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((Refimprove|date=August 2023))
((Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Romanians in Serbia
| native_name      = Румуни у Србији<br/>Rumuni u Srbiji<br/>Românii din Serbia
| flag             = ((flagicon|Romania)) ((flagicon|Serbia))
| image            = Flag of the Romanian minority in Serbia.svg
| caption          = Flag of the National Council of the Romanian minority in Serbia
| population       = '''23,044''' Serbian citizens, '''0.35%''' of Serbia's population (2022)<ref name="Почетна  2023 l788">((cite web | title=Final results - Ethnicity | website=Почетна  | date=2023-07-14 | url=https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-US/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa | ref=((sfnref | Почетна  | 2023)) | access-date=2023-12-07))</ref>
'''21,013''' Vlach Serbian citizens, '''0.32%''' of Serbia's population (2022)<ref name="Почетна  2023 l788">((cite web | title=Final results - Ethnicity | website=Почетна  | date=2023-07-14 | url=https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-US/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa | ref=((sfnref | Почетна  | 2023)) | access-date=2023-12-07))</ref>
| ref1             = <ref name="Anon. o709">((cite web | title=Population by ethnicity, by areas | url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G20234001.pdf | access-date=2023-12-07))</ref>
| langs            = [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]]
| rels             = [[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]], [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]], [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Protestanism]]
))

'''Romanians in Serbia''' (((lang-sr|Румуни у Србији|Rumuni u Srbiji)); ((lang-ro|Românii din Serbia))) are a recognized [[national minority]] in [[Serbia]]. The total number of self-declared Romanians according to the 2022 census<ref>((Cite web |title=Ethnicity Data by municipalities and cities |url=https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/PdfE/G20234001.pdf))</ref> was 23,044, while 21,013 people declared themselves Vlachs; there are differing views among some of the Vlachs over whether they should be regarded as Romanians or as members of a distinctive nationality. Declared Romanians are mostly concentrated in Banat, in Vojvodina, while declared Vlachs are mostly concentrated in the Timok Valley, in eastern Serbia.

==History==
((Main|Vlachs|origin of the Romanians))
((See also|History of Banat|history of Wallachia))
[[File:Ethnological map by Kiepert 1876.jpg|thumb|The ethnological map of the Romanian population by [[Heinrich Kiepert]], 1876.]]
[[File:The Ethnological map by Elisee Reclus.jpg|thumb|The ethnological map of the Romanian population by [[Élisée Reclus]] (19th century)]]
As [[Daco-Romanian]]-speakers, the Vlachs have a connection to [[Roman heritage in Serbia]]. Following Roman withdrawal from the province of [[Dacia]] at the end of the 3rd century, the name of the Roman region was changed to [[Dacia Aureliana]], and (later [[Dacia Ripensis]]) spread over most of what is now called Serbia and Bulgaria.<ref>Alaric Watson, ''Aurelian and the Third Century,'' Routledge, 1999.</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Watson |first=Alaric |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukf-lEYl3FUC&q=Roman+withdrawal+&pg=PR3 |title=Aurelian and the Third Century |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-30187-9 |pages=157 |language=en))</ref> Strong Roman presence in the region persisted through the end of Justinian's reign in the 6th century.<ref>William Rosen, ''Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe,'' Viking Adult, 2007.</ref>((Page needed|date=July 2011))

The region where Vlachs predominantly live later on was part of the [[Second Bulgarian Empire]], whose first rulers, the Asens, are considered Vlachs.<ref>[http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/bulgar/wolff.html Wolff], Robert Lee Wolff, The Second Bulgarian Empire: Its Origin and History to 1204, SpeculumVolume 24, Issue 2 , 1949.</ref> King [[Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia]] had most of Timok after his conquering of rival King [[Stephen Dragutin]]'s lands. The chroniclers of the crusaders describe meeting Vlachs in the 12th and 13th century in various parts of modern Serbia.<ref name="zef">((in lang|hr))Zef Mirdita, Vlasi u historiografiji, Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb 2004.</ref><ref name="mal">Noel Malcolm, Kosovo, ''A short History,'' University Press, NY, 1999.</ref> Serbian documents from the 13th and 14th century mention Vlachs, including Emperor [[Dušan the Mighty]], in his prohibition of intermarriage between Serbs and Vlachs.<ref name="zef"/><ref name="mal"/> 14th and 15th century Romanian (Wallachian) rulers built churches in NE Serbia.<ref name="kanitz">((in lang|de)) Felix Kanitz, ''Serbien,'' Leipzig, 1868.</ref>((Page needed|date=July 2011)) 15th century Turkish tax records (''defters'') list Vlachs in the region of Braničevo in NE Serbia, near the ancient Roman municipium and colonia of Viminacium.<ref>Noel Malcolm, ''Bosnia: A short History'', University Press, NY, 1994.</ref>((Page needed|date=July 2011))

Starting in the early 18th century NE Serbia was settled by Romanians (then known by their international exonym as Vlachs) from [[Banat]], parts of [[Transylvania]], and [[Oltenia]] (Lesser Walachia).<ref name="zef"/> These are the Ungureni (''Ungurjani''), Munteni (''Munćani'') and Bufeni (''Bufani''). Today about three quarters of the Vlach population speak the Ungurean [[subdialect]]. In the 19th century other groups of Romanians, originating in [[Oltenia]] (Lesser Wallachia), also settled south of the Danube.<ref>((in lang|sr)) Kosta Jovanovic, ''Negotinska Krajina i Kljuc'', Belgrade, 1940</ref> These are the Ţărani (Carani), who form some 25% of the modern population. The very name Ţărani indicates their origin in Țara Românească, i.e., "The Romanian Land", that is, [[Wallachia]] (Oltenia and [[Muntenia]]). From the 15th through the 18th centuries large numbers of Serbs also migrated across the Danube, but in the opposite direction, to both Banat and Ţara Româneasca. Significant migration ended with the establishment of the kingdoms of Serbia and Romania, respectively, in the second half of the 19th century.

The lack of detailed census records and the linguistic effects of the Ungureni and Ţărani on the entire Vlach population make it difficult to determine what fraction of the present Vlachs can trace their origins directly to the ancient south-of-the-Danube Vlachs. The Vlachs of NE Serbia form a contiguous linguistic, cultural and historic group with the Romanians in the region of Vidin in Bulgaria, as well as the Romanians of [[Banat]] and [[Oltenia]] (Lesser Wallachia).

In a [[Romania]]n-[[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] agreement of November 4, 2002, the Yugoslav authorities agreed to recognize the Romanian identity of the Vlach population in Central Serbia,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080318091019/https://adevarul.ro/index.php?section=articole&screen=index&id=25504&search=Timoc Adevărul, 6 Noiembrie 2002]: ''Prin acordul privind minoritatile, semnat, luni, la Belgrad, de catre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, statul iugoslav recunoaste dreptul apartenentei la minoritatea romaneasca din Iugoslavia al celor aproape 120.000 de vlahi (cifra neoficiala), care traiesc in Valea Timocului, in Serbia de Rasarit.''</ref> but the agreement was not implemented.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405135858/http://www.curierulnational.ro/Specializat/2003-01-25/Sa+nu-i+uitam%2C+pe+cei...+uitati Curierul Naţional, 25 ianuarie 2003]: ''Chiar si acordul dintre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, semnat la sfarsitul anului trecut, nu este respectat, in ceea ce priveste minoritatile, deoarece locuitorii din Valea Timocului, numiti vlahi, nu sunt recunoscuti ca minoritari, ci doar „grup etnic“.''</ref> In April 2005, many deputies from the [[Council of Europe]] protested against the position of this population in Serbian society.<ref>[https://archive.today/20121212214149/http://assembly.coe.int//Mainf.asp?link=http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc05/edoc10533.htm%23TopOfPage Parliamentary Assembly, 28 April 2005] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233921/http://assembly.coe.int//Mainf.asp?link=http%3A%2F%2Fassembly.coe.int%2FDocuments%2FWorkingDocs%2FDoc05%2Fedoc10533.htm |date=30 December 2013 )): ''Deeply concerned over the cultural situation of the so-called “Vlach” Romanians dwelling in 154 ethnic Romanian localities 48 localities of mixed ethnic make-up between the Danube, Timok and Morava Rivers who since 1833 have been unable to enjoy ethnic rights in schools and churches''</ref> In August 2007, they were officially recognized as a national minority, and their language was recognized as Romanian.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080117220553/https://romanialibera.ro/a103742/romanii-din-valea-timocului-recunoscuti-drept-minoritate-nationala.html România Liberă, 16 August 2007] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222741/http://www.romanialibera.ro/a103742/romanii-din-valea-timocului-recunoscuti-drept-minoritate-nationala.html |date=26 September 2007 )): ''Romanii din Valea Timocului, cunoscuti drept vlahi, au obtinut recunoasterea statutului de minoritate nationala. Decizia guvernului de la Belgrad inseamna, printre altele, ca limba romana ar putea fi predata in premiera in scolile din Serbia unde romanii timoceni sunt majoritari, transmite BBC, preluat de Rompres.''</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Biserica Romana.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Romanian Orthodox Cathedral, Vršac|Romanian Orthodox Cathedral]] in [[Vršac]]]]
((Main|Romanian language in Serbia))

In Vojvodina, [[Romanian language|Romanian]] enjoys the status of official language and [[Romanians]] in this province receive a wide range of minority rights, including access to state-funded media and education in their native language. Most of the Romanians of Serbia are [[Eastern Orthodox]] by faith, belonging to the [[Romanian Orthodox Church]] (Romanians in Vojvodina) and [[Serbian Orthodox Church]] (Vlachs of eastern Serbia). The relative isolation of the Vlachs has permitted the survival of various pre-Christian religious rites that are frowned upon by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]. They are known in Serbia as "[[Vlach magic]]".((cn|date=August 2023))

The language spoken by one major group of Vlachs is similar to the [[Oltenian dialect|Oltenian variety]] spoken in [[Romania]] while that of the other major group is similar to the [[Banat Romanian dialect|Romanian variety]] of Banat.((cn|date=August 2023))

==Demographics==
Of the total number of 29,332 self-declared Romanians in the 2011 census, 22,353 live in Banat and 1,826 live in eastern Serbia. Of the total number of 35,330 self-declared Vlachs, 32,805 live in Eastern Serbia, and 134 in Banat. The largest concentration of Romanians in Banat are to be found in the municipalities of [[Alibunar]] (24.1%) and [[Vršac]] (10.4%). According to the U.S. Census Bureau figures from 2015, there were 552 ethnic Romanians born in Serbia living in the United States of America, including some individuals who had declared that they were Vlachs in Serbia.<ref>((cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Romanian&tid=ACSDT5YSPT2015.B05006 | title=Explore Census Data ))</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year<br>(census data)
! Number of ethnic Romanians
! Percent of national population
! Number of ethnic Vlachs
! Percent of national population
|-
| 1856 || 104,343 || 16.81% || ||
|-
| 1859 || 122,593 || 14.47% || ||
|-
| 1866 || 127,545 || 10.5% || ||
|-
| 1884 || 149,727 || 7.87% || ||
|-
| 1895 || 159,000 || 6.43% || ||
|-
| 1921 || 224,746 || 4.7% || ||
|-
| 1931 || 130,635 || 2.3% || ||
|-
| 1948 || 63,130 || 0.91% || ||
|-
| 1953 || 59,705 || 0.85% || 28,407 || 0.4%
|-
| 1961 || 59,505 || 0.78% || 1,330 || 0.02% 
|-
| 1971 || 57,419 || 0.68% || 14,724 || 0.17% 
|-
| 1981 || 53,693 || 0.58% || 25,596 || 0.27% 
|-
| 1991 || 42,331 || 0.43% || 17,807 || 0.18% 
|-
| 2002 || 34,576 || 0.46% || 40,054 || 0.53%
|-
| 2011 || 29,332 || 0.41% || 35,330 || 0.49% 
|-
| 2022 || 23,044 || 0.35% || 21,013 || 0.32%
|}

===Banat===
[[Image:Romanian and Vlach language in Serbia.png|thumb|right|[[Romanian language|Romanian]] in [[Serbia]], census 2002
{|width=100%
|-
|valign=top|
((legend|#DFB5F7|1–5%))
((legend|#D094EE|5–10%))
((legend|#B366FF|10–15%))
|valign=top|
((legend|#903CC4|15–25%))
((legend|#6B0194|25–35%))
((legend|#490165|over 35%))
|}]]
After [[World War I]], the [[Treaty of Versailles]], which defined the borders between [[Romania]] and the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], left a Romanian minority of 75,223 people (1910 census in Vojvodina) inside the borders of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. In the 1921 census in [[Vojvodina]], Romanian-speakers numbered 65,197 people. According to the 2011 census, there were 42,391 [[Romanians]] in [[Vojvodina]] (2.2% of the population of [[Vojvodina]]).

Settlements in the Serbian Banat ([[Vojvodina]]) with a Romanian majority or plurality (2002 census data):
* [[Uzdin]] ([[Kovačica (town)|Kovačica]] municipality),
* [[Jankov Most]] ([[Zrenjanin]] municipality),
* [[Torak, Žitište|Torak]] ([[Žitište]] municipality),
* [[Lokve, Serbia|Lokve]] ([[Alibunar]] municipality),
* [[Nikolinci]] ([[Alibunar]] municipality),
* [[Seleuš]] ([[Alibunar]] municipality),
* [[Grebenac]] ([[Bela Crkva (Vojvodina)|Bela Crkva]] municipality),
* [[Barice (Plandište)]], ([[Plandište]] municipality),
* [[Straža (Vršac)|Straža]] ([[Vršac]] municipality),
* [[Orešac (Vršac)|Orešac]] ([[Vršac]] municipality),
* [[Vojvodinci]] ([[Vršac]] municipality),
* [[Kuštilj]] ([[Vršac]] municipality),
* [[Jablanka]] ([[Vršac]] municipality),
* [[Sočica]] ([[Vršac]] municipality),
* [[Mesić (Vršac)|Mesić]] ([[Vršac]] municipality),
* [[Markovac (Vršac)|Markovac]] ([[Vršac]] municipality),
* [[Mali Žam]] ([[Vršac]] municipality),
* [[Malo Središte]] ([[Vršac]] municipality),
* [[Ritiševo]] ([[Vršac]] municipality).

===Timok Valley===
((Main|Vlachs of Serbia))
It is likely that a part of the Timok Vlachs can trace their ancient roots to this region. The present geographic location of the Vlachs is near a former location of the medieval [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] (also called the Empire of Vlachs and Bulgars)<ref name=EBritannica>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9075608/Vlach According to Encyclopaedia Britannica] the state is also called "The Vlach-Bulgarian Empire"</ref> of the [[Asen dynasty|Asens]], suggesting their continuity in the area. In addition, a Vlach population in the regions around [[Braničevo (Golubac)|Braničevo]] (near the ancient Roman city of Viminacium) is attested by 15th-century Ottoman defters (tax records). The modern Vlachs occupy the same area where in antiquity the Romans had a strong presence for many centuries: Viminacium and Felix Romuliana ([[Gamzigrad]]).

However, some of the Vlachs of north-eastern parts of [[Central Serbia]] settled there from regions north of the Danube by the Habsburgs at the beginning of the 18th century. The origins of these Vlachs are indicated by their own self-designations: "Ungurean/Ungureni" ([[Serbian language|serb.]] ''Ungurjani''), i.e. those who came from Hungary (that is, Banat and [[Transylvania]]) and "Ţărani" (serb. ''Carani''), who are either an autochthonic population of the region (their name means "people of the country" or "countrymen"), either they came from [[Wallachia]] (((lang-ro|Ţara Românească)) – "Romanian Country").

The area roughly defined by the Morava, the Danube and the Timok rivers where most of the Vlachs live became part of modern Serbia. Until 1833 the eastern Serbian border was the [[Homolje]]-Mountains (the slopes of the Serbian [[Carpathians]]) and the state had no common border with Wallachia. Prior to that, the land was part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] ([[Pashaluk of Vidin]] and [[Sanjak of Smederevo|Pashaluk of Smederevo]]) and [[Habsburg monarchy]] ([[Serbia (1718-1739)|Governorate of Serbia]]).

The second wave of Vlachs from present-day Romania came in the middle of the 19th century. In 1835 feudalism was fully abolished in the [[Principality of Serbia]] and smaller groups from Wallachia came there to enjoy the status of free peasants. (1856: 104,343 Romanians lived in Serbia, 1859: 122,593 Romanians)

According to the [[Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine]] from 1919, the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] annexed from Bulgaria also a small section along the [[Timok River]] in the municipality and [[Zaječar District|District of Zaječar]], composed by 8 localities (7 populated by Romanians and 1 populated by [[Bulgarians]]).<ref>[http://www.celedouatribalii.blogspot.com/ Tribalia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In 2009, during an interview for ''[[Politika]]'', Živoslav Lazić, president of the Vlach National Council of Serbia, called the efforts by "some in Serbia" to prove that the Romanians and the "Vlachs" are a separate minority as "xenophobic". He also argued that claims about [[Romanianization]] of the Timok "Vlachs" come from people whose real aim is the assimilation of the Timok Romanians.<ref>[https://www.politika.rs/scc/clanak/87404/Vlasi-istocne-Srbije-od-asimilacije-do-rumu-nizacije Власи источне Србије – од асимилације до румунизације].</ref>

[[Image:Balkans-ethnic (1861).jpg|thumb|right|Ethnic map of the Balkans from 1861, by G. Lejean]]

==Notable people==
* [[Bojan Aleksandrović]] (((lang|ro|Boian Alexandrovici)), born 1977), Romanian Orthodox priest
* [[Predrag Balašević]] (((lang|ro|Predrag Balașevici)), born 1974), politician and leader of the [[Vlach National Party]]
* [[Paun Es Durlić]], ethnologist
* [[Raimond Gaita]] (born 1946), German-born Australian philosopher and author of Romanian descent
* [[Maria of Yugoslavia|Maria]] (1900–1961), Queen consort of Yugoslavia
* [[Miletić Mihajlović]] (born 1951), politician
* [[Natalie of Serbia|Natalie]] (1859–1941), [[List of consorts of Serbia|Queen consort of Serbia]]
* [[Safet Pavlović]] (born 1965), politician and mayor of Žagubica
* [[Dușan Pârvulovici]], minority rights activist
* [[Emil Petrovici]] (1899–1958), linguist
* [[Vasko Popa]] (1922–1991), poet
* [[Lazăr Sfera]] (1909–1992), Romanian footballer
* [[Marinika Tepić]] (born 1974), politician
* [[Ilija Lupulesku]] (born 1967), table tennis player

==See also==
* [[Diocese of Dacia Felix]]
* [[Romania–Serbia relations]]
* [[Serbs of Romania]]
* [[National Council of the Romanian National Minority]]
* [[Vlachs of Serbia]]
* [[Vlachs in medieval Serbia]]

==References==
((reflist))

===Sources===
* [[Gligor Popi|Popi, Gligor]]. (2003) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629164528/http://www.itcnet.ro/history/archive/mi2003/current8/mi5.html "Românii din Banatul sârbesc"], [[Magazin Istoric]], no. 8/2003.

== External links ==
* [http://www.comunitatea-romanilor.org.rs/ The Romanian Community in Serbia]
* [http://www.romanii.ro/english/romanii%20de%20langa%20noi.htm The Romanians in Vojvodina]
* [http://www.romaniuitati.eu/ The Romanians in Serbia and Bulgaria]
* [http://www.banatul.com/info/banat-history-romanians-in-serbia.shtml Romanians in Serbia]
* [http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc05/EDOC10533.htm Respect for the rights of the Timok Romanians (Eastern Serbia)]
* ((cite web|url=http://www.dnevnik.rs/arhiva/24-10-2002/Strane/pero.htm |title=Živeti zajedno – Manjinske nacionalne zajednice u Vojvodini: Rumuni |author=Vesna Čekić |publisher=[[Dnevnik (Novi Sad)|Dnevnik]] |date=2002-10-24 |access-date=2007-05-18 |language=sr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214032008/http://www.dnevnik.rs/arhiva/24-10-2002/Strane/pero.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2012 )) 
* [http://www.kulturavlaha.org MP3 recordings of Vlach speech]
* [http://www.eliznik.org.uk/RomaniaHistory/Vlach-serbia.htm Maps of Vlachs in north-east Serbia]
* [http://www.ipak.org/vlachs/abstract.html The Vlachs in Yugoslavia and their magic]
* [http://www.banatul.com/info/banat-history-romanians-in-serbia.shtml Report on the State of Human Rights of Rumanians and Vlachs in Serbia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928043445/http://www.geopolitica.ro/revista/5/rev_08_005.pdf Românii din Serbia, Ion Florentin Dobrescu]
* [http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc08/EDOC11528.htm The situation of national minorities in Vojvodina and of the Romanian ethnic minority in Serbia], 2008 report from the [[Council of Europe]] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120123185605/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc08/EDOC11528.htm archive version])

((Romanian diaspora))
((Ethnic groups in Serbia))
((Portal bar|Romania|Serbia))
((DEFAULTSORT:Romanians Of Serbia))
[[Category:Romanians in Serbia| ]]
[[Category:Serbian people of Romanian descent| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Vojvodina]]
[[Category:Timok Valley]]
[[Category:Romanian minorities in Europe|Serbia]]
[[Category:Romanian diaspora|Serbia]]

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