products of the same brand. In contrast to brand extension, the general concept of reputation transfer also requires the transfer of a company's values and identity to the new products and/or services and the related brands when entering new markets. It is important, however, to pay attention to the image fit between preexisting and new brands, for this factor has been proven to be critical for the success of brand extensions.[54] In contrast to the special case of brand extension, the general concept of reputation transfer also requires the transfer of the values and identity of a company to the new products and/or services and the related brands when entering new markets. A strong image might therefore even hamper the introduction of new product lines if customers do not associate the competences relevant to the new market/category/product line with the existing company or brand. A company's reputation is furthermore influenced by culture, as nationalities differ with regard to how valued specific aspects of the company's brand identity are in the respective national culture (e.g. environmental concerns or work ethics) as well as with regard to popular cultural dimensions (e.g. Hofstede). Subsequently, these differences impact the success of reputation transfer significantly.[55]

Cognitive view of reputation

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

The cognitive view of reputation has become increasingly prominent in reputation research. It has led to improved understanding of the role played by reputation in a number of practical domains and scientific fields. In the study of cooperation and social dilemmas, for instance, the role of reputation as a partner selection mechanism started to be appreciated in the early 1980s.

Working toward such a definition, reputation can be viewed as a socially transmitted meta-belief (i.e., belief about belief) that is a property of an agent, that results from the attitudes other actors have about some socially desirable behaviour, be it cooperation, reciprocity, or norm-compliance. Reputation plays a crucial role in the evolution of these behaviours: reputation transmission allows socially desirable behaviour to spread. Rather than concentrating on the property only, the cognitive model of reputation accounts not only for reputation-formation but also for the propagation of reputation.

To model this aspect, it is necessary to specify and develop a more refined classification of reputation. In informal settings, gossip, although vague, may contain precious hints both to facts ("I've been told this physician has shown questionable behavior") and to conflicts taking place at the information level (if a candidate for a role spreads defamatory information about another candidate, whom should you trust?).

Moreover, the expression "it is said that John Smith is a cheater" is intrinsically a reputation spreading act, because on one hand it refers to a (possibly false) common opinion, and on the other the very act of saying "it is said" is self-assessing, since it provides at least one factual occasion when that something is said, because the person who says so (the gossiper), while appearing to spread the saying a bit further, may actually be in the phase of initiating it.

Gossip can also be used as an identifier only – as when gossiping about unreachable icons, like royalty or showbiz celebrities – useful only to show the gossiper belongs to the group of the informed ones. While most cases seem to share the characteristic of being primarily used to predict future behavior, they can have, for example, manipulative sub-goals, even more important than the forecast.

In the case of a communication between two parties, one (the advisee) that is requesting advice about the potential for danger in a financial transaction with another party (the potential partner, target), and the other (the adviser, evaluator) that is giving advice. Roughly speaking, the advice could fall under one of the following three categories :

  1. the adviser declares it believes the potential partner is (is not) good for the transaction in object;
  2. the adviser declares it believes another (named or otherwise defined) agent or set of agents believes the potential partner is (is not) good for the transaction in object;
  3. the adviser declares it believes in an undefined set of agents, hence there is a belief the potential partner is (is not) good for the transaction in object.

Note the care to maintain the possible levels of truth (the adviser declares – but could be lying – it believes – but could be wrong – etc..). The cases are listed, as it is evident, in decreasing order of responsibility. While one could feel most actual examples fall under the first case, the other two are not unnecessarily complicated nor actually infrequent. Indeed, most of the common gossip falls under the third category, and, except for electronic interaction, this is the most frequent form of referral. All examples concern the evaluation of a given object (target), a social agent (which may be either individual or supra-individual, and in the latter case, either a group or a collective), held by another social agent, the evaluator.

The examples above can be turned into more precise definitions using the concept of social evaluation. At this point, we can propose to coin a new lexical item, image, whose character should be immediately evident and is clearly linked to reputation.

Image

Image is a global or averaged evaluation of a given target on the part of an agent. It consists of (a set of) social evaluations about the characteristics of the target. Image as an object of communication is what is exchanged in examples 1 and 2, above. In the second case, we call it third-party image. It may concern a subset of the target's characteristics, i.e., its willingness to comply with socially accepted norms and customs, or its skills (ways), or its definition as pertaining to a precise agent. Indeed, we can define special cases of image, including third-party image, the evaluation that an agent believes a third party has of the target, or even shared image, that is, an evaluation shared by a group. Not even this last is reputation, since it tries to define too precisely the mental status of the group.

Reputation, as distinct from image, is the process and the effect of transmitting a target image. To be more precise, we call reputation transmission a communication of an evaluation without the specification of the evaluator, if not for a group attribution, and only in the default sense discussed before. This covers the case of example 3 above. More precisely, reputation is a believed, social, meta-evaluation; it is built upon three distinct but interrelated objects :

  1. a cognitive representation, or more precisely a believed evaluation – this could be somebody's image, but is enough that this consist of a communicated evaluation;
  2. a population object, i.e., a propagating believed evaluation; and
  3. an objective emergent property at the agent level, i.e., what the agent is believed to be.

In fact, reputation is a highly dynamic phenomenon in two distinct senses: it is subject to change, especially as an effect of corruption, errors, deception, etc.; and it emerges as an effect of a multi-level bidirectional process. Reputation is also how others know and perceive you as an individual.

While image only moves (when transmitted and accepted) from one individual cognition to another, the anonymous character of reputation makes it a more complex phenomenon. Reputation proceeds from the level of individual cognition (when is born, possibly as an image, but not always) to the level of social propagation (at this level, it not necessarily believed as from any specific agent) and from this level back to individual cognition again (when it is accepted).

Moreover, once it gets to the population level, reputation gives rise to a further property at the agent level. It is both what people think about targets and what targets are in the eyes of others. From the very moment an agent is targeted by the community, his or her life will change whether he or she wants it or not or believes it or not. Reputation has become the immaterial, more powerful equivalent of a scarlet letter sewed to one's clothes. It is more powerful because it may not even be perceived by the individual to whom it sticks, and consequently it is out of the individual's power to control and manipulate.

More simply speaking for those who want a working definition of reputation, reputation is the sum of impressions held by a company's stakeholders. In other words, reputation is in the "eyes of the beholder". It need not be just a company's reputation but could be the reputation of an individual, country, brand, political party, industry. But the key point in reputation is not what the leadership insists but what others perceive it to be. For a company, its reputation is how esteemed it is in the eyes of its employees, customers, investors, talent, prospective candidates, competitors, analysts, alumni, regulators and the list goes on.

Online

This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

See also: Reputation system, Reputation management, and Online identity

Online reputation is a factor in any online community where trust is important. Examples include eBay, an auction service that uses a system of customer feedback to publicly rate each member's reputation, or Amazon.com, which has a similar review system.[56] One study found that a good reputation added 7.6% to the price received.[57] In addition, building and maintaining a good reputation can be a significant motivation for contributing to online communities.[58]

Individuals employ monitoring to ensure that they keep up with their online reputation.[59] Given the number of sites on the Internet, it is impossible to manually monitor the entire web for pages that may affect one's online reputation. Free tools such as Google Alerts can be used to keep track of online reputations on a small scale,[60] while larger businesses and clients may use more powerful analytics to monitor online interactions and mentions.

Paid tools for online reputation management focus on either brand protection or online reputation. These tools track mentions of a brand or product on the Internet, on Facebook, Twitter, blogs, and other social networking sites and websites.

Online reputation can be evaluated by how well it is managed.[61] This form of reputation is usually called web or digital reputation to distinguish it from online reputation.[dubious – discuss][citation needed] Indeed, digital or web reputation does not concern the virtual online reputation only, but the whole real reputation of a person or a company as it is affected by the Internet. Online reputation, furthermore, should not be confused with a company's digital identity.

An online reputation is the perception that one generates on the Internet based on their digital footprint. Digital footprints accumulate through all of the content shared, feedback provided, and information that is created online.[citation needed] Due to the fact that if someone has a bad online reputation, they can easily change their pseudonym, new accounts on sites such as eBay or Amazon are usually distrusted. If an individual or company wants to manage their online reputation, they will face many more difficulties.

According to one study, 84% of responding business leaders saw the greatest reputation threat online to companies as negative media coverage.[citation needed] The next two greatest threats are customer complaints in the media or on grievance sites online (71%) and negative word of mouth (54%).[citation needed] This negative word of mouth could come not only from dissatisfied customers but from employees as well. With the power of business review websites and customer forums, a company's online reputation can be damaged anonymously.[62]

Employers have begun using the online reputations of job applicants to guide their hiring choices. By checking a candidate's social networking profiles on sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace, employers gain insight into a candidate's character and suitability for a job.[63]

Some individuals and organizations hire reputation management companies to attempt to hide truthful but unflattering information about themselves. A recent alleged example is that of Dr. Anil Potti, who resigned from Duke University after it was discovered that he had misrepresented himself on his resume and became the subject of a scientific misconduct investigation.[64]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Definition of REPUTATION". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-08-27. overall quality or character as seen or judged by people in general [...] recognition by other people of some characteristic or ability [...] a place in public esteem or regard : good name
  2. ^ Zhao, Bo (December 2015). "Reputation as Social Control in Present China: Use, Misuse, Abuse, and Bankruptcy". Asian Journal of Comparative Law. 10 (2): 359–379. doi:10.1017/asjcl.2015.16. ISSN 2194-6078.
  3. ^ Veh, Annika; Göbel, M arkus; Vogel, Rick (2019-12-01). "Corporate reputation in management research: a review of the literature and assessment of the concept". Business Research. 12 (2): 315–353. doi:10.1007/s40685-018-0080-4. ISSN 2198-2627. S2CID 158756791.
  4. ^ Höflinger, Patrick J.; Nagel, Christian; Sandner, Philipp (2018-01-01). "Reputation for technological innovation: Does it actually cohere with innovative activity?". Journal of Innovation & Knowledge. 3 (1): 26–39. doi:10.1016/j.jik.2017.08.002. hdl:10419/190727. ISSN 2444-569X.
  5. ^ Voswinkel, Stephan (2011), Helm, Sabrina; Liehr-Gobbers, Kerstin; Storck, Christopher (eds.), "Reputation: A Sociological View", Reputation Management, Management for Professionals, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 31–45, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19266-1_5, ISBN 978-3-642-19266-1
  6. ^ Horspool, David (6 June 2017). Richard III: A Ruler and His Reputation. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-4729-4619-5.
  7. ^ a b c d Barnett, Michael; Pollock, Timothy (2012). Oxford Handbook of Corporate Reputation. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–36. ISBN 9780199596706.
  8. ^ a b Lange, Donald; Lee, Peggy M.; Dai, Ye (2011-01-01). "Organizational Reputation: A Review". Journal of Management. 37 (1): 153–184. doi:10.1177/0149206310390963. ISSN 0149-2063. S2CID 143793428.
  9. ^ Money, K; Hillenbrand, C (2006). "Using reputation measurement to create value: An analysis and integration of existing measures". Journal of General Management. 32: 1–12. doi:10.1177/030630700603200101. S2CID 146416325.
  10. ^ Milgrom, P; Roberts, J (1982). "Predation, reputation, and entry deterrence". Journal of Economic Theory. 27 (2): 280–312. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90031-X. hdl:10419/220787 – via Elsevier.
  11. ^ DiMaggio, PJ; Powell, WW (1983). "The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields". American Sociological Review. 48 (2): 167–160. doi:10.2307/2095101. JSTOR 2095101. S2CID 22470481.
  12. ^ a b c Fombrun, CJ [in Haitian Creole]; Shanley, MS (1990). "What's in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy". Academy of Management Journal. 33 (2): 233–258. doi:10.5465/256324 (inactive 2024-02-19).((cite journal)): CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (link)
  13. ^ a b Pfarrer, Michael D.; Pollock, Timothy G.; Rindova, Violina P. (2010-10-01). "A Tale of Two Assets: The Effects of Firm Reputation and Celebrity on Earnings Surprises and Investors' Reactions". Academy of Management Journal. 53 (5): 1131–1152. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.54533222. ISSN 0001-4273.
  14. ^ Brown, Brad; Perry, Susan (1994-10-01). "Removing the Financial Performance Halo From Fortune's "Most Admired" Companies". Academy of Management Journal. 37 (5): 1347–1359. doi:10.5465/256676 (inactive 2024-02-19). ISSN 0001-4273.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 (link)
  15. ^ Rindova, Violina P.; Williamson, Ian O.; Petkova, Antoaneta P.; Sever, Joy Marie (2005). "Being Good or Being Known: An Empirical Examination of the Dimensions, Antecedents, and Consequences of Organizational Reputation". The Academy of Management Journal. 48 (6): 1033–1049. doi:10.2307/20159728. ISSN 0001-4273. JSTOR 20159728.
  16. ^ a b Jensen, Michael; Kim, Heeyon; Kim, Bo Kyung (2012-07-19). Pollock, Timothy G; Barnett, Michael L (eds.). "Meeting Expectations: A Role-Theoretic Perspective on Reputation". The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Reputation. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199596706.001.0001. ISBN 9780199596706. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  17. ^ a b Mishina, Yuri; Block, Emily S.; Mannor, Michael J. (2012). "The path dependence of organizational reputation: how social judgment influences assessments of capability and character". Strategic Management Journal. 33 (5): 459–477. doi:10.1002/smj.958. hdl:10044/1/15612. ISSN 1097-0266. S2CID 167766573.
  18. ^ Parker, Owen; Krause, Ryan; Devers, Cynthia E. (2019-04-22). "How Firm Reputation Shapes Managerial Discretion". Academy of Management Review. 44 (2): 254–278. doi:10.5465/amr.2016.0542. ISSN 0363-7425. S2CID 169617029.
  19. ^ Roberts, Peter W.; Dowling, Grahame R. (2002). "Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance". Strategic Management Journal. 23 (12): 1077–1093. doi:10.1002/smj.274. ISSN 1097-0266.
  20. ^ a b c d Rhee, Mooweon; Haunschild, Pamela R. (2006-02-01). "The Liability of Good Reputation: A Study of Product Recalls in the U.S. Automobile Industry". Organization Science. 17 (1): 101–117. doi:10.1287/orsc.1050.0175. ISSN 1047-7039.
  21. ^ Benjamin, Beth A.; Podolny, Joel M. (1999-09-01). "Status, Quality, and Social Order in the California Wine Industry". Administrative Science Quarterly. 44 (3): 563–589. doi:10.2307/2666962. ISSN 0001-8392. JSTOR 2666962. S2CID 143602162.
  22. ^ Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1986). "Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality" (PDF). Journal of Political Economy. 94 (4): 796–821. doi:10.1086/261408. ISSN 0022-3808. JSTOR 1833203. S2CID 154506015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
  23. ^ Weigelt, Keith; Camerer, Colin (1988). "Reputation and corporate strategy: A review of recent theory and applications". Strategic Management Journal. 9 (5): 443–454. doi:10.1002/smj.4250090505. ISSN 1097-0266.
  24. ^ Ravasi, Davide; Rindova, Violina; Etter, Michael; Cornelissen, Joep (2018-04-11). "The Formation of Organizational Reputation". Academy of Management Annals. 12 (2): 574–599. doi:10.5465/annals.2016.0124. hdl:10398/956fac68-89a9-44b3-bbf1-99d794702f8c. ISSN 1941-6520. S2CID 150287794.
  25. ^ Bitektine, Alex; Hill, Kevin; Song, Fei; Vandenberghe, Christian (2018-09-25). "Organizational Legitimacy, Reputation, and Status: Insights from Micro-Level Measurement". Academy of Management Discoveries. 6 (1): 107–136. doi:10.5465/amd.2017.0007. S2CID 149754189.
  26. ^ Deephouse, David L.; Heugens, Pursey P. M. A. R. (2009-06-01). "Linking Social Issues to Organizational Impact: The Role of Infomediaries and the Infomediary Process". Journal of Business Ethics. 86 (4): 541–553. doi:10.1007/s10551-008-9864-3. ISSN 1573-0697. S2CID 62806448.
  27. ^ a b Fombrun, Charles J [in Haitian Creole] (1996). Reputation: Realizing Value from Corporate Image. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 9780875846330.
  28. ^ a b Roulet, Thomas (Thomas J.) (September 2020). The power of being divisive : understanding negative social evaluations. Stanford, California. ISBN 978-1-5036-1390-4. OCLC 1143840507.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ^ Suchman, Mark C. (July 1995). "Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches". Academy of Management Review. 20 (3): 571–610. doi:10.5465/amr.1995.9508080331. ISSN 0363-7425. S2CID 168050730.
  30. ^ MacKenzie, Scott B.; Podsakoff, Philip; Podsakoff, Nathan (2011-06-01). "Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioral research". MIS Quarterly. 35 (2): 293–334. doi:10.2307/23044045. JSTOR 23044045.
  31. ^ Stern, Ithai; Dukerich, Janet M.; Zajac, Edward (2014). "Unmixed signals: How reputation and status affect alliance formation". Strategic Management Journal. 35 (4): 512–531. doi:10.1002/smj.2116. ISSN 1097-0266.
  32. ^ Pollock, Timothy G.; Lee, Peggy M.; Jin, Kyuho; Lashley, Kisha (2015-09-01). "(Un)Tangled: Exploring the Asymmetric Coevolution of New Venture Capital Firms' Reputation and Status". Administrative Science Quarterly. 60 (3): 482–517. doi:10.1177/0001839215585602. ISSN 0001-8392. S2CID 54640595.
  33. ^ Bitektine, Alex (2011-01-01). "Toward a Theory of Social Judgments of Organizations: The Case of Legitimacy, Reputation, and Status". Academy of Management Review. 36 (1): 151–179. doi:10.5465/amr.2009.0382. ISSN 0363-7425.
  34. ^ Bundy, Jonathan; Pfarrer, Michael D. (2014-10-16). "A Burden of Responsibility: The Role of Social Approval at the Onset of a Crisis". Academy of Management Review. 40 (3): 345–369. doi:10.5465/amr.2013.0027. ISSN 0363-7425.
  35. ^ Mishina, Yuri; Devers, Cynthia E (2012-07-19). Pollock, Timothy G; Barnett, Michael L (eds.). "On Being Bad: Why Stigma is not the Same as a Bad Reputation". The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Reputation. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199596706.001.0001. ISBN 9780199596706. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  36. ^ Pollock, Timothy G.; Lashley, Kisha; Rindova, Violina P.; Han, Jung-Hoon (2019-04-08). "Which of These Things Are Not Like the Others? Comparing the Rational, Emotional, and Moral Aspects of Reputation, Status, Celebrity, and Stigma". Academy of Management Annals. 13 (2): 444–478. doi:10.5465/annals.2017.0086. ISSN 1941-6520. S2CID 150762458.
  37. ^ a b Bitektine, Alex; Hill, Kevin; Song, Fei; Vandenberghe, Christian (2018-09-25). "Organizational Legitimacy, Reputation, and Status: Insights from Micro-Level Measurement". Academy of Management Discoveries. 6 (1): 107–136. doi:10.5465/amd.2017.0007. S2CID 149754189.
  38. ^ Rao, Hayagreeva (1994). "The Social Construction of Reputation: Certification Contests, Legitimation, and the Survival of Organizations in the American Automobile Industry: 1895–1912". Strategic Management Journal. 15 (S1): 29–44. doi:10.1002/smj.4250150904. ISSN 1097-0266.
  39. ^ Zavyalova, Anastasiya; Pfarrer, Michael D.; Reger, Rhonda K.; Hubbard, Timothy D. (2015-07-24). "Reputation as a Benefit and a Burden? How Stakeholders' Organizational Identification Affects the Role of Reputation Following a Negative Event". Academy of Management Journal. 59 (1): 253–276. doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0611. ISSN 0001-4273.
  40. ^ a b Petkova, Antoaneta P.; Wadhwa, Anu; Yao, Xin; Jain, Sanjay (2013-05-28). "Reputation and Decision Making under Ambiguity: A Study of U.S. Venture Capital Firms' Investments in the Emerging Clean Energy Sector". Academy of Management Journal. 57 (2): 422–448. doi:10.5465/amj.2011.0651. ISSN 0001-4273. S2CID 167381065.
  41. ^ Barnett, Michael L. (2012-02-03). "Why Stakeholders Ignore Firm Misconduct". Journal of Management. 40 (3): 676–702. doi:10.1177/0149206311433854. ISSN 0149-2063. S2CID 146428499.
  42. ^ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2020-08-25.
  43. ^ "Global PR Industry Growth Surges To 11% in 2013". Arun Sudhaman. Archived from the original on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  44. ^ "Share price is always vulnerable". Archived from the original on May 3, 2008. Retrieved 2005-03-28.((cite web)): CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  45. ^ "Tweeting your way out of disaster". Strategic Direction. 33 (8): 17–19. 2017-08-14. doi:10.1108/sd-05-2017-0079. ISSN 0258-0543.
  46. ^ Dierickx, I; Cool, K (1989). "Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage". Management Science. 35 (12): 1504–1511. doi:10.1287/mnsc.35.12.1504.
  47. ^ Klewes, Joachim & Wreschniok, Robert (2010). Reputation Capital: Building and Maintaining Trust in the 21st Century. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-01629-5.
  48. ^ Freeman, R. Edward (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston, MA: Pitman. ISBN 9780521151740.
  49. ^ Özekmekçi, Abdullah Mert (2004) "The Correlation between Corporate Governance and Public Relations", Istanbul Bilgi University
  50. ^ Falkenreck, C. & Wagner, R.: The Impact of Perceived Innovativeness on Maintaining a Buyer-Seller Relationship in Health Care Markets: A Cross-Cultural Study. In: Journal of Marketing Management 3–4 (2011), Nr. 27, S. 225–242.
  51. ^ McDonnell, Mary-Hunter; King, Brayden (2013-08-09). "Keeping up Appearances: Reputational Threat and Impression Management after Social Movement Boycotts". Administrative Science Quarterly. doi:10.1177/0001839213500032. S2CID 145194950.
  52. ^ Gaines-Ross, Leslie (2 January 2008). Corporate Reputation: 12 Steps to Safeguarding and Recovering Reputation. Wiley. ISBN 978-0470171509.
  53. ^ Rhee, Mooweon; Valdez, Michael E. (2009). "Contextual Factors Surrounding Reputation Damage with Potential Implications for Reputation Repair". The Academy of Management Review. 34 (1): 146–168. doi:10.5465/amr.2009.35713324. ISSN 0363-7425. JSTOR 27759990.
  54. ^ Voelckner, F and Sattler, H. (2007) 'Empiric Generalizability of Consumer Evaluations of Brand Extensions', International Journal of Research in Marketing, 24, pp. 149–162.
  55. ^ Falkenreck, C. & Wagner, R.: Impact of Direct Marketing Activities on Company Reputation Transfer Success: Empirical Evidence from Five Different Cultures. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Corporate Reputation, Brand Identity, and Competitiveness. Beijing: 2008
  56. ^ Anindya Ghose; Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis; Arun Sundararajan (February 2006). "The Dimensions of Reputation in Electronic Markets". NYU Center for Digital Economy Research. SSRN 885568. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  57. ^ "Why Reputation Management is Important". Iron Reputation. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  58. ^ Hendrikx, Ferry; Bubendorfer, Kris; Chard, Ryan (2015-01-01). "Reputation systems: A survey and taxonomy". Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing. 75: 184–197. doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2014.08.004. ISSN 0743-7315.
  59. ^ "Keep Track of your Reputation Online". MyReputationRepair. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  60. ^ Evans, Li (3 June 2009). "Online Marketing Tips Video: Online Reputation Management". Search Marketing Gurus. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  61. ^ Jantsch, John (3 March 2008). "34 Online Reputation Management Tools". Duct Tape Marketing. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  62. ^ "Help My Business is Under Attack". Reputation Station. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  63. ^ "How Your Online Social Network Could Cost You a New Job". Reputation.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
  64. ^ Doherty, Taylor (30 April 2018). "Potti hires online reputation manager". The Chronicle. Retrieved 15 December 2012.

Further reading

External links

Look up reputation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Reputation.
Authority control databases: National
Categories