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((Short description|Scottish-born merchant, slave trader and government official (1654–1728)))
((About|the colonial administrator|other uses|Robert Livingston (disambiguation)))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2019))
((Infobox officeholder
| name            = Robert Livingston the Elder
| image           = Robert Livingston (1654-1728).jpg
| image_size      =
| alt             =
| caption         =
| office          = 1st Lord of [[Livingston Manor]]
| term            = 1715 – 1728
| predecessor     = Created
| successor       = [[Philip Livingston (1686–1749)|Philip Livingston]]
| birth_name      =
| birth_date      = ((Birth date|df=yes|1654|12|13))
| birth_place     = [[Ancrum]], [[Roxburghshire|County of Roxburgh]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]
| death_date      = ((death date and age|df=yes|1728|10|01|1654|12|13))
| death_place     = [[Province of New York|New York]], [[British America]]
| residence       =
| nationality     = 
| citizenship     =
| known_for       =
| education       =
| employer        =
| occupation      =
| spouse          = ((marriage|[[Alida Schuyler|Alida Schuyler Van Rensselaer]]|1679|1727|reason=died))
| partner         =
| children        = 9, including [[Philip Livingston (1686–1749)|Philip]], [[Robert Livingston (1688–1775)|Robert]], and [[Gilbert Livingston (1690–1746)|Gilbert]]
| relations       = ''See''  [[Livingston family]]
| signature       =
))

'''Robert Livingston the Elder''' (13 December 1654 – 1728) was a Scottish-born merchant and government official in the [[Province of New York]]. He was granted a patent to 160,000 acres (650&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>/ 250 sq mi) of land along the [[Hudson River]], becoming the first lord of [[Livingston Manor]].

==Early life==
[[File:Coat of Arms of Philip Livingston.svg|thumb|[[Coat of arms]] of the Livingston family]]

He was born in 1654 in the village of [[Ancrum]], near [[Jedburgh]], in the [[Roxburghshire|County of Roxburgh]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]. Robert was one of the seven children of [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[John Livingstone (minister)|John Livingston]]. He and his father were lineal descendants of [[William Livingston, 4th Lord Livingston]], ancestor of the [[Earl of Linlithgow|earls of Linlithgow]] and [[Earl of Callendar|Callendar]], and a [[Minister of religion|minister]] of the [[Church of Scotland]].<ref name="Callendar"/>

In 1663, his father, John Livingston, was sent into [[exile]] due to his resistance to attempts to turn the [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] [[national church]] into an [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalian]] institution. The exiled family settled in [[Rotterdam]], in the [[Dutch Republic]], where English merchants also worked. Robert became fluent in the [[Dutch language]], which helped him greatly in his later career in New York and New Jersey, part of the former Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]].<ref name="Bielinski">((Cite web |url=http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/bios/l/rlivingston94.html |title=Bielinski, Stefan. "Robert Livingston", New York State Museum |access-date=20 August 2005 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185210/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/bios/l/rlivingston94.html |url-status=dead ))</ref>

==Career==
((Moresources|section|date=April 2022))
Following the death of his father in 1673, Robert Livingston returned to Scotland for a time. He sailed for [[Boston]] to find his fortune in [[North America]]. Livingston's father was well known in Puritan Boston, and a merchant advanced the young son enough stock and credit to undertake a trading venture to [[Albany, New York]]. Livingston arrived in Albany in late 1674. With his business and language skills, in August 1675 he became secretary to [[Nicholas van Rensselaer (minister)|Nicholas Van Rensselaer]], director of [[Rensselaerswyck]], who died a few years later in 1678.

[[File:Livingston Manor 1777.png|thumb|310px|Map of Livingston Manor in 1777]]

In 1686, he and his brother-in-law, [[Peter Schuyler|Pieter Schuyler]], persuaded Governor [[Thomas Dongan]] to grant Albany a municipal charter like that awarded to New York City a few months earlier. Appointed as clerk of the city and county of Albany, Livingston collected a fee for each legal document registered.<ref name="Bielinski"/> With Pieter Schuyler, he led the opposition in Albany to [[Leisler's Rebellion]]. He served as [[Commissioners for Indian Affairs|Secretary for Indian Affairs]] from 1695 until his death. He was elected repeatedly to the New York provincial assembly, serving from 1709 to 1711, and 1716–1725; he was elected speaker in 1718.

According to Cynthia Kierner, "Robert Livingston valued public life primarily as a source of private profits. Livingston's generation looked upon politics as a business."<ref name="kierner">[https://books.google.com/books?id=K41-GZOWEZIC&dq=Philip+Livingston+%281686%E2%80%931749%29&pg=PA53 Kierner, Cynthia A., ''Traders and Gentlefolk: The Livingstons of New York, 1675-1790''], Cornell University Press, 1992</ref> In 1696, Livingston backed Captain [[William Kidd]]'s privateer voyage on the ''[[Adventure Galley]]''. Livingston was also involved in the lucrative institution of [[Slavery in the colonial history of the United States|slavery]]. In addition to owning slaves in New York, he also became involved in the [[Atlantic slave trade]], investing money into the [[slave ship]] ''Margriet'' in 1690.<ref name="yaleslavery">((cite web|title=First Endowed Professorship|url=https://www.yaleslavery.org/Endowments/e1prof.html|website=www.yaleslavery.org|publisher=[[Yale University]]|accessdate=19 January 2018))</ref>

===Livingston Manor===
((main|Livingston Manor))
Through the influence of Governor Thomas Dongan, and confirmed by royal charter of George I of Great Britain in 1715, Robert Livingston obtained a patent to 160,000 acres (650&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>/ 250 sq mi) along the Hudson River south of Albany; this would become known as [[Livingston Manor]] in [[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]] and [[Dutchess County|Dutchess]] counties.<ref name="Bielinski"/> He offered land on both sides of the Hudson River to Queen Anne's government of England to be used temporarily as work camps for [[German Palatines|German Palatine]] refugees, who were to harvest lumber and produce naval stores: timber for masts, turpentine, etc. for the English navy. Nearly 3,000 refugee Germans arrived in Manhattan in 1710, on ten ships from London. They worked for years in the camps to pay off their passage, before being granted land in the Mohawk and Schoharie valleys. Livingston made a substantial profit by selling supplies to the work camps and was paid by the English colonial government.

His will provided for the establishment of the [[Livingston Memorial Church and Burial Ground]].<ref name="nrhpinv_ny">((cite web|url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=1432|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: Livingston Memorial Church and Burial Ground|date=July 1985|access-date=2010-07-04|author=Neil Larson|publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014004429/http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=1432|archive-date=2012-10-14))</ref> The original church of 1721 was replaced by another built in the late 19th century. Burials at the cemetery ceased in 1890. The 19th-century church and ground was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1985.<ref name="nris">((NRISref|2009a))</ref>

Before entailing the bulk of the estate to his eldest son, Philip, Robert Livingston bequeathed about 13,000 acres to his third son and namesake, Robert. The younger man developed the property as an estate known as [[Clermont State Historic Site|"Clermont"]]. It is now recognized as a state historic site.<ref name="Callendar">((cite book|last1=Livingston|first1=Edwin Brockholst|title=The Livingstons of Livingston manor; being the history of that branch of the Scottish house of Callendar which settled in the English province of New York during the reign of Charles the Second; and also including an account of Robert Livingston of Albany, "The nephew," a settler in the same province and his principal descendants|date=1910|publisher=The Knickerbocker Press|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstonsofliv00newy|access-date=16 September 2016))</ref>

==Personal life==
((Further|Livingston family))
In 1679, Livingston married [[Alida Schuyler]] (1656–1727), the widow of [[Nicholas van Rensselaer (minister)|Nicholas Van Rensselaer]]. She was the daughter of [[Philip Pieterse Schuyler]], vice-director of [[Fort Orange]], giving Livingston an important connection in the community. Robert Livingston amassed one of the largest fortunes in 17th-century New York. They had nine children together:
* Johannes Livingston (1680–1720), who married Mary Winthrop (1683–1713), daughter of  [[List of colonial governors of Connecticut|Gov.]] [[Fitz-John Winthrop]] of the Winthrop family, in 1701.<ref name="harvardartmuseums">((cite web|title=From the Harvard Art Museums' collections Mary Winthrop Livingston (Mrs. John Livingston) (c. 1683-1713)|url=https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/art/304972|website=www.harvardartmuseums.org|publisher=[[Harvard Art Museums]]|access-date=22 January 2018|language=en))</ref><ref name="GLMrsJLDeath">((cite web|title=Livingston, Robert (1688-1775) to Robert Livingston re: death of Mary Winthrop Livingston|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/content/robert-livingston-re-death-mary-winthrop-livingston|website=www.gilderlehrman.org|publisher=[[Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History]]|access-date=22 January 2018))</ref> After her death, he married Elizabeth Knight (1689–1736), the daughter of [[Sarah Kemble Knight]],<ref name="Callendar"/> in 1713.<ref name="Lamphier2017">((cite book|last1=Lamphier|first1=Peg A.|last2=Welch|first2=Rosanne|title=Women in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]|date=2017|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9781610696036|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxLUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|access-date=22 January 2018|language=en))</ref>
* Margaret Livingston (1681–1758), who married [[Samuel Vetch]] (1668–1732), the [[Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia|Royal Governor of Nova Scotia]].<ref>Hess, p. 84</ref><ref name="DCB">((cite DNB|wstitle=Vetch, Samuel|last=Vetch|first=Robert Hamilton|authorlink=Robert Hamilton Vetch|volume=))</ref><ref name="Plank44">Plank, p. 44</ref>
* Joanna Philipina Livingston (1683–1689), who died young.<ref name="Callendar"/>
* [[Philip Livingston (1686–1749)|Philip Livingston]] (1686–1749), the second Lord of the Manor who married Catherine Van Brugh (b. 1689), daughter of [[Pieter Van Brugh]], the [[Mayor of Albany, New York]].<ref name="Callendar"/>
* [[Robert Livingston (1688–1775)|Robert Livingston]] (1688–1775), the owner of the [[Clermont State Historic Site|Clermont Estate]] who married Margaret Howarden (1693–1758).<ref name="Callendar"/>
* [[Gilbert Livingston (1690–1746)|Hubertus "Gilbert" Livingston]] (1690–1746), who married Cornelia Beekman, granddaughter of [[Wilhelmus Beekman]], Mayor of New York, and niece of [[Gerardus Beekman]].<ref>((cite book|last=Lamb|first=Martha J.|title=History of the City of New York: Its Origin, Rise and Progress. Volume 1.|orig-date=1877 |year=1896|publisher=A. S. Barnes and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/historycitynewy09lambgoog/page/n325 301]|url=https://archive.org/details/historycitynewy09lambgoog))</ref>
* William Livingston (1692–1692), who died young.<ref name="Callendar"/>
* Joanna Livingston (1694–1734), who married Cornelius Gerrit Van Horne (1694–1752).<ref name="NYHS1899">((cite book |title=Collections of The New-York Historical Society For The Year 1898 |date=1899 |publisher=[[The New-York Historical Society]] |location=New York |page=415 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UBwXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA415 |access-date=12 September 2018 |language=en))</ref>
* Catherine Livingston (1698–1699), who died young.<ref name="Callendar"/>

===Descendants===
Livingston was the uncle of [[Robert Livingston the Younger]], grandfather of [[Philip Livingston]] and [[William Livingston]].  Philip Livingston's granddaughter, Catherine Livingston married Abraham De Peyster. He was a [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|loyalist]] Officer who served with the King's American Regiment and was at [[Battle of King's Mountain]].((fact|date=March 2024))

Through his son, Gilbert Livingston, he was the grandfather of Margaret Livingston (1738–1818), who married [[Peter Stuyvesant (merchant)|Peter Stuyvesant]], a great-grandson of the [[Peter Stuyvesant]] who commanded the [[New Netherland]] colony on Manhattan island, and Joanna Livingston (1722–1808), who married [[Pierre Van Cortlandt]] (1721–1814), the first [[Lieutenant Governor]] of the [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>((cite book|last1=Judd|first1=Jacob|title=Van Cortlandt Family Papers Vol II|date=1977|publisher=Sleepy Hollow Restorations|location=Tarrytown|isbn=0-912882-29-8|pages=xxxviii, liv|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof02judd))</ref><ref>[http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/vanche-vandewater.html#RI5172MPC ''Van Cortlandt, Pierre (1721-1814)''] at The Political Graveyard</ref>

Many Americans are descended from the Livingston family, including [[George W. Bush]], the entire [[List of United States political families#The Fishes, Keans, Gerrys, & Morrises|Fish and Kean families]], [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], First Lady of New York [[Anna Morton]], actors [[Montgomery Clift]] and [[Michael Douglas]], actress [[Jane Wyatt]], poet [[Robert Lowell]], cinematographer [[Floyd Crosby]] and his son [[David Crosby]], author [[Wolcott Gibbs]], and almost the entire [[Astor family]].<ref name="Callendar"/>

== References ==
;Notes
((Reflist|30em))

;Sources
* Kees Kuiken, Schuyler, Alida, in: Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland. URL: http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Schuyler [13/01/2014]
* ((cite book|last=Hess|first=Stephen|title=America's Political Dynasties|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1997|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-1-56000-911-5|oclc=34663122))
* ((cite book|last=Plank|first=Geoffrey|title=An Unsettled Conquest|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2001|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-8122-1869-5|oclc=424128960))
* ((cite book|last=Waller|first=George|title=Samuel Vetch, Colonial Enterpriser|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill, NC|year=1960|oclc=480181))

==Further reading==
*  Beekman, Mrs. William B., "The Beekman Family. An Address Read Before the New York Branch of The Order of Colonial Lords of Manors in America", p.&nbsp;6, Baltimore, 1925
* [https://archive.org/details/famousfamiliesof02hammm Hamm, Margherita Arlina. ''Famous Families of New York'', p.28, G. P. Putnam & Sons, New York, 1902]
* [https://archive.org/details/historycitynewy00rensgoog Van Rensselaer, Mrs. Schuyler. ''History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century'', Vol 2, pp. 247, 269, Macmillan Company, New York, 1909]

==External links==
* [http://www.bookrags.com/biography/robert-livingston/ Biography of Robert Livingston]
* [http://www.iment.com/maida/familytree/henry/bios/robertlivingston1stlord.htm Robert Livingston, First Lord of Livingston Manor]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051123150440/http://www.friendsofclermont.org/history/index.html History of Clermont]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Livingston, Robert The Elder))
[[Category:1654 births]]
[[Category:1728 deaths]]
[[Category:American fur traders]]
[[Category:American slave owners]]
[[Category:American slave traders]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies]]
[[Category:Livingston family|Robert Elder]]
[[Category:Lords of the Manor]]
[[Category:Members of the New York General Assembly]]
[[Category:People from colonial New York]]
[[Category:People from the Scottish Borders]]
[[Category:Scottish slave owners]]
[[Category:Scottish slave traders]]
[[Category:Van Rensselaer family]]

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