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((short description|Mexican political party))
((Infobox political party
| name = Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
| native_name = ((lang|es|Acción Revolucionaria Mexicanista))
| native_name_lang =[[Spanish]]
| lang1 = 
| name_lang1 = 
| lang2 = 
| name_lang2 = 
| lang3 = 
| name_lang3 = 
| lang4 = 
| name_lang4 = 
| logo = File:Simbolo del ARM un Chimalli con un Macahuitl.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| caption =
| colorcode =       gold
| abbreviation =      ARM
| leader = [[Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco]]
| president = 
| chairperson =       <!-- or | chairman = -->
| secretary =
| general_secretary =
| first_secretary =
| secretary_general = 
| presidium =
| governing_body =
| standing_committee =
| spokesperson =      <!-- or | spokesman = -->
| leader1_title =
| leader1_name = Aniceto Lopez Salazar
| leader2_title = Leader of Women's Faction
| leader2_name = Leonor Gutiérrez
| leader3_title = 
| leader3_name = 
| leader4_title = 
| leader4_name = 
| leader5_title = 
| leader5_name =
| founder = [[Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco]]
| founded =           ((start date and age|df=yes|1933|09|25))<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay">((cite journal |last1=Gojman de Backal |first1=Alicia |title=La Acción Revolucionaria Mexicanista y el Fascismo en Mexico: los Dorados |journal=Anuario de Historia de América Latina |date=December 1988 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=155–302 |doi=10.7767/jbla.1988.25.1.291 |s2cid=201715352 |url=https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.7767/jbla.1988.25.1.291 |access-date=8 February 2022))</ref>
| registered = 
| legalised =         <!-- or | legalized = -->
| banned =    February 27, 1936
| dissolved = 1970s
| merger = 
| split = 
| predecessor = 
| merged = 
| successor = 
| headquarters = 
| newspaper = 
| think_tank = 
| student_wing = 
| youth_wing = 
| womens_wing = 
| wing1_title = 
| wing1 = 
| wing2_title = 
| wing2 = 
| wing3_title = 
| wing3 = 
| wing4_title = 
| wing4 = 
| membership_year = 1936
| membership = ~60,000
| ideology         = [[Ultranationalism]]<br>[[Fascism]]<br>[[Third Position]]<br>[[Secularism]]<br>[[Anti-communism]]<br>[[Antisemitism]]<br>[[Xenophobia]]<br>
| position         = [[Far-right]]
| religion = Atheism
| national = 
| regional =          <!-- or | regional affiliation = -->
| european = 
| continental =       <!-- or | continental affiliation = -->
| international = 
| europarl = 
| affiliation1_title = 
| affiliation1 = 
| affiliation2_title =
| affiliation2 =
| colors =    ((color box|gold)) [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| slogan = Mexico for Mexicans
| anthem = 
| blank1_title = 
| blank1 = 
| blank2_title = 
| blank2 = 
| blank3_title = 
| blank3 = 
| blank4_title = 
| blank4 = 
| seats1_title = 
| seats1 =            <!-- ((Infobox political party/seats|50|100|hex=#ff0000)) -->
| seats2_title = 
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| seats4_title =      <!-- up to | seats11_title = -->
| seats4 =            <!-- up to | seats11 = -->
| symbol = 
| flag = 
| flag_title =
| flag_alt =
| website = 
| state =             <!-- or | country = -->
| country =         Mexico
| country_dab1 = 
| parties_dab1 = 
| elections_dab1 = 
| country2 = 
| country_dab2 = 
| parties_dab2 = 
| elections_dab2 = 
| footnotes = 
))
((Fascism sidebar))

The '''Revolutionary Mexicanist Action''' (((lang-es|Acción Revolucionaria Mexicanista))), better known as the '''Gold Shirts''' (((lang|es|Camisas Doradas))), was a Mexican [[fascism|fascist]], [[secular]], [[anti-Semitic]], [[anti-communist]], [[ultra-nationalist]] paramilitary organization, originated in September 1933 in Mexico City and operated until disbanded in 1936. With ultra-nationalist, [[strikebreaking]] roots and [[Nazi Germany|Nazi German]] support, the organization sought to expel Chinese, Jews, and communists from Mexico. The organization often violently engaged with [[labour movement|labor movement]]s associated with the [[Mexican Communist Party]] and with [[strike action|labor strikers]].<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" /><ref name="Gojman-dorados">((cite book |last1=Backal |first1=Alicia G. de |title=Camisas, escudos y desfiles militares : los Dorados y el antisemitismo en México, 1934-1940 |date= 2000 |publisher=Escuela Nacional de Estudios Profesionales Acatlán (UNAM) |location=México |isbn=978-9681661946 |pages=154–266))</ref><ref name="Sherman">Sherman, John W., [https://books.google.com/books?id=h29VKMtmzzcC&dq The Mexican right: the end of revolutionary reform, 1929-1940], pp. 62-4, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997</ref><ref name="RPmonfort-dorados">((cite journal |last1= Pérez Monfort |first1= Ricardo |title= Los Camisas Doradas |journal= Secuencia |date= January 1986 |issue= 4 |pages= 66–77 |doi= 10.18234/secuencia.v0i04.125 |url =http://secuencia.mora.edu.mx/index.php/Secuencia/article/view/125/114 |access-date= 22 March 2022|doi-access= free ))</ref><ref name="epoca-cadenas-gojman">((cite journal |last1=GOJMAN DE BACKAL |first1=ALICIA |title= LOS CAMISAS DORADAS EN LA ÉPOCA DE LÁZARO CÁRDENAS |journal= Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies / Revue canadienne des études latino-américaines et caraïbes |date=1995 |volume=20 |issue= 39/40 |pages= 39–64 |doi=10.1080/08263663.1995.10816718 |jstor=41799913 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/41799913 |access-date= 13 May 2022 |issn= 0826-3663))</ref>

[[Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco]], a brigadier general under [[Pancho Villa]] in the 1910s during the [[Mexican Revolution]], led the group during its most active period. Many founding members of the paramilitary had also been veterans of the Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920. Members were known as "the Gold Shirts", a name reminiscent of Villa's elite soldiers whom he referred to as "''los dorados''" (the golden ones).<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="Sherman" />

Operating under the motto of "Mexico for Mexicans", the organization called for the expulsion of Jews and Chinese from Mexico. The Gold Shirts advocated the seizure of Chinese- and Jewish-owned [[company|business]]es.<ref name="Sherman" /> They also fiercely opposed labor movements and often clashed with members of the [[Mexican Communist Party]]. The group was very active in [[union busting]], with the Gold Shirts instigating violent clashes with strikers.<ref name="Sherman" /><ref name="Gojman-dorados" />

The organization received financial support from the [[Nazi Party]] of [[Nazi Germany]], from the [[National Fascist Party]] of Italy, and from Mexican industrialists such as [[Eugenio Garza Sada]] (1892-1973). The Gold Shirts also received political protection from ex-president [[Plutarco Elías Calles]] (in office from 1924 to 1928), who vehemently opposed the [[Lázaro Cárdenas|Cárdenas]] government<ref name="Sherman" /><ref name="1stlenchek">((cite web |url= http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/677-jews-in-mexico-a-struggle-for-survival-part-one |title= Jews in Mexico, a struggle for survival: Part One |last= Lenchek |first=Shep |date=February 1, 2000 |publisher=Mexconnect newsletter |issn=1028-9089  |access-date= April 27, 2022 ))</ref><ref name="batalla-pelaez">((cite news |last1= Peláez Ramos |first1= Gerardo |title= 20 de noviembre de 1935: Batalla en el zócalo entre comunistas y fascistas |url= https://www.lahaine.org/b2-img10/pelaez_zoc.pdf |access-date=16 March 2022 |publisher=La Haine |date=4 December 2010))
</ref> (in office from 1934 to 1940).

== History ==
=== Background (1920s-1933) ===
==== Anti-Chinese and Anti-Semitic sentiment ====
((Main|Chinese immigration to Mexico#Rise of anti-Chinese sentiment))
((Main|History of the Jews in Mexico#Post Independence immigration))
[[File:ProrazaDF1930.png|thumb|left|Mexico City Pro-Race Committee meeting in 1930]]

At the start of the 1920s, [[racism in Mexico]] and xenophobic sentiments begun to intensify. Organizations such as the ''Pro-Race Committee'' and the ''Anti-Chinese and Anti-Jewish Nationalist League'' were created in response to a large influx of immigrants to Mexico. This was a result of growing economic concerns among the Mexican working and middle class. As Chinese-Mexicans, and Jews to a lesser extent, had come to constitute a considerable portion of the merchant class, many protests and boycotts against Chinese businesses were held. Mexican labor unions had put political pressure to restrict Chinese and Jewish immigration to Mexico.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" /><ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="1stlenchek" />

The Mexican government, both state and federal, actively enacted and enforced discriminatory laws targeting people of Chinese descent. Following the [[Great Depression]], Jews had become subject to the same type of persecution. Notably in May 1931 where 250 Jewish merchants were expelled from the [[La Lagunilla Market]] in Mexico City.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="1stlenchek" /><ref name="epoca-cadenas-gojman" />

==== 1930s Labor Strikes ====
The government of President [[Pascual Ortiz Rubio]] faced intense political instability, exacerbated by the [[Great Depression]]. Droughts and floods heavily impeded agricultural production. By 1932, mass labor strikes in multiple industries were erupting throughout the country.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" /><ref name="epoca-cadenas-gojman" />

[[Plutarco Elías Calles]] wished to "keep workers under control" in response to the support [[Vicente Lombardo Toledano]] had been garnering among laborers.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" /><ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="RPmonfort-dorados" /> Ortiz Rubio would resign from the presidency in September 1932 as a result of Calles's influence and power in the government.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" /><ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="epoca-cadenas-gojman" />

==== Green Shirts (1932) ====
As the result of labor strikes and the support Toledano had garnered, Calles wished to protect the business interests of industrialists from strikers. Under the protection of a Callista official, if not Calles himself, [[Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco]] founded the Green Shirts (''Camisetas Verdes'') in 1932. Rodríguez Carrasco had joined the Pro-Race Committee a year prior. The Green Shirts were a paramilitary group which was characterized as [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]], [[anti-union]], [[ultranationalist]]. Calles politically protected and financially supported the group. The Green Shirts's campaigned under the mantra of "Mexico for Mexicans". As Calles began to lose power under [[Abelardo Rodríguez]], the group was shortly dissolved by Rodríguez after taking power in September of that year.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" /><ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="epoca-cadenas-gojman" />

===Foundation and early activities (1933-1935)===
[[File:NRC-ARM.png|thumb|right|165px|Rodríguez Carrasco's Revolutionary Mexicanist Action portrait, circa 1934]]

The Revolutionary Mexicanist Action was founded on September 25, 1933, within the Pro-Race Committee of the Federal District. The organization declared its fundamental objective was the moral and aggrandizement of Mexico, stating that their struggle "was not an offensive against foreigners but rather a defense of national interests."<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" /><ref name="epoca-cadenas-gojman" />

The founders and early members were generals and other ex-military men.<ref name="epoca-cadenas-gojman" /><ref name="RPmonfort-dorados" /><ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" /> Prominent members included [[Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco]], [[Roque González Garza]] (instrumental figure during the [[Mexican Revolution]] and former acting [[President of Mexico]]),  Julio Madero González (brother of [[Francisco I. Madero]] and [[Gustavo A. Madero]]), [[Silvestre Terrazas]] (former [[Governor of Chihuahua]]), and Eduardo Dávila Garza (Head of the [[Mexican Catholic Apostolic Church]]). Other key members included Ovidio Pedrero Valenzuela and Andrés Morán.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="michaels popular">((Cite journal|last=Michaels|first=Albert L.|date=1966|title=Fascism and Sinarquismo: Popular Nationalisms Against the Mexican Revolution|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23913319|journal=Journal of Church and State|volume=8|issue=2|pages=234–236|doi=10.1093/jcs/8.2.234 |jstor=23913319 |issn=0021-969X|via=JSTOR))</ref>

Roque González Garza led the group for a few months from its foundation until [[Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco]] assumed the position of supreme leader.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" />

====1935 Revolution Day Riot====
((Main|1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle))
[[File:Nicolas Rodriguez Carrasco hospital.png|right|thumb|250px|Rodriguez Carrasco in the hospital for the wounds he received during the riot.]]

Tensions between Calles and president [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] rose with the latter increasing the suppression efforts of the Gold Shirts. On November 20, 1935, a violent clash between communists and the Gold Shirts during the [[Revolution Day (Mexico)|Revolution Day]] parade at the [[Zócalo]] resulted in 3 deaths and more than 40 injuries of which included Rodríguez Carrasco. Rodríguez Carrasco was stabbed twice in the abdomen and left critically injured.<ref name="Anuario-carrasco">((cite journal |last1=Gojman de Backal |first1=Alicia |date=December 1988 |title=La Acción Revolucionaria Mexicanista y el Fascismo en Mexico: los Dorados |url=https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.7767/jbla.1988.25.1.291 |journal=Anuario de Historia de América Latina |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=291–302 |doi=10.7767/jbla.1988.25.1.291 |s2cid=201715352 |access-date=8 February 2022))</ref><ref>((cite journal |last1=Ojeda-Revah |first1=Mario |title=Mexico and the Spanish Republic. 1931-1939. |journal=London School of Economics and Political Science |date=2002 |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2509/ |access-date=20 April 2022))</ref>

=== Political pushback and Ban (1935-1936) ===
The incident sparked nation-wide public outrage against the Revolutionary Mexicanist Actiontion, mainly from labor organizations. The [[Senate of the Republic (Mexico)|Mexican senate]] sought to ban the organization a day after the riot. On November 22, senators Ernesto Soto Reyes and Guillermo Flores Muñoz condemned the Gold Shirts for the incident and called for a commission to ban the group.<ref name="RPmonfort-dorados"/><ref name="The New York Times"/> In his speech, Soto Reyes state the organization was composed of "irresponsible straw-men" and called into question the legitimacy of the group. He asserted the organization did not represent any union or worker's interests and therefore did not contravene any legal statue by requesting its prohibition.<ref name="RPmonfort-dorados"/>

==== Disbandment (1936) ====
[[File:Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco.jpg|left|thumb|Rodríguez Carrasco in uniform and giving a customary Revolutionary Mexicanist Action salute November 20, 1935]]
[[File:Nicolasyroquegg.png|thumb|right|Caricature of Nicolas Rodriguez Carrasco and Roque Gonzalez Garza on the front page of a communist magazine in 1935]]
In February 1936, the group participated in anti-communist rallies in [[Monterrey]] and in [[Puebla]]. The Monterrey rally was filmed by fascist film director and Gold Shirts supporter [[Gustavo Sáenz de Sicilia]]. Members of the ARM engaged in gunfire with the police, leaving 10 members dead. Following this incident, on February 27, 1936, Cárdenas ordered the dissolution of the group.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="The New York Times">((Cite news|date=1935-11-22|title=MEXICAN SENATE ASKS A BAN ON GOLD SHIRTS; Charges the Group Is Wholly Fascist -- Army Is Urged to Protect Teachers.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/11/22/archives/mexican-senate-asks-a-ban-on-gold-shirts-charges-the-group-is.html|access-date=2021-11-17|issn=0362-4331))</ref>

On February 27, 1936, Cárdenas ordered the dissolution of the group. On August 11, Rodríguez Carrasco was arrested for promoting "inter-labor conflicts" and was set to be expelled from the country. He was detained in [[Pachuca]] where was driven to an airport and flown to [[Ciudad Juárez]] then to El Paso, Texas. Following his exile, Rodríguez Carrasco was classified as a non-threat by the Mexican government.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" /><ref name="relato-dorada">((cite web |last1=Gojman de Backal |first1=Alicia |title=LOS CAMISAS DORADAS, UNA ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA DERECHA RADICAL EN EL CARDENISMO |url=https://relatosehistorias.mx/nuestras-historias/los-camisas-doradas-una-organizacion-de-la-derecha-radical-en-el-cardenismo |website=www.relatosehistorias.mx |date=22 March 2018 |publisher=Relatos e historias en mexico |access-date=8 February 2022))</ref>

===Organization in Exile (1936-1940)===

Rodríguez Carrasco moved to [[Laredo, Texas]], with his wife, Leonor Gutiérrez.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /> Rodríguez Carrasco established a Revolutionary Mexicanist Action headquarters in [[Mission, Texas]]. Rodríguez Carrasco approached wealthy Texan [[oilman|oilmen]] whose assets in Mexico were negatively affected by worker strikes and government policies for funds. Other donors he personally received funds from included Reverend P.L. Delgado, William H. Wood, and a wealthy farmer only known as Smithers.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" /> Throughout this time, Rodríguez Carrasco drafted numerous manifestos against the Mexican government, Jews, communists, and President Cárdenas in ''The McAllen Monitor''.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" />

Rodríguez Carrasco also met with Henry Allen in 1937. Allen was a prominent figure of an American anti-Semitic fascist group known as the [[Silver Legion of America|Silver Legion]]. Allen offered Rodríguez Carrasco protection and both directly received funds from the [[Nazi Party]].<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" />

By March 1937, Rodríguez Carrasco was receiving $2000 to $3000 a month in donations from American and Mexican nationals alike for the Revolutionary Mexicanist Action. The money was given to contacts that would regularly travel between [[Brownsville, Texas|Brownsville]] and [[Nogales, Sonora|Nogales]].<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" />

Approximately just under a year after moving to Texas, Rodríguez Carrasco met young woman named Emilia Herron. Herron belonged to a very wealthy family El Paso. Herron and Rodríguez Carrasco developed an affair and then divorced his wife Leonor Gutiérrez. Rodríguez Carrasco contacted immigration services to have Gutiérrez deported back to Mexico. A distraught Gutiérrez brought with her a great volume of documents containing sensitive information regarding the Revolutionary Mexicanist Action. She notified the police of Mexico City of Rodríguez Carrasco's activities. She made many public declarations regarding the organization's activities against the government and named many public figures who supported the paramilitary group. This caused serious internal conflicts within the organization with some prominent members no longer supporting Rodríguez Carrasco.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" />

====Rebellion Plot (1938)====

Since at least 1935, the organization had been plotting a rebellion against the Mexican government. Carlos Walterio Steinman, a former colonel in the Mexican Army residing in New York, told Rodríguez Carrasco he had raised over 4 million dollars to help in a "change of government" in a letter dated July 3, 1935.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" />

The Gold Shirts received funds to purchase armament from former governor of [[San Luis Potosí]] and very close friend of Rodríguez, [[Saturnino Cedillo]]. Cedillo, who by 1937 had close alleged ties to German Nazis, had developed major political and personal grievances with Cárdenas. Cedillo had several private meetings with members of the Revolutionary Mexicanist Action.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" />

The Mexican Government had received various reports on Rodríguez Carrasco's plot and purchases of weapons. On November 13, 1938, the rebellion was launched in [[Tamaulipas]]. Troops had been already dispatched at the request of Tamaulipas governor Marte R. Gómez.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" />

==== Rodríguez Carrasco's Illness and death (1940)====
Following the thwarted rebellion, Rodríguez Carrasco lost a considerable amount of financial support as well as support from the Gold Shirts. He remained exiled in Texas while continuing to publish articles for ''The McAllen Monitor''.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" />

By 1940, Rodríguez Carrasco developed a blood illness, most likely [[aplastic anemia]].<ref name="death">((Cite news|last=Associated Press|first=|date=1940-08-12|title=GEN. RODRIGUEZ, MEXICAN FASCIST; Leader of Gold Shirts, Exiled as Enemy by Cardenas in 1936, Dies in Juarez GOT HIS TITLE FROM VILLA Continued Activities Along the Border--Had 800,000 Ready to March on Capital|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/08/12/archives/gen-rodriguez-mexican-fascist-leader-of-gold-shirts-exiled-as-enemy.html|access-date=2021-11-17|issn=0362-4331))</ref><ref name="Gojman-dorados" /> Following the quick deterioration of his health, Rodríguez Carrasco effectively stepped down as leader of the Gold Shirts. In August 1940, Rodríguez Carrasco requested a pardon from President Cárdenas to be allowed to return to Mexico stating he wished to pass in his mother's house citing his illness. The request was approved and he returned to Mexico on August 5. He died 6 days later on August 11 in his mother's house from his illness.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /><ref name="death"/>

===Post-Rodríguez Carrasco's Death (1940-1970s)===
===Schism (1940s)===
The inauguration of [[Manuel Ávila Camacho]] seemingly ended the Revolutionary Mexicanist Action ban. Following the death of Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco, two separate factions led by Aniceto López Salazar and Joaquín Rodríguez Carrasco (brother of Nicolás) emerged from the Gold Shirts. Both figures laid claim to be the true heirs of the organization. López Salazar and Joaquin's factions were based in Mexico City and Chihuahua respectively. Joaquín Rodríguez Carrasco's faction retained the organization's original objectives as the more radical and militant members comprised this group.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /> López Salazar's faction was noted to have developed anti-fascist sentiments, less xenophobia and anti-Semitism, while remaining implacably opposed to communism and labor-strikes. This faction also was noted to have been much more amendable with the government with López Salazar consistently publicly disavowing the group's past violent actions. López Salazar and other members of his faction routinely met with government officials to discuss the paramilitary's role in "maintaining national interests".<ref name="Gojman-dorados" />
 
On [[International Workers' Day]], 1952, the "Golden Shirts" attacked contingents of the Communist Party and the Peasant Workers Party in front of the Palace of Fine Arts in [[Alameda Central]]. In the confrontation Luis Morales Jiménez, a student of the IPN, and Lucio Arciniega, a shoemaker artisan, members of the Communist Youth, died.<ref name="lahaine-pelaez">((cite news |last1=Peláez Ramos |first1=Gerardo |title=Primero de mayo de 1952: Represión anticomunista |url=https://www.lahaine.org/mundo.php/primero-de-mayo-de-1952-represion-antico |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=La Haine Mundo |date=28 April 2012 |language=es))</ref>

By the 1960s, membership reached 500,000 in Mexico and the United States. A significant amount of members belonged to the Mexican Army or law enforcement. The Mexican government routinely hired the paramilitary group to combat leftwing paramilitaries. However, the group had issues with funds and by the 1970s the Gold Shirts seemed to have dissolved with no notable activity from the Gold Shirts.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" />

==Organization & structure==
Initially, organizing, directing messages, appointments, as well as basic tasks were all carried out by Rodriguez Carrasco.<ref name="RPmonfort-dorados" /> By May 1934, however, the ARM was divided into 15 zones. The zones were divided throughout the country but mainly in Mexico City. Each of these zones consisted of several groups of 10-15 individuals. Each group had a sub-chief who only reported to the zone chief who, in turn, would report to the supreme chief.<ref name="RPmonfort-dorados" /> By 1935, the ARM had 350 group leaders in the 15 zones. At this time, the organization had approximately 4000 members.<ref name="RPmonfort-dorados" />

In the Mexico City chapter, there were a total of 377 members. Many members had been former military which included 14 generals, 7 lieutenant colonels, 13 colonels, 3 majors, 3 captains, 1 first sergeant, 1 lieutenant, a police chief, and a cop.<ref name="Gojman-dorados" /> General Vicente Gonzalez, chief of Mexico City's police force, was also in close contact with Rodriguez Carrasco.<ref name="RPmonfort-dorados" />

===1934 Leadership===
The council of the Gold shirts were known as the Mesa Directiva.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mesa Directiva Leadership 1934
|-
! Name !! Title 
|-
| Gen. Lucio G Verdiguel  || Secretary General
|-
| Manuel Rodriguez Carrasco || Treasurer 
|-
| Alfredo Serratos || Organization Secretary
|-
| Gen. Miguel M Ramos || Secretary of education
|-
| Gen. Jose M Sanchez || Secretary of Hacienda
|-
| Gen Arturo E Valverde || Secretary of Agriculture
|-
|Salvador Diaz F. || Chief of Migration
|-
|Gen.  Jose E Solares || Chief Assistant
|}

[[File:Doradosjefes34.jpg|thumb|right|276x276px|Revolutionary Mexicanist Action zone chiefs. Individuals not identified.]]By 1934, the organization had branches registered in: Villa Union, Mazatlan, Concordia, Culiacan, Saltillo, Torreon, Coahuila, Durango, Chiuahua, Juarez, Toluca, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Sabinas, Hidalgo, Puebla Texmelucan, Tehuacan, Guadalajara, Orizaba, Veracruz, Iguala Guerrero. Each of these chapters had leaders referred to as Chiefs.<ref name="1988-Gojman-dorados-essay" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Chief of Zones
|-
! Name 
|-
|Jose Vela
|-
|Matias Rodriguez
|-
|Agapito Lopez
|-
|Enrique Backmaann
|-
|Primitivo Gonzales
|-
|Col. M. Sanchez T.
|-
|Manuel Gonzales
|-
|Rafael Plata
|-
|Jesus Carcia
|-
|German Ramirez
|-
|Daniel M. Trejo
|-
|1st Captain Jose Ramos
|-
|Felipe Garcia
|-
|Teodoro Buendia
|-
|}

== Beliefs ==
Their motto was "Mexico for the Mexicans," a racialized or ethnic group that excluded [[History of the Jews in Mexico|Mexicans of Jewish]] or [[The Chinese in Mexico|Chinese descent]], and those who held [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] political views, supported [[trade union]]s, or were [[Communism|communists]] or [[Socialism|socialists]].<ref name=":2">((Cite book|last=Ojeda-Revah|first=Mario|url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2509/1/U615458.pdf|title=Mexico and the Spanish Republic, 1931-1939|publisher=London School of Economics|year=2002|location=London|pages=244–5|language=en|type=PDF))</ref><ref name="Sherman"/> Rodríguez claimed that blood tests carried out by ethnographers showed that Mexicans and Nordic peoples were racially equal.<ref name="michaels popular" /><ref name="Sherman"/> They were fiercely [[Antisemitism|antisemitic]] and [[Anti-Chinese sentiment|Sinophobic]]: they demanded the removal of [[citizenship]] from and immediate deportation of Jews and Chinese from Mexico, with all their businesses turned over to "Mexicans."<ref name="michaels popular" /><ref name="Sherman"/>

Although the ''dorados'' copied their style from the [[Blackshirts]] and [[Sturmabteilung]], the [[anti-communism]] and [[authoritarianism]] of the former and the [[anti-Semitism]] of the latter, they nonetheless lacked the fascist mission, being essentially, according to Fascism expert Stanley Payne, [[counterrevolutionary]] and [[reactionary]], and as such were more easily employed by the existing state.<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne]], ''A History of Fascism 1914-1945'', London, Routledge, 2001, p. 342</ref> John W. Sherman, an expert in Mexican right-wing organizations, describes them as "fascist" and "fascist-inspired," for their nationalistic, racist, and pro-business beliefs and activities.<ref name="Sherman"/><ref name=":3">((Cite journal|last=Sherman|first=John W.|date=1998|title=Reassessing Cardenismo: The Mexican Right and the Failure of a Revolutionary Regime, 1934-1940|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1008414|journal=The Americas|volume=54|issue=3|pages=362–4|doi=10.2307/1008414|jstor=1008414 |s2cid=143566620 |issn=0003-1615|via=JSTOR))</ref>

== Activities ==
The Gold Shirts often violently clashed with supporters of the [[Mexican Communist Party]] and the [[Red Shirts (Mexico)|Red Shirts]], including a famous attack on a communist protest in [[1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle|1935 in Mexico City]].<ref name="michaels popular" /> Three people died and over fifty were injured, including Rodríguez.<ref name=":2" /> They ransacked communist party offices on various occasions.<ref name="Sherman"/>

ARM members were often hired to intimidate workers or to prevent agrarian reform on [[hacienda]]s.<ref name=":3" /> They attacked workers in [[Monterrey]] in 1936 as part of their anti-union activities.<ref name="Sherman"/>

In 1936, one night the Gold Shirts raided Jewish businesses, destroying them and attacking their owners. The protests in response were immediate, highlighting those of the US embassy, the [[Mexican Communist Party]] and the [[International Red Aid]]. The general public described the event as a pogrom.

==See also==
* [[Camisas Rojas]]
* [[Gun politics in Mexico]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[http://espejodemudanzas.blogspot.com/2011/02/la-oposicion-en-el-sexenio-cardenista_26.html The opposition in the sixth cardenista (1934-1940) - The Mexican Revolutionary Action: The Golden Shirts]

((Fascism))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Gold Shirts))
[[Category:Paramilitary organizations based in Mexico]]
[[Category:Fascism in Mexico]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Mexico]]
[[Category:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Mexico]]
[[Category:Clothing in politics]]
[[Category:Mexican nationalism]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1933]]
[[Category:1933 establishments in Mexico]]
[[Category:Banned far-right parties]]
[[Category:Fascist organizations]]
[[Category:Mexican collaborators with Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Collaboration with Nazi Germany]]

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