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((Short description|Finnish musician (1856–1933)))
((More citations needed|date=January 2023))
((Use dmy dates|date=February 2022))
[[File:Robert Kajanus (cropped).jpg|thumb|((center|Kajanus (((c.|1920s)))))
[[File:Robert Kajanus signature.svg|center|180px|alt=Kajanus's signature]]]]

'''Robert Kajanus''' (2 December 1856 – 6 July 1933) was a [[Finland|Finnish]] conductor, composer, and teacher. In 1882, he founded the [[Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra|Helsinki Orchestral Society]], Finland's first professional orchestra. As a conductor, he was also a notable champion and interpreter of the music of [[Jean Sibelius]].<ref name="kansallisbiografia">((cite web |last1=Lappalainen |first1=Seija |title=Kajanus, Robert (1856–1933) |url=https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/1433 |website=Kansallisbiografia |access-date=19 August 2020 |date=6 September 2001))</ref><ref name="hsjohti">((cite news |last1=Manninen |first1=Antti |title=Robert Kajanus johti 50 vuotta Helsingin orkestereita |url=https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000004336338.html |access-date=19 August 2020 |work=Helsingin Sanomat |date=11 September 2005))</ref>

==Life==
Kajanus studied music theory with Richard Faltin, violin with Gustaf Niemann in [[Helsinki]], with [[Hans Richter (conductor)|Hans Richter]], [[Carl Reinecke]] and [[Salomon Jadassohn]] in [[Leipzig]] and [[Johan Svendsen]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="FMICbio">[http://www.fimic.fi/fimic/fimic.nsf/WCIP/Kajanus,%20Robert?opendocument&cat=contemporary_-_classical Finnish Music Information Centre Robert Kajanus biography page]; accessed 29 March 2011.</ref>  His music drew on the [[folk culture|folk]] legends of the Finnish people.

He worked in [[Dresden]] in the years immediately after his graduation, and returned to Helsinki in 1882. He founded the first permanent orchestra in Finland: the Helsinki Orchestral Society (later to become the [[Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra]], Finland's national orchestra).<ref name="FMICbio"/> He brought the orchestra to a very high performance standard very quickly, so that they were able to give quite credible performances of the standard late classical/mid-romantic repertory. Kajanus led the Helsinki Philharmonic for 50 years, and among the milestones of that history was the first performance in Finland of [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 9]] in 1888.  His early-electric 78-rpm atmospheric, authoritative recordings of Sibelius symphonies are still interpretive milestones.

[[File:Akseli Gallen-Kallela - Robert Kajanus Conducting, sketch.jpg|thumb|150px|Sketch of Kajanus conducting by [[Akseli Gallen-Kallela]] in 1893]]
[[File:Albert Edelfelt - Portrait of Robert Kajanus.jpg|thumb|150px|Portrait of Kajanus by [[Albert Edelfelt]], 1905]]

Kajanus was appointed director of music at the [[University of Helsinki]] in 1897 and remained in the post for the next 29 years, a period in which he had a major impact on music education in his native country. In 1917, he became the first president of the [[Finnish Musicians' Union]].<ref>((cite book |last1=Hillila |first1=Ruth-Esther |last2=Blanchard Hong |first2=Barbara |title=Historical Dictionary of the Music and Musicians of Finland |date=1997 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=0313277281))</ref> He was also the founder of the [[Nordic Music Festival]] in 1919. He received many decorations, including the French [[Légion d'honneur]].

==Family==
Kajanus's parents were Georg August [[Cajanus (family)|Cajanus]] (1812–1888) and Agnes Ottilia Flodin (1824–1902).<ref>Yrjö Kotivuori, Ylioppilasmatrikkeli 1640–1852: Georg August Kajanus. Verkkojulkaisu 2005 <http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=14855>. visited 22 March 2015.</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.geni.com/people/Agnes-Flodin/5500561413610117694|title = Agnes Ottilia Flodin))</ref>
Robert Kajanus was the father of [[harp]]ists [[Lilly Kajanus-Blenner]] (1885–1963) and [[Aino Kajanus-Mangström]] (1888–1951), and  violinist [[Kaj Kajanus]] (1908–1994); the grandfather of award-winning Finnish/Norwegian sculptor [[Johanna Kajanus]]; and great-grandfather of [[pop music]]ian and composer [[Georg Kajanus]], who was famous for a while in Great Britain with his band [[Sailor (band)|Sailor]] which enjoyed chart success in the mid-1970s.

==Selected works==

Kajanus composed over 200 works, of which ''[[Aino (Kajanus)|Aino]]'' and the ''Finnish Rhapsodies'' are enduringly popular. He also orchestrated the Finnish [[national anthem]], ''[[Maamme]]'' (''Our Country'') and [[Christian Fredric Kress]]'s ''Porilaisten marssi'' (''March of the People of Pori''), the honor march of the ''Suomen puolustusvoimat'' ([[Finnish Defense Forces]]) and thus, effectively, the Finnish [[President (government title)|president]]ial march.<ref name="BIS">[http://www.bis.se/index.php?sokTyp=titel&sokText=finlandia BIS Records : ''Finlandia : A Festival of Finnish Music'']</ref>

* ''Adagietto''
* ''[[Aino (Kajanus)|Aino]]'', symphonic poem for male chorus and orchestra (1885)
* ''Suomalainen rapsodia'' (''Finnish rhapsody'') No. 1 in D minor, Op. 5 (1881)
* ''Suomalainen rapsodia'' (''Finnish rhapsody'') No. 2 in F major (1886)
* ''Huutolaistytön kehtolaulu'' (''The Pauper Girl's Lament'')
* ''Kullervon surumarssi'' (''Kullervo's Funeral March''), Op. 3 (1880); contains the folk tune "Velisurmaaja" ("The brother-slayer")
* ''Lyrische Stücke'' (1879)
* ''Overtura sinfonica'' for orchestra (1926)
* Piano Sonata (1876)
* Sechs ''Albumblätter'' (1877)
* ''Sotamarssi'' (''War March''), with lyrics by A. Oksanen – arr. by [[Arvo Kuikka]] as an honor march of the ''Suomen ilmavoimat'' ([[Finnish Air Force]])<ref>[http://www2.mil.fi/sotilasmusiikki/aani_ja_kuva/kunniamarssit/ilmavoimat/index.dsp Puolustusvoimat: Ilmavoimat]</ref>
* Sinfonietta in B flat major for large orchestra, Op. 16 (1915)
* ''Suite ancienne'' for strings (1931)
* Violin Sonata (1876)

==Kajanus and Sibelius==
Kajanus had a decisive impact upon the development of the career of [[Jean Sibelius]]. He was considered an authority on the interpretation of Sibelius's music, and he and Sibelius were close friends; but this was compromised in 1898 when Sibelius was appointed to a university post for which Kajanus was himself a candidate. Kajanus appealed, and the decision was overturned. But they reconciled for the orchestra's tour of Europe in 1900, where they appeared at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]] at the invitation of the French government. ''[[Kullervo]]'', Sibelius's epic masterpiece, was written in the wake of Kajanus' symphonic poem ''Aino'' although Sibelius denied any exertion of influence of this piece over his own work. Additionally, as a conductor, Kajanus was responsible for commissioning one of Sibelius' most popular and enduring works, ''[[En Saga]]'', following the success of ''Kullervo''. ''[[Pohjola's Daughter]]'' was dedicated to Kajanus. When Kajanus took the Helsinki Orchestra on a tour of Europe in 1900 both he and Sibelius conducted, including what proved to be the first performances of Sibelius's music outside of Finland. This ensured the spread of the young composer's reputation far beyond the borders of his homeland, the first Finnish composer to receive such attention.

Kajanus was the first to make recordings of Sibelius's [[Symphony No. 1 (Sibelius)|First]], [[Symphony No. 2 (Sibelius)|Second]], [[Symphony No. 3 (Sibelius)|Third]] and [[Symphony No. 5 (Sibelius)|Fifth]] symphonies and ''[[Tapiola]]''. They were recorded in the early 1930s, with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]].  The relationship between Kajanus and Sibelius was such that his interpretations of the composer's music are usually regarded as authentic.<ref>[http://www.fimic.fi/fimic/fimic.nsf/0/8C3D9BFAA12D414FC22575230048E5A0?opendocument&cat=contemporary_-_classical Finnish Music Information Centre Robert Kajanus in Profile by Kimmo Korhonen, 2000]; accessed 29 March 2011.</ref>

In 1930, the Finnish government and Britain's [[EMI-Columbia]] label, perceiving a potentially wide audience for the composer's work, jointly arranged to record Sibelius's first two symphonies, and Kajanus was selected to record both at the insistence of the composer. In 1932 Kajanus recorded Symphonies Nos. 3 and 5, along with orchestral suites and tone poems. This was a massive recording project for the work of a living composer, and the recordings have been considered definitive for many years and are regarded as necessary listening in the study of Sibelius. Only his death in July 1933, at the age of 76, prevented Kajanus from recording all of Sibelius' Symphonies.

==See also==
* [[Golden Age of Finnish Art]]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
*((commons category-inline|Robert Kajanus))
*[http://www.fimic.fi/fimic/FIMIC.nsf/0/8C3D9BFAA12D414FC22575230048E5A0?opendocument ''Fimic – Suomalaisen musiikin tiedotuskeskus | Finnish music information centre'' : "Robert Kajanus in Profile"]
*((IMSLP|id=Kajanus, Robert))
* ''[http://375humanistia.helsinki.fi/en/humanists/robert-kajanus Robert Kajanus in 375 humanists – 5 June 2015. Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki.]''

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((DEFAULTSORT:Kajanus, Robert))
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1933 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from Helsinki]]
[[Category:Musicians from Uusimaa Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)]]
[[Category:Finnish classical composers]]
[[Category:Finnish male classical composers]]
[[Category:Romantic composers]]
[[Category:Finnish conductors (music)]]
[[Category:Pupils of Salomon Jadassohn]]
[[Category:20th-century conductors (music)]]
[[Category:19th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Finnish composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from the Grand Duchy of Finland]]

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