Archdiocese of Palermo

Archidioecesis Panormitana

Arcidiocesi di Palermo
Palermo Cathedral
Location
CountryItaly
Ecclesiastical provincePalermo
Statistics
Area1,366 km2 (527 sq mi)
Population
- Total
- Catholics		(as of 2013)
912,800 (est.)
905,700 (est.) (99.2%)
Parishes178
Information
DenominationCatholic Church
RiteRoman Rite
Established1st Century
CathedralCattedrale di l’Assunzione di Maria
Secular priests233 (diocesan)
245 (Religious Orders)
Current leadership
PopeFrancis
ArchbishopCorrado Lorefice
Bishops emeritusSalvatore De Giorgi
Paolo Romeo
Map
Locator map of Archdiocese of Palermo
Website
www.arcidiocesi.palermo.it

The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Palermo (Latin: Archidioecesis Panormitana) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church. It was founded as the Diocese of Palermo in the first century and raised to the status of archdiocese in the 11th century.[1][2] The archbishop is Corrado Lorefice.

The archdiocese has the following suffragans in the ecclesiastical Province of Palermo:

History

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)

Palermo is just south of a major active seismic zone, and is subject to frequent earthquakes and occasional inundations (tsunamis).[3] The events of 1693,1726 and 1823 were particularly destructive.[4]

Pope Gregory I personally founded six monasteries in Sicily, including the monastery of S. Hermes at Palermo, according to Ugo Benigni.[5] He also founded the monastery of S. Hadrian and the Praetoritanum.[6] Ugo Benigni attributes this interest to the numbers of bishops and monks who emigrated from Africa as a result of the policy of the Arian Vandals to the Orthodox Christians.

In 718 the Emperor Leo III the Isaurian (718–741) suppressed a revolt in Sicily, and then detached southern Italy and Sicily from the metropolitan jurisdiction of the pope in Rome. In the ninth century, the patriarch of Constantinople raised the See of Palermo to the rank of metropolitan of all of Sicily. A protest against these actions was entered by Pope Nicholas I (858–867),[7] in a letter of 25 September 860 to the Emperor Michael III.[8]

Arab control over Palermo and its church

Benigni states,[9] "Concerning the state of the Sicilian Church during the Saracen domination we have no information: not the name of a single bishop is known." This is misleading. There were bishops, but they were part of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, not that of Rome, and Constantinople was in communion with Rome until the Great Schism of 1054. In 883, Pope Marinus I paid a ransom to the emir of Palermo for the archbishop of Syracuse and the bishop of Malta, who were being held in prison in Palermo.[10] In 897, the archbishop of Palermo was Sofronios (or Sonfronius).[11] In 930, there was a seminary in operation under the direction of the archbishop of Palermo; when Eustatius was about to pay the 12,000 'krus' per annum which was owed, the collector, who noticed the extreme poverty of the students, gave part of the funds to the archbishop for the benefit of the seminary.[12] In 957 an archbishop named Arimattea was already occupying the see; in 964, Archbishop Arimattea was abused and imprisoned by the Grand Mufti of Palermo, from which he died.[13] In 965, the Archbishop of Palermo was Andreas, who had been vicar of Archbishop Arimattea.[14] In 976, according to Arabic sources, the archbishop of Palermo died, and the priests and monks elected a new archbishop named Ananiah, who had been vicar of his predecessor. Patriarch Antony III of Constantinople was requested by an embassy from Palermo to approve the election, which he did, expressing the wish that the archbishop-elect should come to Constantinople and be consecrated by him. The emperor did not approve of these patriarchal pretensions, and the patriarch renounced them.[15] The priests and monks told the emir of Sicily that the custom had been for the bishops of Sicily to consecrate the archbishop. They asked permission to write to the pope, which was refused.[16]

Arab invasions of Sicily had begun at the beginning of the eighth century with the capture of the island of Cossura (modern Pantelleria). Raids were launched in 730–731, 734–735, 740 and 752–753.[17] Palermo was temporarily captured in 820, but the Arabs were driven out by pirates. The serious conquest of the island began in 827, from the Tunisian port of Susa, led by Asad Ibn Al-Furàt. Palermo fell in 831,[18] Messina in 843, Leontini in 847, and Syracuse in 878. Taormina was captured in 902, completing the conquest of the entire island.[19] From then until 1061, when the Norman conquests began, Sicily was an Arab land.[20]

After the famine of 940, the Arabs deliberately drove Christians out of the western part of the island.[21]

Norman control over the church of Palermo

On Christmas Day, 1130, Count Roger II was crowned King of Sicily in the Cathedral in Palermo. It is uncertain who crowned the king. One source names Count Roger of Capua, another Archbishop Peter of Palermo.[22] The cathedral was rebuilt by Archbishop Walter between 1170 and 1190.[23]

The Archdiocese of Palermo was united with the Archdiocese of Monreale on 7 July 1775.[24] The union was dissolved on 12 March 1802.[25] Monreale lost its metropolitan status in 2000, however, and it is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Palermo.

The Cathedral of Palermo is dedicated to the Bodily Assumption of the Virgin Mary into Heaven. The Chapter of the cathedral had three dignities in 1677, and two dignities in 1775. In 1211 there were eighteen canons, but the number grew to twenty-four in 1431, when Pope Eugenius IV ordered their reduction to eighteen again. In 1523 the Emperor Charles V added six more canons, bringing the number back up to twenty-four.[26] There were again twenty-four canons in 1677 and twenty-six canons in 1775.[27] The chapter had the right to elect the archbishop.[28]

List of Archbishops of Palermo

to 1200

Map of the ecclesiastical province of Palermo.
...
Arab Conquest of Sicily[38]

from 1200 to 1400

[Franciscus Vitalis][66]

from 1400 to 1600

from 1600 to 1800

since 1800

References

  1. ^ "Archdiocese of Palermo" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved February 29, 2016
  2. ^ "Metropolitan Archdiocese of Palermo" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved February 29, 2016
  3. ^ C. Chiarabba et al., Tectonophysics 395 (2005) 251–268., page 251 figure 1(a), and p. 255 figure 4; retrieved: 2017-02-05.
  4. ^ Cappelletti, p. 523.
  5. ^ U. Benigni, "Sicily," The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church. Vol. 13. New York: Encyclopedia Press. 1913. p. 774.
  6. ^ Annliese Nef, ed. (2013). A Companion to Medieval Palermo: The History of a Mediterranean City from 600 to 1500. Boston-Leiden: Brill. p. 27. ISBN 978-90-04-25253-0. Paul Fridolin Kehr, Italia Pontificia X (Berlin 1975), pp. 239-241.
  7. ^ Benigni, "Sicily", p. 774. This took place in the context of the conflict with Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople and the 'Photian Schism'.
  8. ^ Philippus Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Tomus I, editio altera (Leipzig: Veit 1884), p. 343, no. 2682.
  9. ^ p. 774.
  10. ^ Giuseppe Vella (1789). Codice diplomatico di Sicilia sotto il governo degli Arabi (in Italian). Vol. Tomo primo, parte seconda. Palermo: Dalla Reale Stamperia. pp. 244–245.
  11. ^ Vella, p. 203.
  12. ^ Giuseppe Vella (1790). Codice diplomatico di Sicilia sotto il governo degli Arabi (in Italian). Vol. Tomo secondo, parte prima. Palermo: Dalla Reale Stamperia. pp. 294–295.
  13. ^ Giuseppe Vella (1790). Codice diplomatico di Sicilia sotto il governo degli Arabi (in Italian). Vol. Tomo secondo, parte seconda. Palermo: Dalla Reale Stamperia. pp. 273, 369–370.
  14. ^ Vella, pp. 382-383.
  15. ^ Vella, p. 534, 545.
  16. ^ Vella, pp. 528-529.
  17. ^ Giuseppe Quatriglio (1991). A Thousand Years in Sicily: From the Arabs to the Bourbons (third ed.). Mineola NY: Legas / Gaetano Cipolla. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-921252-17-7.
  18. ^ Jeremy Dummett (2015). Palermo, City of Kings: The Heart of Sicily. London-New York: I.B.Tauris. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-78453-083-9.
  19. ^ Quatriglio, p. 15-17.
  20. ^ Quatriglio, p. 19.
  21. ^ Dummett, p. 20.
  22. ^ Dummett, p. 36. Falco of Benevento, 108 [J. P. Migne (editor) Patrologiae Latinae Cursus Completus Tomus 173 (Paris 1854), p. 1204], says that Cardinal Comes crowned Roger King, and that Count Robert placed the crown on the King's head. Falco's narrative is disputed by Hubert Houben (2002). Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West. Cambridge University Press. pp. 55–57, esp. p. 56 note 48. ISBN 978-0-521-65573-6.
  23. ^ Nef, p. 172. Leonardo Urbani (1993). La Cattedrale di Palermo: studi per l'ottavo centenario dalla fondazione (in Italian). Palermo: Sellerio.
  24. ^ Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, note 1.
  25. ^ Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 297, note 1.
  26. ^ Pirro, p. 137, 171, 188. The canons created by Charles V were always nominated by the King of Spain and installed by the archbishop. The archbishop nominated the others. Pirro, pp. 289-290.
  27. ^ Statistics of 1677: Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 305, note 1; Statistics of 1775: Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, note 1.
  28. ^ Pirro, pp. 102, 156, 161, 165, 170.
  29. ^ prioris episcopi: Lanzoni, p. 649.
  30. ^ A bull of Pope Leo I, dated 21 October 447, notes that a recently consecrated bishop was alienating church property, according to complaints from his clergy: etiam Panormitani clerici, quibus nuper est ordinatus antistes simile querimonium, in sancta synodo, cui praesidebamus, de usurpatione prioris episcopi causam detulerunt. P. Jaffé, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum I, editio altera (Leipzig 1884), p. 61, no. 415. Lanzoni, p. 649.
  31. ^ Gratianus episcopus Panormi: J.-D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus VI (Florence: A. Zatta 1761), p. 1086. Cappelletti, p. 528. Gams, p. 951. Lanzoni, p. 649.
  32. ^ Agatho's name appears in Pope Gregory I's Dialogues IV. 57. Lanzoni, II, p. 649, no. 4.
  33. ^ Victor: Lanzoni, p. 649, no. 5.
  34. ^ Gregory I granted Bishop Ioannes the use of the pallium in a letter of July 603. Lanzoni, p. 650, no. 6.
  35. ^ Felix: Mansi, Tomus X (Florence 1764), p. 867. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951.
  36. ^ Bishop Theodorus took part in the II Ecumenical Council of Nicaea. Mansi, Tomus XIII (Florence 1767), p. 383.
  37. ^ Both anonymous archbishops are mentioned in a letter of Pope Paschal I of 819 addressed to the latter. Pirro, I, pp. 39-40. Pirro argues strenuously against critics, pp. 40-42, that the letter is genuine. Cappelletti, p. 529.
  38. ^ "Saracen Invasions: Sede Vacante": Gams, p. 951.
  39. ^ Pope Leo IX brought Humbert from Lotharingia to evangelize Sicily, and ordained him Archbishop of Palermo. Pirro, pp. 51-53. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951. He is not the same Humbert that Leo IX brought from France to make Abbot of Subiaco in 1052: Cesare Baronio (1869). Annales ecclesiastici denuo excusi et ad nostra usque tempora perducti ab Augustino Theiner... (in Latin). Vol. Tomus septimus decimus (17). Barri-Ducis: Ludovicus Guerin. p. 56.
  40. ^ Pirro, pp. 53-69. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951.
  41. ^ Alcherius: Pirro, pp. 69-80. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951.
  42. ^ Gualterius was a Norman. Pirro, pp. 80-81. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951.
  43. ^ Pietro had been Bishop of Squillace; he was transferred to Palermo by Pope Calixtus II before 2 April 1223. Pirro, pp. 81-85. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951. Jaffé, p. 811, no. 7045. Bullarum diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Taurinensis editio (in Latin). Vol. Tomus II. Turin: Franco et Dalmazzo. 1859. pp. 332–333.
  44. ^ Roger was a Norman. Pirro, pp. 85-88. Cappelletti, p. 529. Gams, p. 951; Loud, p. 230, makes him archbishop-elect from 1143 to March 1147.
  45. ^ Loud, p. 230.
  46. ^ Ugo: Pirro, pp. 88-102. Cappelletti, p. 530. Gams, p. 951.
  47. ^ Stephanus: Pirro, pp. 102-103. Cappelletti, p. 530. Gams, p. 951.
  48. ^ Gualterius Ophamil: Pirro, pp. 103-113. Cappelletti, p. 530. Gams, p. 951.
  49. ^ Bartolommeo was the brother of Walterius Ophamil and Bishop of Agrigento. He spent three years in Constantinople as ambassador of King William II of Sicily. He was Chancellor of Sicily for William III. Pirro, pp. 113-122. Cappelletti, p. 530. Gams, p. 951
  50. ^ Pope Innocent III notified the Chapter of the Cathedral of Palermo that they should proceed to elect another Archbishop, since the Bishop-elect Parisius had been deposed. Eubel, I, p. 388, with note 2.
  51. ^ Berardus was already Bishop of Bari, and was transferred to Palermo by the Pope. He died on 8 September 1252. Eubel, I, p. 388.
  52. ^ Guilelmus had been Bishop of Olenenus, a suffragan of Patras (Greece). Eubel, I, p. 388, with note 3.
  53. ^ Gams, p. 952, notes that he was killed in the Sicilian Vespers.
  54. ^ Bartolommeo: Gams, p. 952. Eubel, I, p. 388.
  55. ^ Franciscus: Gams, p. 952. Eubel, I, p. 388.
  56. ^ Giovanni Orsini: Eubel, I, p. 388.
  57. ^ Matteo Orsini: Gams, p. 952.
  58. ^ Arnaldus: Eubel, I, p. 388.
  59. ^ Octavianus: Eubel, I, p. 388.
  60. ^ Melchiore Bevilacqua: Eubel, I, p. 388.
  61. ^ Martinus: Eubel, I, p. 388.
  62. ^ Matthaeus: Eubel, I, p. 388.
  63. ^ In 1384 Nicolaus was compelled by the citizens of Palermo, led by Count Manfred of Clermont, to pay an annual tribute. Nicolaus instituted an annual observance on 15 August, delli Cilii Panormitani. This so annoyed the Clarimontani that they drove him from his See and forced his resignation. They then managed the election of one of their own partisans, one of the Cathedral Canons, Ludovico Bonito, the son of the nobleman Antonio Bonito. Pirro, p. 163. Eubel, I, p. 388.
  64. ^ Pirro, p. 163, states that Ludovicus was elected in 1385; in any case he was sent the pallium by Urban VI. He was expelled from his See in 1392 and ended up in Rome. Ludovicus was transferred to the titular diocese of Antivari in Epirus in 1395 by Boniface IX (Roman Obedience). On 22 May 1396 he was named titular Archbishop of Thessalonica (Greece), and then, on 5 September 1399, Bishop of Bergamo. He was promoted to the Archdiocese of Pisa on 15 November 1400, and finally to Taranto on 29 July 1407. He was promoted to the Cardinalate by Gregory XII in 1408, but removed from his diocese after Gregory's fall. He died on 18 September 1413. Pirro, pp. 163-167. Gams, p. 952. Eubel, I, pp. 31, 388, 396, 400, 473.
  65. ^ Gilfortus was deprived of his diocese by King Martin I of Sicily. He died in 1398, according to Eubel. Pirro, pp. 167-168. Gams, p. 952. Eubel, I, p. 388.
  66. ^ Franciscus, Bishop of Mazzara, was elected to succeed Gilfortus in 1398, but King Martin did not approve. Pirro, p. 168.
  67. ^ Pirro, pp. 168-169.
  68. ^ Ubertino was a Doctor in utroque iure, and a judge of the Royal Curia. (Civil and Canon Law). He was nominated by King Martin of Aragon, on 3 May 1409, but was resisted by the Chapter and people of Palermo. In 1411 Queen Bianca attempted to coerce the Canons, but they put her off, waiting until King Martin returned from Aragon. Ubertino was approved by the Pope on 20 June 1414, and was consecrated by John XXIII (1410–1415). He made his formal entry into Palermo on 21 October 1414. He wrote his Testament on 21 December 1433. His tombstone states that he died in 1434. Pirro, pp. 170-171, no. XXXIII. Eubel, I, p. 388.
  69. ^ Nicolas was born in Catania, and was a Canon of the cathedral. He studied law in Bologna. He was a teacher of Canon Law in Siena, Parma, and Bologna. He was brought to Rome and made Auditor of the Rota under Martin V, and Apostolic Referendary under Eugenius IV. Alessandro Casano (1849). Del Sotterraneo della chiesa cattedrale di Palermo (in Italian). Palermo: Solli. pp. 42–43. He participated in the Council of Basel as a vigorous and vociferous defender of Eugenius IV and the Papacy against the Conciliarists. Mandell Creighton (1882). A History of the Papacy. Vol. II: The Council of Basel – the papal restoration, 1418–1464. London: Longmans. pp. 201–206.
  70. ^ Orsini was transferred to Taranto on 30 July 1445 while still Archbishop-elect of Palermo. Eubel, II, pp. 211, 246.
  71. ^ Simone Beccatelli was a member of a Sicilian noble family which had emigrated from Bologna. He was trained in Canon Law. His memorial inscription lauds him as Iuris pontificii non indoctus interpres ('a learned interpreter of Canon Law'. 'non indoctus' might suggest he held a doctorate). Beccatelli was nominated, at the age of 28, by King Alfonso, and approved by Pope Eugenius IV. He was consecrated in January 1446. He was rebuked by Pope Nicholas V on 24 March 1446 for attempting to assert his metropolitan authority over the Church of Agrigento, which was directly subject to the Holy See without a metropolitan intervening. In the decade 1450–1460 he was six times a delegate to the King of Aragon in the matter of the revision of the Sicilian law code. Simon died in the episcopal palace in Palermo on 8 January 1465. Pirro, pp. 174-178. Gams, p. 952. Eubel, II, p. 211.
  72. ^ Pujades was a native of Mari (diocese of Barcelona), and a nephew of Guglielmo Puxades, Viceroy of Sicily. He had been Archdeacon of S. Maria de Man in Barcelona. He was consecrated by Pope Paul II. Pirro, p. 138, no. XXXVI. Eubel, II, p. 211.
  73. ^ Visconti, a master of theology, had been the confessor of Pope Nicholas V and Pope Paul II. He was Provincial of the Sicilian Province of his Order in 1444, of the Roman Province in 1451, and again of the Sicilian Province in 1461. He rose to be Vicar General of Italy, and then Procurator General at the Roman Curia. He was appointed Bishop of Mazzara (a suffragan of Palermo) on 16 November 1467. Pirro, pp. 179-180, no. XXXIX. Eubel, II, pp. 188, 211.
  74. ^ A native of Lerida in Catalonia, Remolins studied law at the University of Pisa, and became secretary of King Ferdinand of Aragon. He was named Governor of Rome in 1501. He was bishop of Fermo (1504–1518), and Archbishop of Sorrento (1501–1512). He was created a cardinal by Pope Alexander VI on 31 May 1503, and named Cardinal Priest of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo. He was Viceroy of Naples from 1511 to 1513. He was nominated Archbishop of Palermo by King Philip III, and approved by Pope Leo X on 23 January 1512. He attended the sessions of the V Lateran Council (1512–1517). Occupied with business in Rome, Remolins ruled Palermo through vicars. He died in Rome on 5 February 1518. Pirro, pp. 185-187. Lorenzo Cardella (1793). Memorie storiche de'cardinali della santa Romana chiesa (in Italian). Vol. Tomo terzo. Roma: Pagliarini. pp. 294–296. Eubel, II, p. 25, no. 36; III, p. 8, no. 38; p. 268.
  75. ^ Cajetan was named a cardinal by Pope Leo X on 1 July 1517, and assigned the titular church of S. Sisto. He was appointed to Palermo on 8 February 1518 by Leo X, who claimed the right because Cardinal Remolins had died in the Roman Curia. According to Pirro, however, De Vio was rejected by the Royal Council of Sicily because he had not been appointed by the King, who held the right of nomination. De Vio never took possession of the diocese, and he resigned on 19 December 1519. He died in Rome on 10 August 1534. Pirro, pp. 187-188. Gams, p. 952. Eubel, III, p. 16, no. 27; p. 268-269.
  76. ^ Carondelet was named a Councilor of the Ducal Council of Philip the Fair in 1497. In 1508 he became a member of the Secret Council of the Burgundian Netherlands. In 1522 he was named Chairman of the Council by Charles V, a position he held until 1540. He was named Archbishop of Palermo by Emperor Charles V, but Pope Leo X imposed the condition that he resign his Deanship of Besancon. In addition, Cardinal de Vio contested Carondelet's title to the office. Carondelet never visited the island of Sicily or his See, but spent nearly all of his time in Mechlen. He was a correspondent of Erasmus. He died on 26 March 1544. Pirro, pp. 188-196. John C. Olin (1979). Six Essays on Erasmus and a Translation of Erasmus' Letter to Carondelet, 1523. NY: Fordham Univ Press. pp. 41, 46, 64, 95. ISBN 978-0-8232-1024-4. Peter G. Bietenholz; Thomas Brian Deutscher (2003). Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation. Vol. I. University of Toronto Press. pp. 272–273. ISBN 978-0-8020-8577-1. Eubel, III, p. 269.
  77. ^ Giovanni Doria was a native of Genoa. He was named a cardinal at the age of 31 by Pope Clement VIII on 9 June 1604, and was appointed Cardinal Deacon of S. Adriano; he was not yet a priest. Cardinal Doria was named Coadjutor Archbishop and titular Archbishop of Thessalonica (Macedonia) on 4 February 1608. He was consecrated in Rome by Pope Paul V on 4 May 1608. He succeeded to the See of Palermo on 5 July 1608. He died on 19 November 1642. Lorenzo Cardella (1793). Memorie storiche de' cardinali della santa Romana chiesa (in Italian). Vol. Tomo sesto (6). Rome: Pagliarini. pp. 113–115. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 8; p. 272, with note 2; p. 335.
  78. ^ Lozano was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Plasencia in Spain, and granted the personal title of archbishop. He died on 3 July 1669. David M. Cheney. Catholic-Hierarchy.org, "Archbishop Juan Lozano, O.S.A." Catholic-Hierarchy.org, Retrieved March 21, 2016. Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 305 with note 2.
  79. ^ Palafox was born in the diocese of Sagunto (Valencia, Spain). He was Doctor in utroque iure (Salamanca). He was presented to the See of Palermo by the King of Spain on 15 August 1677, and preconized (approved) by Pope Clement IX on 8 November 1677. He was consecrated in Rome by Cardinal Carlo Pio on 11 November 1677. He was presented by King Charles II of Spain on 20 September 1684, and appointed by Pope Innocent XI as Archbishop of Seville on 13 November 1684. Palafox died on 2 December 1701. Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 222, with note 4; p. 305 with note 3.
  80. ^ Bazan y Manriquez: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 305 with note 4.
  81. ^ Gasch: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, V, p. 305 with note 5.
  82. ^ Gams, p. 952.
  83. ^ In secular life his name was Paolo Basile. As a Franciscan he was Fra Matteo from Pareta. Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 2.
  84. ^ Rossi: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 3.
  85. ^ Meléndez: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 4.
  86. ^ Papiniano-Cusani: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 5.
  87. ^ Filangeri: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 6.
  88. ^ Sanseverino: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 8.
  89. ^ Lopez: Gams, p. 952. Ritzler-Sefrin, VI, p. 327, with note 9.
  90. ^ Born in Palermo in 1814, Pietro Celesia entered the monastery of S. Martino in Palermo and took the name Michelangelo, professing his vows in 1835. In 1840 he was named a lecturer in philosophy in the monastery, and in 1843 docent in theology. In 1846 he became Prior at Messina, and in 1850 Prior at Militello; in 1850 Pope Pius IX named him Abbot of Montecassino; in 1858 he was appointed Abbot of Farfa and Procurator General of the Benedictine Order at the Roman Curia. Celesia was named Bishop of Patti on 23 March 1860, and consecrated a bishop on 15 April 1860 by Cardinal Girolamo d'Andrea; he could not enter his diocese, however, until 1866 because of the liberation movement led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. He was appointed Archbishop of Palermo on 27 October 1871, and named a cardinal by Pope Leo XIII on 10 November 1884. He died on 14 April 1904. Martin Bräuer (2014). Handbuch der Kardinäle: 1846-2012 (in German). Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 129. ISBN 978-3-11-026947-5.
  91. ^ Giuseppe Petralia (1989). Il Cardinale Ernesto Ruffini, Arcivescovo di Palermo (in Italian). Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. ISBN 978-88-209-1650-3.
  92. ^ Born in 1918, Pappalardo was a native of Villafranca Sicula (Agrigento Sicily), the son of an officer in the Carabinieri. He attended the Roman Seminary and the Gregorian University, taking doctorates in theology and Canon and Civil Law; he was ordained in 1941. After additional study he served as a staff member of the Secretariat of State and teacher at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. He was pro-Nuncio in Indonesia, 1965–1969, and for that assignment he was made titular bishop of Miletus (Turkey). On his return, he became President of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. 17 Oct 1970 he was named Archbishop of Palermo. He was made a cardinal in 1973 by Pope Paul VI. As Archbishop of Palermo he was a vocal opponent of the Mafia for a time. His resignation of the diocese was accepted on 4 Apr 1996 after passing the age of 75. He died in Palermo on 10 December 2006. Harris M. Lentz (2009). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. London: McFarland. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-4766-2155-5. Vincenzo Noto (2011). Il cardinale Salvatore Pappalardo. Amen. ISBN 978-88-96063-08-8. John Dickie (2014). Blood Brotherhoods: A History of Italy's Three Mafias. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. 538–539. ISBN 978-1-61039-427-7. He has been accused of being a member of a Masonic lodge: Paul L. Williams (2009). The Vatican Exposed: Money, Murder, and the Mafia. Amherst NY USA: Prometheus Books. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-61592-142-3.

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