Genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Rhizobium genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen . Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of (primarily) legumes and other flowering plants.
The bacteria colonize plant cells to form root nodules , where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia using the enzyme nitrogenase . The ammonia is shared with the host plant in the form of organic nitrogenous compounds such as glutamine or ureides .[3] organic compounds made by photosynthesis . This mutually beneficial relationship is true of all of the rhizobia , of which the genus Rhizobium is a typical example.[4] Rhizobium is also capable of solubilizing phosphate.[5]
History
Martinus Beijerinck was the first to isolate and cultivate a microorganism from the nodules of legumes in 1888.[6] Bacillus radicicola , which is now placed in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Rhizobium .
Research
Rhizobium forms a symbiotic relationship with certain plants, such as legumes, fixing nitrogen from the air into ammonia , which acts as a natural fertilizer for the plants. The Agricultural Research Service is conducting research involving the genetic mapping of various rhizobial species with their respective symbiotic plant species, like alfalfa or soybean. The goal of this research is to increase the plants’ productivity without using fertilizers.[7]
In molecular biology, Rhizobium has been identified as a contaminant of DNA extraction kit reagents and ultrapure water systems, which may lead to its erroneous appearance in microbiota or metagenomic datasets.[8] [9]
Species
The genus Rhizobium comprises the following species:[10]
Rhizobium acidisoli Román-Ponce et al . 2016 Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al . 2016 Rhizobium aethiopicum Aserse et al . 2017 Rhizobium alamii Berge et al . 2009 "Rhizobium album " Hang et al . 2019
"Rhizobium albus " Li et al . 2017
Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al . 2016 Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al . 2015 Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al . 2015 Rhizobium aquaticum Máthé et al . 2019 "Rhizobium arachis " Wang et al. 2001
Rhizobium arenae Zhang et al . 2017 [Note 1] Rhizobium arsenicireducens Mohapatra et al . 2020 Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al . 2016 Rhizobium bangladeshense Rashid et al . 2015 Rhizobium binae Rashid et al . 2015 Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al . 2013 Rhizobium capsici Lin et al . 2015 Rhizobium cauense Liu et al . 2015 Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al . 2007 [Note 2] Rhizobium changzhiense Zhang et al . 2021 Rhizobium chutanense Huo et al . 2019 "Rhizobium cremeum " Yang et al. 2022
"Rhizobium croatiense " Rajnovic et al. 2022
"Rhizobium deserti " Liu et al . 2020 [Note 2]
Rhizobium dioscoreae Ouyabe et al . 2020 Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al . 2015 Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al . 2010 Rhizobium esperanzae Cordeiro et al . 2017 Rhizobium etli Segovia et al . 1993 Rhizobium favelukesii Torres Tejerizo et al . 2016 "Rhizobium flavescens " Su et al . 2021
Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et al . 2013 Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al . 1997 Rhizobium gei Shi et al . 2016 "Rhizobium glycinendophyticum " Wang et al . 2020 [Note 3]
Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al . 2011 Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al . 1997 Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al . 2012 "Rhizobium halotolerans " Diange and Lee 2013 [11]
"Rhizobium hedysari " Casella et al. 1986
"Rhizobium hedysari " Xu et al . 2017
"Rhizobium hedysarum " Casella et al. 1984
Rhizobium helianthi Wei et al . 2015 Rhizobium hidalgonense Yan et al . 2020 "Rhizobium indicum " Rahi et al . 2020
Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al . 2002 Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al . 2013 "Rhizobium kunmingense " Shen et al . 2010
Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al . 2014 Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889 (Approved Lists 1980) Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana & Thawai 2014 Rhizobium lentis Rashid et al . 2015 Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al . 2011 Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al . 2006 "Candidatus Rhizobium massiliense" Greub et al . 2004.
Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al . 2013 Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al . 2011 Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al . 2009 Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al . 2015 Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al . 2008 Rhizobium mongolense van Berkum et al . 1998 Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al . 2008 Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al . 2015 "Rhizobium oryzihabitans " Zhao et al . 2020
Rhizobium pakistanense corrig. Khalid et al . 2015 [Note 2] "Rhizobium panacihumi " Kang et al . 2019
Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al . 2014 Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 (Approved Lists 1980) "Rhizobium phenanthrenilyticum " Wen et al . 2011
Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al . 2008 "Rhizobium pongamiae " Kesari et al . 2013 [12]
Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al . 2014 "Rhizobium populisoli " Shen et al. 2021
Rhizobium puerariae Boonsnongcheep et al . 2016 "Rhizobium qilianshanense " Xu et al . 2013 [13]
"Rhizobium quercicola " Wang et al. 2022
"Rhizobium redzepovicii " Rajnovic et al. 2022
Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al . 1930) Young et al . 2001 "Rhizobium rhizolycopersici " Thin et al . 2021
Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al . 2014 Rhizobium ruizarguesonis Jorrin et al . 2020 Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al . 2014 [Note 2] Rhizobium soli Yoon et al . 2010 Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al . 2014 Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al . 2014 Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al . 2014 Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al . 2002 "Rhizobium terrae " Ruan et al . 2020
Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al . 2009 Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al . 1991 Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al . 2011 Rhizobium tumorigenes Kuzmanović et al . 2019 Rhizobium vallis Wang et al . 2011 [14] Rhizobium viscosum (Gasdorf et al . 1965) Flores-Félix et al . 2017 Rhizobium wenxiniae Gao et al . 2017 [Note 2] Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al . 2001 [15] Rhizobium zeae Celador-Lera et al . 2017 Species in "parentheses" have been described, but not validated according to the Bacteriological Code .[10]
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).[10] [16]
Rhizobium
Rhizobium altiplani
Rhizobium grahamii
Rhizobium favelukesii
Rhizobium tibeticum
outgroups
