Spain Main: 2016 Spanish general election
26 June 2016
Party
Votes
%
Seats
PP
7,941,236
33.0%
137
PSOE
5,443,846
22.6%
85
Unidos Podemos
5,087,538
21.2%
71
C's
3,141,570
13.1%
32
ERC–CatSí
639,652
2.7%
9
CDC
483,488
2.0%
8
EAJ/PNV
287,014
1.2%
5
EH Bildu
184,713
0.8%
2
CCa–PNC
81,917
0.3%
1
Others
762,781
3.2%
0
Total
24,053,755
100.0%
350

This is the results breakdown of the Congress of Deputies election held in Spain on 26 June 2016. The following tables show detailed results in each of the country's 17 autonomous communities and in the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, as well as a summary of constituency and regional results.[1][2]

Electoral system

348 members of the Congress of Deputies were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting. The D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[3]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[4]

Seats Constituencies
36 Madrid
31 Barcelona
16 Valencia(+1)
12 Alicante, Seville
11 Málaga
10 Murcia
9 Cádiz
8 A Coruña, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Las Palmas
7 Granada, Pontevedra, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6 Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo
5 Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León(–1), Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2 Soria

Voting was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[5] Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[6]

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[7][8]

Nationwide

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 7,941,236 33.01 +4.30 137 +14
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 5,443,846 22.63 +0.63 85 –5
United We Can (Unidos Podemos) 5,087,538 21.15 –3.34 71 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 3,227,123 13.42 –2.63 45 +1
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP) 853,102 3.55 –0.14 12 ±0
The Valencian Way (Podemos–Compromís–EUPV)2 659,771 2.74 –0.38 9 ±0
In Tide (Podemos–Anova–EU) 347,542 1.44 –0.19 5 –1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 3,141,570 13.06 –0.88 32 –8
Republican Left–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí) 639,652 2.66 +0.26 9 ±0
Republican Left–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí) 632,234 2.63 +0.24 9 ±0
Sovereignty for the Isles (SI) 7,418 0.03 New 0 ±0
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)3 483,488 2.01 –0.24 8 ±0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 287,014 1.19 –0.01 5 –1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 286,702 1.19 +0.32 0 ±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 184,713 0.77 –0.10 2 ±0
Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC) 78,253 0.33 +0.01 1 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 51,907 0.22 +0.03 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 50,247 0.21 –0.41 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 47,182 0.20 –0.03 0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc–We–Galician Candidacy (BNG–Nós)4 45,252 0.19 –0.09 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 26,627 0.11 –0.01 0 ±0
Yes to the Future (GBai) 14,343 0.06 –0.06 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 11,669 0.05 +0.01 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 9,909 0.04 +0.01 0 ±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD) 8,945 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD) 6,273 0.03 –0.01 0 ±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre–Independent Candidacy (CCD–CI) 2,672 0.01 New 0 ±0
We Are Valencian (SOMVAL) 6,647 0.03 +0.01 0 ±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) 3,110 0.01 –0.01 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 3,012 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Eco-pacifist Greens (Centro Moderado) 3,011 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 2,996 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 2,295 0.01 New 0 ±0
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) 1,822 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
We Are Andalusians Party, For Andalusia and the Peoples (AND) 1,727 0.01 New 0 ±0
Together for Canaries (JxC) 1,190 0.00 New 0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 846 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
United Free Citizens (CILUS) 830 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Platform for Catalonia (PxC) 724 0.00 New 0 ±0
Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 723 0.00 New 0 ±0
Navarrese Freedom (Ln) 702 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Navarrese Freedom (Ln) 622 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Rioja Southern Territory–Navarrese Freedom (HRTS–Ln) 80 0.00 New 0 ±0
Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR) 687 0.00 New 0 ±0
Unity of the People (UP)5 686 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 668 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
Political Renovation (RePo) 570 0.00 New 0 ±0
Independents for Aragon (i) 550 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Forward (Entabán) 377 0.00 New 0 ±0
Merindades of Castile Initiative (IMC) 356 0.00 New 0 ±0
State of Spain Unionist Party (PUEDE) 336 0.00 New 0 ±0
The Phalanx (FE) 254 0.00 New 0 ±0
Alliance of the Democratic Centre (ALCD) 214 0.00 New 0 ±0
Spain Elders' Force (FME) 200 0.00 New 0 ±0
Union of Everyone (UdT) 48 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 179,081 0.74 –0.01
Total 24,053,755 350 ±0
Valid votes 24,053,755 99.07 –0.04
Invalid votes 225,504 0.93 +0.04
Votes cast / turnout 24,279,259 66.48 –3.19
Abstentions 12,241,654 33.52 +3.19
Registered voters 36,520,913
Sources[9][10]
Footnotes:

Summary

Constituencies

Summary of constituency results in the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election
Constituency PP PSOE UP C's ERC CDC PNV EH Bildu CC–PNC
% S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S
A Coruña 40.1 4 21.8 2 23.1 2 9.4 −
Álava 20.4 1 15.7 1 30.9 1 5.0 − 15.9 1 9.5 −
Albacete 40.9 2 27.2 1 15.3 1 14.6 −
Alicante 37.7 5 21.4 2 22.1 3 15.8 2
Almería 43.0 3 27.7 2 13.2 − 13.7 1
Asturias 35.3 3 24.9 2 23.9 2 12.6 1
Ávila 51.5 2 19.5 1 12.7 − 14.3 −
Badajoz 39.6 3 35.3 2 12.5 1 10.7 −
Balearic Islands 35.1 3 20.1 2 25.4 2 14.6 1 1.6 −
Barcelona 13.5 4 16.8 5 26.3 9 11.5 4 16.6 5 12.2 4
Biscay 12.7 1 13.9 1 28.9 3 3.3 − 28.2 2 10.9 1
Burgos 42.9 2 22.1 1 17.3 1 14.7 −
Cáceres 40.4 2 33.3 2 14.0 − 10.3 −
Cádiz 32.3 3 28.5 3 21.2 2 14.3 1
Cantabria 41.5 2 23.5 1 17.7 1 14.4 1
Castellón 35.7 2 22.1 1 24.2 1 14.7 1
Ceuta 51.9 1 22.6 – 10.8 – 11.5 –
Ciudad Real 43.5 3 29.3 2 13.4 – 11.9 –
Córdoba 34.4 2 31.2 2 19.0 1 12.4 1
Cuenca 45.8 2 29.7 1 13.2 – 9.4 –
Gipuzkoa 9.7 – 14.1 1 28.6 2 3.2 – 23.3 2 19.1 1
Girona 10.1 – 12.5 1 17.3 1 7.7 – 26.3 2 23.2 2
Granada 35.3 3 30.9 2 17.8 1 13.5 1
Guadalajara 39.6 2 23.0 1 18.2 – 16.4 –
Huelva 33.3 2 35.8 2 16.3 1 11.7 –
Huesca 36.2 1 25.6 1 19.2 1 15.3 –
Jaén 35.4 2 37.4 2 14.4 1 10.5 –
La Rioja 42.6 2 24.3 1 16.6 1 14.0 –
Las Palmas 33.9 3 23.8 2 22.5 2 13.0 1 3.6 –
León 40.1 2 26.2 1 17.6 1 12.8 –
Lleida 13.5 1 12.4 – 16.7 1 7.0 – 25.1 1 22.6 1
Lugo 47.4 2 23.7 1 17.0 1 6.9 –
Madrid 38.2 15 19.6 7 21.3 8 17.8 6
Málaga 34.4 4 27.0 3 18.9 2 16.3 2
Melilla 49.9 1 25.1 – 9.8 – 12.4 –
Murcia 46.7 5 20.3 2 14.5 1 15.7 2
Navarre 31.9 2 17.3 1 28.3 2 6.1 – 9.4 –
Ourense 49.7 3 23.3 1 15.6 – 7.1 –
Palencia 45.7 2 24.6 1 15.0 – 12.4 –
Pontevedra 38.4 3 21.8 2 25.2 2 8.9 –
Salamanca 48.2 3 21.4 1 12.6 – 15.7 –
Santa Cruz de Tenerife 34.2 3 21.2 1 17.9 1 11.0 1 12.6 1
Segovia 45.4 2 21.5 1 15.2 – 15.4 –
Seville 29.0 4 33.6 4 20.8 3 13.4 1
Soria 44.9 1 25.7 1 15.3 – 11.4 –
Tarragona 14.9 1 15.7 1 21.9 1 11.3 1 19.7 1 13.7 1
Teruel 41.3 2 26.3 1 16.8 – 13.2 –
Toledo 43.4 3 26.6 2 14.7 1 13.0 –
Valencia 34.0 6 20.1 3 27.8 5 14.5 2
Valladolid 41.8 2 22.7 1 16.4 1 15.6 1
Zamora 48.3 2 23.9 1 14.1 – 11.4 –
Zaragoza 34.9 3 24.4 2 20.3 1 16.8 1
Total 33.0 137 22.6 85 21.2 71 13.1 32 2.7 9 2.0 8 1.2 5 0.8 2 0.3 1

Regions

Summary of regional results in the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election
Region PP PSOE UP C's ERC CDC PNV EH Bildu CC–PNC
% S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S
Andalusia 33.5 23 31.2 20 18.6 11 13.6 7
Aragon 35.8 6 24.8 4 19.7 2 16.2 1
Asturias 35.3 3 24.9 2 23.9 2 12.6 1
Balearic Islands 35.1 3 20.1 2 25.4 2 14.6 1 1.6 −
Basque Country 12.9 2 14.2 3 29.1 6 3.5 − 24.9 5 13.3 2
Canary Islands 34.1 6 22.5 3 20.3 3 12.0 2 8.0 1
Cantabria 41.5 2 23.5 1 17.7 1 14.4 1
Castile and León 44.3 18 23.1 9 15.6 3 14.2 1
Castilla–La Mancha 42.7 12 27.3 7 14.7 2 13.0 −
Catalonia 13.4 6 16.1 7 24.5 12 10.9 5 18.2 9 13.9 8
Ceuta 51.9 1 22.6 – 10.8 – 11.5 –
Extremadura 39.9 5 34.5 4 13.1 1 10.5 −
Galicia 41.5 12 22.2 6 22.2 5 8.6 −
La Rioja 42.6 2 24.3 1 16.6 1 14.0 –
Madrid 38.2 15 19.6 7 21.3 8 17.8 6
Melilla 49.9 1 25.1 – 9.8 – 12.4 –
Murcia 46.7 5 20.3 2 14.5 1 15.7 2
Navarre 31.9 2 17.3 1 28.3 2 6.1 – 9.4 –
Valencian Community 35.4 13 20.8 6 25.4 9 15.0 5
Total 33.0 137 22.6 85 21.2 71 13.1 32 2.6 9 2.0 8 1.2 5 0.8 2 0.3 1

Autonomous communities

Andalusia

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Andalusia →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 1,426,258 33.53 +4.45 23 +2
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 1,326,838 31.20 –0.30 20 –2
United We Can for Andalusia (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 792,008 18.62 –4.05 11 +1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 578,123 13.59 –0.19 7 –1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 52,870 1.24 +0.32 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 9,932 0.23 –0.29 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 8,341 0.20 ±0.00 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 7,317 0.17 +0.04 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 5,482 0.13 +0.01 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,980 0.05 +0.01 0 ±0
We Are Andalusians Party, For Andalusia and the Peoples (AND) 1,727 0.04 New 0 ±0
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) 1,696 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 961 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0
United Free Citizens (CILUS) 830 0.02 –0.01 0 ±0
Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR) 687 0.02 New 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 393 0.01 –0.02 0 ±0
Blank ballots 37,895 0.89 +0.04
Total 4,253,338 61 ±0
Valid votes 4,253,338 98.94 –0.12
Invalid votes 45,400 1.06 +0.12
Votes cast / turnout 4,298,738 66.05 –3.03
Abstentions 2,210,001 33.95 +3.03
Registered voters 6,508,739
Sources[9][11]
Footnotes:

Aragon

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Aragon →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party–Aragonese Party (PP–PAR) 252,456 35.81 +4.50 6 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 174,960 24.82 +1.77 4 ±0
United We Can in Aragon (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 139,187 19.74 –5.02 2 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 114,239 16.21 –1.01 1 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 6,336 0.90 +0.19 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 3,764 0.53 +0.01 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 2,013 0.29 +0.04 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,634 0.23 –0.56 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,478 0.21 +0.01 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 984 0.14 –0.02 0 ±0
Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 723 0.10 New 0 ±0
Independents for Aragon (i) 550 0.08 –0.01 0 ±0
Forward (Entabán) 377 0.05 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 160 0.02 New 0 ±0
Union of Everyone (UdT) 48 0.01 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 6,032 0.86 –0.07
Total 704,941 13 ±0
Valid votes 704,941 99.13 –0.04
Invalid votes 6,153 0.87 +0.04
Votes cast / turnout 711,094 69.92 –2.66
Abstentions 305,896 30.08 +2.66
Registered voters 1,016,990
Sources[9][12]
Footnotes:

Asturias

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Asturias →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party–Forum (PP–Foro) 209,632 35.25 +5.14 3 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 147,920 24.87 +1.58 2 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo–IAS–CLI–AS)1 141,845 23.85 –5.94 2 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 74,961 12.60 –0.96 1 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 6,398 1.08 +0.35 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 2,517 0.42 +0.12 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 1,442 0.24 –0.04 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,391 0.23 –0.39 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1,383 0.23 +0.03 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,086 0.18 +0.01 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 414 0.07 +0.01 0 ±0
State of Spain Unionist Party (PUEDE) 336 0.06 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 5,374 0.90 ±0.00
Total 594,699 8 ±0
Valid votes 594,699 99.04 –0.13
Invalid votes 5,764 0.96 +0.13
Votes cast / turnout 600,463 61.09 –2.68
Abstentions 382,374 38.91 +2.68
Registered voters 982,837
Sources[9][13]
Footnotes:

Balearic Islands

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in the Balearic Islands →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 163,045 35.08 +6.02 3 ±0
United We Can–More (Podemos–EUIB–Més)1 118,082 25.41 –7.03 2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 93,363 20.09 +1.78 2 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 67,700 14.57 –0.21 1 ±0
Sovereignty for the Isles (SI) 7,418 1.60 New 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 7,266 1.56 +0.50 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,644 0.35 +0.11 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,197 0.26 –0.21 0 ±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 846 0.18 +0.03 0 ±0
Blank ballots 4,226 0.91 +0.08
Total 464,787 8 ±0
Valid votes 464,787 99.01 –0.03
Invalid votes 4,650 0.99 +0.03
Votes cast / turnout 469,437 60.73 –2.62
Abstentions 303,502 39.27 +2.62
Registered voters 772,939
Sources[9][14]
Footnotes:

Basque Country

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in the Basque Country →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
United We Can (Podemos/Ahal Dugu–IU–Equo)1 335,740 29.08 +0.16 6 +1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 287,014 24.86 +0.14 5 –1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 164,255 14.23 +0.98 3 ±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 153,339 13.28 –1.78 2 ±0
People's Party (PP) 148,553 12.87 +1.25 2 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 40,740 3.53 –0.58 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 9,310 0.81 +0.16 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 2,947 0.26 +0.06 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,542 0.13 –0.20 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB/AZ) 1,026 0.09 –0.03 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 962 0.08 +0.03 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 947 0.08 New 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 207 0.02 New 0 ±0
Navarrese Freedom (Ln) 74 0.01 –0.03 0 ±0
Blank ballots 7,696 0.67 –0.04
Total 1,154,352 18 ±0
Valid votes 1,154,352 99.32 +0.01
Invalid votes 7,887 0.68 –0.01
Votes cast / turnout 1,162,239 65.17 –3.83
Abstentions 621,126 34.83 +3.83
Registered voters 1,783,365
Sources[9][15]
Footnotes:

Canary Islands

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in the Canary Islands →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 333,445 34.05 +5.52 6 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party–New Canaries (PSOE–NCa) 220,471 22.52 +0.55 3 –1
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 198,434 20.27 –6.14 3 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 117,748 12.03 +0.60 2 ±0
Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC) 78,253 7.99 –0.25 1 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 14,973 1.53 +0.33 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 2,969 0.30 +0.03 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Canarian People (PCPC) 1,549 0.16 –0.01 0 ±0
Together for Canaries (JxC) 1,190 0.12 New 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 978 0.10 –0.37 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 882 0.09 –0.07 0 ±0
Unity of the People (UP)2 686 0.07 –0.22 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 647 0.07 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 450 0.05 +0.01 0 ±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) 212 0.02 –0.01 0 ±0
Blank ballots 6,285 0.64 –0.09
Total 979,172 15 ±0
Valid votes 979,172 98.82 +0.10
Invalid votes 11,710 1.18 –0.10
Votes cast / turnout 990,882 59.11 –1.22
Abstentions 685,407 40.89 +1.22
Registered voters 1,676,289
Sources[9][16]
Footnotes:

Cantabria

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Cantabria →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 140,252 41.55 +4.64 2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 79,407 23.52 +1.11 1 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 59,845 17.73 –4.56 1 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 48,626 14.40 –0.85 1 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 3,369 1.00 +0.16 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,051 0.31 –0.51 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 713 0.21 –0.05 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 596 0.18 New 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 483 0.14 –0.01 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 468 0.14 +0.01 0 ±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) 156 0.05 ±0.00 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 147 0.04 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,454 0.73 –0.08
Total 337,567 5 ±0
Valid votes 337,567 98.89 –0.01
Invalid votes 3,781 1.11 +0.01
Votes cast / turnout 341,348 68.52 –2.45
Abstentions 156,855 31.48 +2.45
Registered voters 498,203
Sources[9][17]
Footnotes:

Castile and León

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Castile and León →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 643,093 44.27 +5.17 18 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 336,286 23.15 +0.68 9 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 226,313 15.58 –4.05 3 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 205,613 14.15 –1.21 1 –2
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 10,330 0.71 +0.14 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 4,520 0.31 –0.56 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 2,741 0.19 –0.08 0 ±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre–Independent Candidacy (CCD–CI) 2,672 0.18 +0.08 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 2,545 0.18 +0.01 0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 2,295 0.16 New 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1,575 0.11 –0.04 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,091 0.08 +0.01 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 668 0.05 –0.04 0 ±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) 545 0.04 –0.02 0 ±0
Merindades of Castile Initiative (IMC) 356 0.02 New 0 ±0
Alliance of the Democratic Centre (ALCD) 214 0.01 New 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 146 0.01 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 11,666 0.80 –0.14
Total 1,452,669 31 –1
Valid votes 1,452,669 98.85 –0.05
Invalid votes 16,830 1.15 +0.05
Votes cast / turnout 1,469,499 68.79 –2.43
Abstentions 666,619 31.21 +2.43
Registered voters 2,136,118
Sources[9][18]
Footnotes:

Castilla–La Mancha

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Castilla–La Mancha →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 475,911 42.73 +4.59 12 +2
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 303,786 27.28 –1.08 7 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 164,160 14.74 –2.50 2 +1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 145,261 13.04 –0.73 0 –3
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 9,839 0.88 +0.17 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 2,412 0.22 –0.31 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 1,828 0.16 –0.15 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,718 0.15 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 791 0.07 New 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 648 0.06 ±0.00 0 ±0
The Phalanx (FE) 254 0.02 New 0 ±0
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) 126 0.01 New 0 ±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) 37 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
Blank ballots 6,988 0.63 –0.07
Total 1,113,759 21 ±0
Valid votes 1,113,759 98.89 +0.04
Invalid votes 12,468 1.11 –0.04
Votes cast / turnout 1,126,227 71.78 –3.48
Abstentions 442,857 28.22 +3.48
Registered voters 1,569,084
Sources[9][19]
Footnotes:

Catalonia

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Catalonia →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP) 853,102 24.53 –0.18 12 ±0
Republican Left–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí) 632,234 18.18 +2.19 9 ±0
Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) 559,870 16.10 +0.41 7 –1
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)1 483,488 13.90 –1.18 8 ±0
People's Party (PP) 464,538 13.36 +2.24 6 +1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 380,497 10.94 –2.11 5 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 59,897 1.72 +0.55 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 9,730 0.28 –0.06 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Catalan People (PCPC) 4,348 0.13 –0.06 0 ±0
Platform for Catalonia (PxC) 724 0.02 New 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 198 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Blank ballots 28,939 0.83 +0.15
Total 3,477,565 47 ±0
Valid votes 3,477,565 99.33 –0.06
Invalid votes 23,400 0.67 +0.06
Votes cast / turnout 3,500,965 63.42 –5.21
Abstentions 2,018,917 36.58 +5.21
Registered voters 5,519,882
Sources[9][20]
Footnotes:

Extremadura

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Extremadura →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 245,022 39.90 +5.11 5 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 212,159 34.54 –1.44 4 –1
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 80,346 13.08 –2.60 1 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 64,760 10.54 –0.84 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 4,456 0.73 +0.20 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,073 0.17 +0.04 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,054 0.17 –0.23 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 1,026 0.17 +0.09 0 ±0
Blank ballots 4,258 0.69 –0.03
Total 614,154 10 ±0
Valid votes 614,154 98.63 –0.05
Invalid votes 8,562 1.37 +0.05
Votes cast / turnout 622,716 68.63 –3.54
Abstentions 284,594 31.37 +3.54
Registered voters 907,310
Sources[9][21]
Footnotes:

Galicia

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Galicia →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 650,831 41.53 +4.41 12 +2
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdeG–PSOE) 348,014 22.21 +0.88 6 ±0
In Tide (Podemos–Anova–EU) 347,542 22.18 –2.83 5 –1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 135,125 8.62 –0.44 0 –1
Galician Nationalist Bloc–We–Galician Candidacy (BNG–Nós)1 45,252 2.89 –1.43 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 16,964 1.08 +0.26 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 3,874 0.25 +0.02 0 ±0
Communists of Galicia (PCPE–CdG) 1,690 0.11 –0.09 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 1,026 0.07 –0.01 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 975 0.06 –0.45 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 785 0.05 New 0 ±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) 392 0.03 ±0.00 0 ±0
Blank ballots 14,726 0.94 –0.12
Total 1,567,196 23 ±0
Valid votes 1,567,196 98.71 +0.07
Invalid votes 20,465 1.29 –0.07
Votes cast / turnout 1,587,661 58.76 –2.77
Abstentions 1,114,074 41.24 +2.77
Registered voters 2,701,735
Sources[9][22]
Footnotes:

La Rioja

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 73,708 42.61 +4.27 2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 42,010 24.29 +0.60 1 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 28,772 16.63 –3.40 1 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 24,180 13.98 –1.15 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,350 0.78 +0.12 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 425 0.25 –0.52 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 366 0.21 New 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 312 0.18 –0.02 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 304 0.18 –0.02 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 250 0.14 +0.01 0 ±0
Rioja Southern Territory–Navarrese Freedom (HRTS–Ln) 80 0.05 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 1,225 0.71 –0.13
Total 172,982 4 ±0
Valid votes 172,982 98.90 +0.05
Invalid votes 1,931 1.10 –0.05
Votes cast / turnout 174,913 70.62 –1.81
Abstentions 72,757 29.38 +1.81
Registered voters 247,670
Sources[9][23]
Footnotes:

Madrid

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Madrid →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 1,325,665 38.25 +4.81 15 +2
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo–CLI–AS)1 737,885 21.29 –4.95 8 –2
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 678,340 19.57 +1.73 7 +1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 616,503 17.79 –1.03 6 –1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 39,117 1.13 +0.35 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 16,803 0.48 –0.15 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 14,659 0.42 –0.78 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 7,377 0.21 +0.10 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 3,946 0.11 –0.02 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 3,110 0.09 +0.04 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 2,148 0.06 +0.01 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 1,111 0.03 ±0.00 0 ±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) 994 0.03 ±0.00 0 ±0
Blank ballots 18,137 0.52 ±0.00
Total 3,465,795 36 ±0
Valid votes 3,465,795 99.32 –0.04
Invalid votes 23,581 0.68 +0.04
Votes cast / turnout 3,489,376 70.81 –3.31
Abstentions 1,438,556 29.19 +3.31
Registered voters 4,927,932
Sources[9][24]
Footnotes:

Murcia

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Murcia →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 333,109 46.68 +6.28 5 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 144,937 20.31 –0.01 2 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 111,961 15.69 –1.98 2 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 103,522 14.51 –3.82 1 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 8,209 1.15 +0.24 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 2,622 0.37 –0.08 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 2,083 0.29 –0.46 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,305 0.18 +0.01 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 1,069 0.15 ±0.00 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 627 0.09 –0.05 0 ±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) 235 0.03 –0.02 0 ±0
Spain Elders' Force (FME) 200 0.03 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 3,713 0.52 –0.10
Total 713,592 10 ±0
Valid votes 713,592 99.17 +0.04
Invalid votes 5,944 0.83 –0.04
Votes cast / turnout 719,536 69.58 –1.56
Abstentions 314,539 30.42 +1.56
Registered voters 1,034,075
Sources[9][25]
Footnotes:

Navarre

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Navarre →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Navarrese People's Union–People's Party (UPN–PP) 106,976 31.90 +2.96 2 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo–Batzarre)1 94,972 28.32 +1.23 2 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 58,173 17.35 +1.83 1 ±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 31,374 9.36 –0.53 0 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 20,505 6.11 –0.96 0 ±0
Yes to the Future (GBai) 14,343 4.28 –4.39 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 2,757 0.82 +0.16 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,089 0.32 +0.05 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 591 0.18 –0.23 0 ±0
Navarrese Freedom (Ln) 548 0.16 ±0.00 0 ±0
Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn) 539 0.16 –0.10 0 ±0
Blank ballots 3,468 1.03 –0.02
Total 335,335 5 ±0
Valid votes 335,335 99.00 –0.13
Invalid votes 3,385 1.00 +0.13
Votes cast / turnout 338,720 67.40 –3.53
Abstentions 163,810 32.60 +3.53
Registered voters 502,530
Sources[9][26]
Footnotes:

Valencian Community

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in the Valencian Community →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 919,229 35.44 +4.18 13 +2
The Valencian Way (Podemos–Compromís–EUPV)1 659,771 25.44 –3.86 9 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 539,278 20.79 +0.96 6 –1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 388,127 14.96 –0.88 5 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 32,611 1.26 +0.33 0 ±0
We Are Valencian (SOMVAL) 6,647 0.26 +0.03 0 ±0
Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD) 6,273 0.24 –0.10 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 6,095 0.23 –0.04 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 5,585 0.22 –0.43 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 4,798 0.18 –0.01 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 3,551 0.14 –0.02 0 ±0
The Eco-pacifist Greens (Centro Moderado) 3,011 0.12 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,941 0.07 New 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 992 0.04 +0.02 0 ±0
Political Renovation (RePo) 570 0.02 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 15,415 0.59 –0.01
Total 2,593,894 33 +1
Valid votes 2,593,894 99.13 –0.01
Invalid votes 22,874 0.87 +0.01
Votes cast / turnout 2,616,768 72.37 –2.42
Abstentions 999,065 27.63 +2.42
Registered voters 3,615,833
Sources[9][27]
Footnotes:

Autonomous cities

Ceuta

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Ceuta →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 15,991 51.86 +7.00 1 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 6,974 22.62 –0.48 0 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 3,549 11.51 –1.79 0 ±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)1 3,345 10.85 –4.53 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 333 1.08 ±0.00 0 ±0
Vox (Vox) 139 0.45 New 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 118 0.38 –0.06 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 72 0.23 –0.37 0 ±0
Blank ballots 316 1.02 –0.23
Total 30,837 1 ±0
Valid votes 30,837 98.86 +0.33
Invalid votes 357 1.14 –0.33
Votes cast / turnout 31,194 50.65 –3.19
Abstentions 30,393 49.35 +3.19
Registered voters 61,587
Sources[9][28]
Footnotes:

Melilla

← Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 13,522 49.86 +5.95 1 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 6,805 25.09 +0.50 0 ±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 3,352 12.36 –3.19 0 ±0
United We Can (Unidos Podemos)1 2,667 9.83 –2.92 0 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 317 1.17 +0.05 0 ±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 146 0.54 –0.31 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 44 0.16 ±0.00 0 ±0
Blank ballots 268 0.99 –0.07
Total 27,121 1 ±0
Valid votes 27,121 99.68 –0.04
Invalid votes 362 1.32 +0.04
Votes cast / turnout 27,483 47.55 –1.80
Abstentions 30,312 52.45 +1.80
Registered voters 57,795
Sources[9][29]
Footnotes:

References

  1. ^ "26J/Elecciones Generales 2016". especiales.publico.es (in Spanish). Público. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  2. ^ "Elecciones Congreso. 26 de junio de 2016". elecciones.eldiario.es (in Spanish). eldiario.es. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  3. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.((cite web)): CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  4. ^ "Real Decreto 184/2016, de 3 de mayo, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (107): 29959–29961. 3 May 2016. ISSN 0212-033X.
  5. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  6. ^ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  7. ^ "Constitución Española". Constitution of 29 December 1978 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Elecciones Generales 26 de junio de 2016". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  10. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. National totals". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  11. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Andalusia". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  12. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Aragon". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  13. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Principality of Asturias". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  14. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Balearic Islands". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  15. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Basque Country". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  16. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Canary Islands". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  17. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Cantabria". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  18. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Castile and León". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  19. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Castilla–La Mancha". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  20. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Catalonia". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  21. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Extremadura". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  22. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Galicia". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  23. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. La Rioja". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  24. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Community of Madrid". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  25. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Region of Murcia". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  26. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Foral Community of Navarre". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  27. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Valencian Community". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  28. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Ceuta". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  29. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Melilla". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.

Bibliography

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