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((Short description|Drum machine))
((More citations needed|date=December 2010))
[[Image:rolandcr78.jpg|thumb|right|The Roland CR-78 drum machine]]

The '''Roland CompuRhythm CR-78''' is a [[drum machine]] manufactured by [[Roland Corporation]] that was released in 1978.<ref>((cite web|last=Reid |first=Gordon |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov04/articles/roland.htm |title=The History Of Roland: Part 1 &#124; |website=Soundonsound.com |access-date=2017-03-07))</ref> Although primitive by later standards, the CR-78 represented an important advance in drum machine technology at the time, in particular by allowing users to program and store their own drum patterns. 

The wood effect cabinet and preset rhythms of the CR-78 such as ''Waltz'', ''Bossa Nova'' and ''Rhumba'' suggest that it was seen by its designers as primarily an accompaniment for an [[Hammond organ|electric organ]], but the CR-78 became one of the favorite instruments of [[Pop music|pop]] and [[electronic music]]ians in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It was used by artists including [[Phil Collins]], [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Hall & Oates|Daryl Hall & John Oates]], [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]], [[Ultravox]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], [[John Foxx]], [[Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark]], [[Roxy Music]], and [[Gary Numan]].

==Operation==

[[File:CR-78 Presets Rock-1A - Disco-2B.ogg|thumb|CR-78 Presets - upper row]]

[[File:CR-78 Presets Waltz - Rhumba.ogg|thumb|CR-78 Presets - lower row]]

[[File:CR-78 Fills.ogg|thumb|CR-78 Variation fill ins]]

((listen
|filename=cr78.ogg
|title=Demonstration of the Roland CR-78 CompuRhythm
|description=The Rhumba beat with metallic effect on the CR-78.
))

((listen
|filename=Blondie Heart Of Glass (Intro).ogg
|title=Blondie - "Heart of Glass"
|description=The CR-78 introduction to the song.
))

The CR-78 uses [[analog synthesizer|analog drum voices]] that sound very little like real percussion instruments. The unit also incorporates an [[NEC]] [[microprocessor]]<ref name=cr78sn>((cite book|title=CR-78 Service Notes|date=June 20, 1979|publisher=Roland)) CPU (NEC) uPD8048C-015 8-bits</ref> to provide digital control of its functions.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.hollowsun.com/vintage/cr78/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040703062215/http://www.hollowsun.com/vintage/cr78/ |archive-date=2004-07-03 |url-status=dead |title=ROLAND CR78))</ref>

Previous Roland drum machines had offered only a selection of preset rhythms. The CR-78's key new feature at the time of its introduction was that in addition to offering 34 preset rhythms, it provided four programmable memory locations for storing patterns created by the user. These can be created by using step programming with the WS-1 box, which was available as an optional extra.<ref>((cite web|url=http://machines.hyperreal.org/manufacturers/Roland/CompuRhythm/images/roland.CR-78.ad.jpg |title=CR-78 : Deluxe rhythm with 64 presets and a programmable microcomputer to create your own beats |publisher=Machines.hyperreal.org |access-date=2014-07-03))</ref> The four user patterns are stored in [[RAM]] memory; when the CR-78 is switched off, the contents of the RAM are maintained by a [[NiCd]] rechargeable battery.

The CR-78's front panel allows the user to customize the preset rhythms by altering the volume balance between bass and treble sounds, canceling some sounds altogether, and adding "metallic beat" (three filtered square waves that create a distinctive chime timbre). Many of the preset rhythms have a memorable character, and the ability to manipulate them further made the CR-78 a versatile instrument.

No digital control of tempo is provided on the front panel, with only an analog knob for tempo control. However, the CR-78 accepts an external V-trig clock, allowing a [[CV/Gate|control voltage]] to be fed in from another device such as a [[music sequencer]].<ref>((cite web|author=Roger Arrick |url=http://www.synthesizers.com/gates.html |title=Gates and Triggers Explained |website=Synthesizers.com |date=2016-05-15 |access-date=2017-03-07))</ref>

A selection of preset fills and rhythm variations are also available, either to trigger manually, or automatically every 2, 4, 8 or 16 bars. Some of these fills were used in synth-pop songs such as "[[Enola Gay (song)|Enola Gay]]" by [[Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark]], and "Underpass" by [[John Foxx]].

Roland also produced a simpler drum machine, the CompuRhythm CR-68. This was essentially the same as the CR-78, but without programmable patterns or the ability to fade drum sounds in and out. A large cabinet version, the CompuRhythm CR-800, with capabilities between the CR-68 and CR-78, was also produced. At the same time Roland also sold the TR-66, a smaller unit that offered fewer preset rhythms and no programmability.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.synthmuseum.com/roland/rolcr6801ad.jpg|title=CR-68 : Good enough to polish the edge of any performance |publisher=Synthmuseum.com |access-date=2014-07-03))</ref>

== Sounds and rhythms ==
The CR-78's built-in rhythm sounds were a further development of those available on the earlier Roland Rhythm 33, 55 and 77 machines.

The analog percussion voices consist of [[bass drum]], [[snare drum]], [[rim shot]], [[Hi-hat (instrument)|hi-hat]], [[cymbal]], [[maracas]], [[claves]], [[Cowbell (instrument)|cowbell]], high [[bongo drum|bongo]], low bongo, low [[conga]], [[tambourine]], [[guiro]], and "metallic beat" (an accent that could be overlaid on the hi-hat voice). The CR-78 also has an accent control that increases the loudness of certain steps in a pattern.

There are four patterns named "Rock" and two named "Disco". Other patterns are named "[[Waltz]]", "[[Shuffle rhythm|Shuffle]]", "Slow Rock", "[[Swing (dance)|Swing]]", "[[Foxtrot]]", "[[Tango music|Tango]]", "[[Boogie]]", "[[Enka]]", "[[Bossa Nova]]", "[[Samba]]", "[[Mambo (music)|Mambo]]", "[[Cha-cha-cha (music)|Chacha]]", "[[Beguine (dance)|Beguine]]" and "[[Rhumba]]". Each pattern is available in two variations, labeled "A" and "B". It is possible to select more than one rhythm at a time, and also mute drum sounds from a pattern using the balance knob and dedicated cancel buttons.

The CR-78 has been used in songs including "[[In the Air Tonight]]" by [[Phil Collins]],<ref name="Not Dead Yet">((cite book|title=Not Dead Yet|author=Phil Collins|author-link=Phil Collins|publisher=Century Books|isbn=978-1780-89513-0|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/notdeadyetautobi0000coll/page/168 168–173]|url=https://archive.org/details/notdeadyetautobi0000coll/page/168))</ref> "[[I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)]]" by [[Hall & Oates|Daryl Hall & John Oates]],<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/02/hall-and-oates-how-we-made-i-cant-go-for-that-no-can-do-interview |title=Hall and Oates: how we made I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)  |last=Simpson |first=Dave |date=2018-04-02 |access-date=2018-09-03))</ref> "[[Mad World]]" by [[Tears For Fears]],<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/dec/10/how-we-made-mad-world-tears-fears|title=Tears For Fears: how we made Mad World|publisher=theguardian.com))</ref> and in live performances by [[Radiohead]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/68779-watch-radioheads-new-the-numbers-video-directed-by-paul-thomas-anderson/|title=Watch Radiohead's New "The Numbers" Video, Directed by Paul Thomas Anderson|website=pitchfork.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-13))</ref> 

==See also==
*[[Boss Doctor Rhythm DR-110]]
*[[Linn LM-1]]
*[[Roland TR-808]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0tdkP4GaGg Roland CompuRhythm CR-78 Demo (YouTube video)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8ILLuKQHlg Classic Roland CR-78 eighties tracks part 1: Hall&Oates, Gary Numan, OMD, Soft Cell, Phil Collins (by Harlem Nights Music)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svrNckN82Y Classic Roland CR-78 eighties tracks part 2: Blondie, Visage, Roxy Music, John Foxx, Buggles (by Harlem Nights Music)]
* [http://www.polynominal.com/site/studio/gear/drum/roland-cr78/roland-cr78.html Polynominal.com CR78 resources: manual, schematics and audio demo]

((Roland))

[[Category:Drum machines]]
[[Category:Japanese inventions]]
[[Category:Japanese musical instruments]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1978]]
[[Category:Roland drum machines|CR-78]]
[[Category:Roland synthesizers|CR-78]]
[[Category:Musical instruments invented in the 1970s]]

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