Portrait of Robert James with the three volumes of his Medicinal Dictionary

Robert James (1703 – 23 March 1776) was an English physician who is best known as the author of A Medicinal Dictionary, as the inventor of a popular "fever powder", and as a friend of Samuel Johnson.

Life

James was born in 1703, at Kinvaston in Staffordshire, to Edward James, a major in the English army, and his wife Frances, a sister of Sir Robert Clarke. His early education was at Lichfield Grammar School, where he became acquainted with his fellow student Samuel Johnson. He then attended St John's College, Oxford, from which he received the degree of A.B. on 5 July 1726. He was admitted as an extra-licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians on 12 January 1727/8, and in May of the same year was created doctor of medicine at Cambridge by royal mandate. He practised at Sheffield, Lichfield, and Birmingham before moving to London, where he was admitted as a licentiate of the Royal College on 25 June 1765. He died on 23 March 1776, aged seventy-three.[1]

A page from James's Medicinal Dictionary

James's most notable publication was his three-volume Medicinal Dictionary (1743–1745), for which his friend Samuel Johnson wrote the "proposals", as well as several of the dictionary's articles (mainly at the beginning of the alphabet), including those for actuarius and Aretaeus.[2] This work was immediately translated into French (as Dictionnaire universel de médecine, 1746–1748) by the team of Denis Diderot, François-Vincent Toussaint, and Marc-Antoine Eidous;[3] and it retained its popularity for so long that Mark Twain felt justified in writing a scathing critique of it nearly 150 years later, in 1890.[4]

Quackery

His fever powder, which he patented in 1747, was one of the most successful of 18th-century patent medicines,[5] though he is said to have "tarnished his image by patenting his powders, and falsifying their specification".[1] (It was considered unbecomingly mercenary to patent a medicine, and his falsification of the ingredients in the patent documentation would have been designed to prevent others from replicating his formulation.) The use of this preparation, a compound of antimony and phosphate of lime, has been cited as a contributing factor in the death of Oliver Goldsmith.[6] James' fever powder has been cited as an example of quackery.[7][8]

Selected writings

Translations

Original works

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Munk, William (1878). The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London: Vol. II, 1701 to 1800. London: Royal College of Physicians. p. 269. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  2. ^ Bate, W. Jackson (1975). Samuel Johnson. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 219. ISBN 9781887178761. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  3. ^ Watson, George, ed. (1971). The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature: Vol. 2, 1660–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. col. 108. ISBN 9780521079341. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
  4. ^ Twain, Mark. "A Majestic Literary Fossil". Harper's Magazine, Feb. 1890. Rpt. in The Writings of Mark Twain, Vol. 22: Literary Essays. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1899. pp. 329–345. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  5. ^ Wiltshire, John (1991). Samuel Johnson in the Medical World: The Doctor and the Patient. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. p. 96. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  6. ^ O'Malley, C. D. (1972). "The English Physician in the Earlier Eighteenth Century". In Swedenberg, H. T. (ed.). England in the Restoration and Early Eighteenth Century: Essays on Culture and Society. Berkeley: U of California P. p. 154. ISBN 9780520019737. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  7. ^ Raymond, Joad. (2002). News, Newspapers and Society in Early Modern Britain. Frank Cass Publishers. p. 185. ISBN 0-7146-4944-9
  8. ^ Kang, Lydia; Pedersen, Nate. (2017). Quackery: A Brief History of the Worst Ways to Cure Everything. Workman Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7611-8981-7
  9. ^ Information in the "Selected writings" section is from Brack, O. M. Jr.; Kaminski, Thomas (1984). "Johnson, James, and the Medicinal Dictionary". Modern Philology. U of Chicago P. 81 (4): 378–400. doi:10.1086/391327. JSTOR 437053. PMID 11623459. S2CID 5553956.

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