You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 44.201.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 23:54, 31 July 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪AntiCompositeNumber‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:55, 18 August 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:55, 18 April 2025
Your current IP address is 44.201.244.194. The blocked range is 44.201.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|American psychologist (1927–2006)))
((Multiple issues|
((more citations needed|date=January 2019))
((more footnotes needed|date=September 2017))
))
((use mdy dates|date=July 2023))
((Infobox person
| image       = Robert Plutchik.jpg
| image_size  = 150px
| birth_date  = ((birth date|1927|10|21))
| death_date  = ((Death date and age|2006|04|29|1927|10|21))
| nationality = American
| occupation  = [[psychologist]]
| spouse      = Anita Plutchik
| children    = [http://www.loriplutchikmd.com Lori Plutchik], Lisa Silva, Roy Plutchik
))
'''Robert Plutchik''' (21 October 1927 – 29 April 2006) was a professor emeritus at the [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]] and adjunct professor at the [[University of South Florida]]. He received his Ph.D. from [[Columbia University]] and he was also a [[psychologist]]. He authored or coauthored more than 260 articles, 45 chapters and eight books and edited seven books. His research interests included the study of [[emotions]], the study of [[suicide]] and [[violence]], and the study of the [[psychotherapy]] process.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/authors/detail/robert-plutchik|title= Robert Plutchik | publisher = Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society |website=American scientist |accessdate=1 September 2017))</ref>

==Theory of emotion==
Plutchik proposed a psychoevolutionary classification approach for general emotional responses.<ref name= "Plutchik">Plutchik, R. (1980). A general psychoevolutionary theory of emotion. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (eds.), Emotion: Theory, research and experience, Theories of emotion (Vol. 1, pp. 3–33). New York: Academic Press.</ref><ref name= "Plutchik1">((cite journal | url=https://doi.org/10.1177/053901882021004003 | doi=10.1177/053901882021004003 | title=A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions | year=1982 | last1=Plutchik | first1=Robert | journal=Social Science Information | volume=21 | issue=4–5 | pages=529–553 | s2cid=144109550 ))</ref> He considered there to be eight primary emotions—[[anger]], [[fear]], [[sadness]], [[disgust]], [[Surprise (emotion)|surprise]], [[Anticipation (emotion)|anticipation]], [[Trust (social sciences)|trust]], and [[joy]]. Plutchik argues for the primacy of these emotions by showing each to be the trigger of behaviour with high survival value, such as the way fear inspires the [[fight-or-flight response]].

Plutchik's psychoevolutionary theory of basic emotions has ten postulates.
# The concept of emotion is applicable to all evolutionary levels and applies to all animals including humans.
# Emotions have an evolutionary history and have evolved various forms of expression in different species.
# Emotions served an adaptive role in helping organisms deal with key survival issues posed by the environment.
# Despite different forms of expression of emotions in different species, there are certain common elements, or prototype patterns, that can be identified.
# There is a small number of basic, primary, or prototype emotions.
# All other emotions are mixed or derivative states; that is, they occur as combinations, mixtures, or compounds of the primary emotions.
# Primary emotions are hypothetical constructs or idealized states whose properties and characteristics can only be inferred from various kinds of evidence.
# Primary emotions can be conceptualized in terms of pairs of polar opposites.
# All emotions vary in their degree of similarity to one another.
# Each emotion can exist in varying degrees of intensity or levels of arousal.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.personalityresearch.org/basicemotions/plutchik.html|title=Basic Emotions—Plutchik |website=Personality research |accessdate=1 September 2017))</ref><ref name=":0">((Cite book|title=Theories of emotion|date= 1980 |publisher=Academic Press| last1 =Plutchik | first1 = Robert | last2 = Kellerman | first2 = Henry|isbn=0125587015|location=New York|oclc=6814085))</ref>

=== Plutchik's wheel of emotions ===
[[Image:Plutchik-wheel.svg|thumb|Plutchik's wheel of emotions|300px]]

Plutchik also created a wheel of emotions to illustrate different emotions. Plutchik first proposed his cone-shaped model (3D) or the wheel model (2D) in 1980 to describe how emotions were related.

He suggested 8 primary bipolar emotions: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. Additionally, his circumplex model makes connections between the idea of an emotion circle and a [[color wheel]]. Like colors, primary emotions can be expressed at different intensities and can mix with one another to form different emotions.

The theory was extended((by whom|date=January 2019)) to provide the basis for an explanation for psychological [[defence mechanisms]]; Plutchik proposed that eight defense mechanisms were manifestations of the eight core emotions.((citation needed|date=January 2019))

{| class="wikitable"
|+The Complex, Probabilistic Sequence of Events Involved in the Development of an Emotion<ref name=":0" />
!style="width:0.3em"|
!Stimulus event
!Inferred cognition
!Feeling
!Behavior
!Effect
|-
|style="background:darkgreen"|
|Threat
|"Danger"
|Fear, terror
|Running, or flying away
|Protection
|-
|style="background:red"|
|Obstacle
|"Enemy"
|Anger, rage
|Biting, hitting
|Destruction
|-
|style="background:yellow"|
|Potential mate
|"Possess"
|Joy, ecstasy
|Courting, mating
|Reproduction
|-
|style="background:darkblue"|
|Loss of valued person
|"Isolation"
|Sadness, grief
|Crying for help
|Reintegration
|-
|style="background:green"|
|Group member
|"Friend"
|Acceptance, trust
|Grooming, sharing
|Affiliation
|-
|style="background:purple"|
|Gruesome object
|"Poison"
|Disgust, Loathing
|Vomiting, pushing away
|Rejection
|-
|style="background:orange"|
|New territory
|"What's out there?"
|Anticipation
|Examining, mapping
|Exploration
|-
|style="background:blue"|
|Sudden novel object
|"What is it?"
|Surprise
|Stopping, alerting
|Orientation
|}

==Publications==
Plutchik contributed the "Emotions" article to the encyclopedia, ''[[World Book Encyclopedia|World Book Millennium 2000]]''.

==Notes==
((Reflist))

==References==
((Refbegin))
* ((Citation
  | last = Plutchik
  | first = Robert
  | title = Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion
  | place = New York
  | publisher = Academic
  | year = 1980
  | volume = 1))
* ((Citation
  | last = Plutchik
  | first = Robert
  | title = Emotions and Life: Perspectives from Psychology, Biology, and Evolution
  | place = Washington, DC
  | publisher = American Psychological Association
  | year = 2002))
* ((Citation
  | last1 = Plutchik
  | first1 = Robert
  | last2 = R. Conte.
  | first2 = Hope
  | author2-link = Hope R. Conte.
  | title = Circumplex Models of Personality and Emotions
  | place = Washington, DC
  | publisher = American Psychological Association
  | year = 1997))
((refend))

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010716082847/http://americanscientist.org/articles/01articles/Plutchik.html The Nature of Emotions], a model that describes the relations among emotion concepts. Plutchik's Theory of Emotions
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27857503?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents The Nature of Emotions (American Scientist Vol. 89, No. 4 (July–August  2001), pp. 344–350)]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Plutchik, Robert))
[[Category:20th-century American psychologists]]
[[Category:Emotion psychologists]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:University of South Florida faculty]]
[[Category:Yeshiva University faculty]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Robert Plutchik (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Birth date (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Br separated entries (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:By whom (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Count (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Death date and age (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox person (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:MONTHNUMBER (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More footnotes needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multiple issues/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:PAGENAMEBASE (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Pluralize from text (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Refbegin (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Refbegin/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Refend (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Unbulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use mdy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Wikidata image (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Age (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/auxiliary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for clobbered parameters (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Robert Plutchik.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Plutchik"