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((short description|Species of bacterium))
((More citations needed|date=March 2015))
((Speciesbox
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| genus = Rickettsia
| species = prowazekii
| parent = Typhus group
| authority = da Rocha-Lima, 1916
| synonyms =
| synonyms_ref =
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
))

'''''Rickettsia prowazekii''''' is a species of [[gram-negative bacteria|gram-negative]], [[alphaproteobacteria]], [[obligate parasite|obligate]] [[intracellular parasite|intracellular parasitic]], [[aerobic organism|aerobic]]  [[Bacillus (shape)|bacillus]] [[bacteria]] that is the etiologic agent of [[epidemic typhus]], transmitted in the feces of lice. In North America, the main reservoir for ''R. prowazekii'' is the [[flying squirrel]]. ''R. prowazekii'' is often surrounded by a protein [[bacterial capsule|microcapsular]] layer and [[slime layer]]; the natural life cycle of the bacterium generally involves a [[vertebrate]] and an [[invertebrate]] [[host (biology)|host]], usually an [[arthropod]], typically the [[human body louse]]. A form of ''R. prowazekii'' that exists in the feces of arthropods remains stably infective for months. ''R. prowazekii'' also appears to be the closest free-living relative of [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]], based on genome sequencing.<ref name=":1" />

==History==

===Discovery===
[[Henrique da Rocha Lima]], a Brazilian doctor, discovered this bacterium in 1916. He named it after his colleague [[Stanislaus von Prowazek]], who had died from typhus in 1915. Both Prowazek and Rocha Lima had been infected with typhus while studying its causative agent in a prisoner-of-war camp hospital in [[Cottbus]], [[Germany]].<ref>((WhoNamedIt|doctor|3185|Henrique da Rocha Lima))</ref>
This bacterium lacks flagella and is aerobic.((Citation needed|date = March 2015)) It is classed ''[[gram-negative]]'' because its cell walls do not retain [[crystal violet]] [[Gram stain]]; gram-negative bacteria in general are more resistant to many [[antibiotics]] such as [[penicillin]].<ref>see [[gram-negative]]</ref>

==Genome==
The genome of ''R. prowazekii'' is reduced, being about 1Mb in size and encoding 834 proteins.<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|last=Bishop-Lilly|first=Kimberly A.|last2=Ge|first2=Hong|last3=Butani|first3=Amy|last4=Osborne|first4=Brian|last5=Verratti|first5=Kathleen|last6=Mokashi|first6=Vishwesh|last7=Nagarajan|first7=Niranjan|last8=Pop|first8=Mihai|last9=Read|first9=Timothy D.|date=2013-06-27|title=Genome Sequencing of Four Strains of Rickettsia prowazekii, the Causative Agent of Epidemic Typhus, Including One Flying Squirrel Isolate|journal=Genome Announcements|volume=1|issue=3|doi=10.1128/genomeA.00399-13|pmc=3695431|pmid=23814035))</ref> Some strains encode 866 proteins.<ref name=":0" /> They do not encode all the proteins required to live on their own. Missing activities have to be provided by its host, a eukaryotic cell. For this reason, ''R. prowazekii'' has sometimes been regarded as a model for the intracellular bacterial ancestor of [[mitochondrion|mitochondria]].<ref name=":1">((cite journal |doi=10.1038/24094 |pages=133–40 |year=1998|author1-link=Charles Kurland |last1=Kurland |first1=Charles G. |author2-link=Siv G. E. Andersson|last2=Andersson |first2=Siv G. E. |last3=Zomorodipour |first3=Alireza |last4=Andersson |first4=Jan O. |last5=Sicheritz-Pontén |first5=Thomas |last6=Alsmark |first6=U. Cecilia M. |last7=Podowski |first7=Raf M. |last8=Näslund |first8=A. Kristina |last9=Erikson |first9=Ann-Sofie |last10=Winkler |first10=Herbert H. |journal=Nature |volume=396 |issue=6707 |pmid=9823893 |title=The genome sequence of Rickettsia prowazekii and the origin of mitochondria|display-authors=8 |bibcode=1998Natur.396..133A |doi-access=free ))</ref>

==Treatment==
Vaccines against ''R. prowazekii'' were developed in the 1940s, and were highly effective in reducing typhus deaths among U.S. soldiers during [[World War II]]. [[Immunity (medical)|Immunity]] following recovery from infection with, or by immunization against, ''R. prowazekii'' is lifelong in most cases. However, ''R. prowazekii'' can establish a [[virus latency|latent]] infection, which can reactivate after years or decades (referred to as [[Brill-Zinsser disease]]). Treatment with [[tetracycline]] antibiotics is usually successful.((Citation needed|date=September 2021))

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* [http://patricbrc.org/portal/portal/patric/Taxon?cType=taxon&cId=782 ''Rickettsia prowazekii'' Taxon Overview]  at [[Virginia Bioinformatics Institute]]
* [https://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/BiodefenseRelated/Biodefense/Documents/categorybandc.pdf  NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for Category B and C Priority Pathogens] from the US [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]]

((Gram-negative bacterial diseases))
((Taxonbar|from=Q952862))

[[Category:Rickettsiaceae]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Epidemic typhus]]
[[Category:Bacteria described in 1916]]

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