Rowallan Castle (Scottish Gaelic: Caisteal an Rubha Àlainn) is an ancient castle located in Scotland.[2] The castle stands on the banks of the Carmel Water, which may at one time have run much closer to the low eminence upon which the original castle stood,[3] justifying the old name Craig of Rowallan.[4]Elizabeth Mure (died before May 1355) was mistress and then wife of Robert, High Steward of Scotland, and Guardian of Scotland (1338–1341 and from October 1346), who later became King Robert II of Scotland. She may have been born at Rowallan.
It is said that the earliest piece of Lute music was written at Rowallan.[7]
It is said to have been visited by the unfortunate King James I of Scotland when on his way from Edinburgh to England.
The first Mure holder, Sir J. Gilchrist Mure, was buried in the Mure Aisle at Kilmarnock.[8]
Origins
The original castle is thought to date back into the 13th century. Rowallan was said to be the birth place of Elizabeth Mure (Muir), first wife of Robert, the High Steward, later Robert II of Scotland.
In 1513 John Mure of Rowallan was killed at the Battle of Flodden.
In 1513 the Rowallan Estate took its present day form.[9]
In about 1690 the estate was home to the Campbells of Loudoun, who held it into the 19th century.[9]
The former tower of Polkelly lay near Rowallan and was also held by the Mures, for a time passed to the second son until it passed by marriage to the Cunninghams of Cunninghamhead.
Construction and other details
Rowallan Castle todayWilliam Aiton's map of 1811 showing Rowellan (sic)
The castle is built around a small knoll and once stood in a small loch or swampy area, fed by the Carmel Burn.[4]
The southern front of the castle was erected about the year 1562 by John Mure of Rowallan and his Lady, Marion Cuninghame, of the family of Cuninghamhead. This information appears as an inscription on a marriage stone or tablet at the top of the wall: - Jon.Mvr. M.Cvgm. Spvsis 1562. The family coat of arms lies to the right. The crest of the Mure's was a Moore's head, which is sculptured near the coat of arms. This is possibly a rebus or jeu-de-mot on the Mure name, however it is suggested that it is a reference to some feat performed in the crusades against the Saracens.[10] The Royal Arms of Scotland, fully blazoned, are carved over the main entrance, together with the shields of the Cumin family, from whom the Mures claim descent.[3] Over the ornamented gateway is a stone with the date 1616 inscribed upon it.[11]
Engraving of the castle by James Fittler in Scotia Depicta, published 1804
Over the doorway of the porch is a rare inscription in Hebrew using Hebrew characters which read The Lord is the portion of mine inheritance and of my cup, Psalms. XVI, Verse 5. Doctor Bonar, moderator of the Free Church of Scotland deciphered and transled it.[12] At the front of the castle stood a perfect example of an old loupin-on-stane.[13] A fine well with abundant pure water was present at Rowallan.[14] King William's well is located in the policies of Rowallan.[15]
One of the rooms was called Lord Loudoun's sleeping apartment and Adamson records that almost every room throughout the house has its walls covered with the names and addresses of visitors. Some have also left poems or have recorded the details of their visit in verse.[16]
Sir John and Sir William Muir took great pleasure in the erection of the various parts of Rowallan, and a record was kept of the portions completed by each. Much of their attention was also taken up with the planting of the castle policies.[17]
One room of the castle was known as the "Woman's House," which researchers have dubbed a “quite rare” phenomenon, “evoking a lost age of gender separation, defined by [women’s] specialist work with clothes and linen” and having “the potential to inform an understanding of the role of women here and in wider society.”[18]
In 1691 the Hearth Tax records show that the castle had twenty-two hearths and eighteen other dwellings were associated with the castle and its lands.[19]
The 10th Countess of Loudoun was especially fond of Rowallan and spent considerable sums repairing the castle in the 19th century. Without her efforts the building would not have survived down to the present day.
Origin of the name Rowallan
There have been several suggestions as to the origin of the name Rowallan, ranging from folklore, to actual word derivation.
A folk etymology suggests, in connection with the rebus mentioned, there is a tale told of one Allan of Stewarton who was rowing a Scottish chief off the Ayrshire coast. The weather made a turn for the worse and the chief became anxious. The chief in his fear of the ocean said to Allan, Row, Allan row! Bear me to safety and you will have the rich lands of Carmelside, wuth silver to build yourself a castle. Hill and valley and rivers of fish will be yours .... but just row, Allan, row! Allan won his prize and named the estate 'Rowallan' after his adventure. The same story is told in the form of a poem written by the Rev. George Paxton from Kilmaurs, pastor of a Secession Church from 1789 - 1807.[20][21]
Others cite Scottish Gaelic as the origin, stating 'Rubha Àlainn' means 'beautiful headland'. Yet, an effort to interpret 'Rubha Álainn' shows the phrase itself isn't even Gaelic.[22]
Yet, a third suggestion is that 'Rowallan' is of Brythonic or Cumbric origin, especially in that this area of Scotland lived under these languages for over a thousand years before Gaelic began to take hold. Broken down, 'Ro' is the equivalent of the Welsh “Rhy” (even the Old Irish 'Ro') meaning 'too' or 'very', while 'wallan' closely mirrors the 'wallon' suffix so often seen in Welsh and Old Breton, which derives from guallaun, or ‘good/best'.
Rowallan Castle in 1866
Covenanting times
Sir William Mure wrote a history of his family and though an ardent covenanter, opposed the execution of Charles I, writing an elegy upon his death.[3]Conventicles were not infrequently held within the mansion, which from its position was anciently called the Craig of Rowallan.[23] For this, he fell under the suspicion of the Government, and on several occasions suffered imprisonment. Part of the old castle is called the 'Auld Kirk' in memory of covenanting days.[13] As stated, Sir William befriended the Covenanters, and as much as possible protected his tenantry from the tyranny of the troopers who scoured the countryside at the period. He was intimate with the Rev. William Guthrie of Fenwick, who preached upon several occasions in the "auld kirk" of the castle.[24]
In the 1640s Alasdair Mac Colla had been sent by Montrose to suppress support for the Covenanting cause. Based in Kilmarnock, he plundered the Ayrshire countryside for some days and then demanded financial penalties. Sir William Mure's penalty for preventing further plundering at Rowallan was 1,000 merks; much damage already having been done.[25]
Adamson records that a fox lived in a tree in the old garden at Rowallan. This fox would watch the world go by from its perch and was sufficiently savvy to leave the house keepers chickens alone. One day this fox encountered the local hunt and ran to cover in the tree, to the amazement and consternation of the hunters and hounds. The housekeeper dislodged the poor animal, however it escaped the hunt and was back in its tree the following day as if nothing untoward had happened.[27]
The marriage tree
Near to the castle, overlooking a chasm through which the Carmel runs, stood a stately 'marriage tree' on the bank known as 'Janet's Kirn', Scots for 'churn.' Under this tree Dame Jean Mure of Rowallan was married to William Fairlie of Bruntsfield, an estate near Edinburgh. This wedding was part of a well planned elopement, the suitor having brought a minister with him.[28][29]
The stair leading up to the principal door of the castle has a crack that is best seen in wet weather, and tradition has it that this was the rent caused by the Devil himself.
The box hedge
Scotland Street School
A great box hedge was planted at Rowallan castle garden, possibly around 1687, and it was still a magnificent sight circa 1817; by 1847 however it was much decayed.[31]
The Edwardian castle
A second castle on the Rowallan grounds was modernised and the grounds relandscaped from 1902-1906 by the well known architect Sir Robert Lorimer[32] after the estate had been purchased by Archibald Corbett, the property developer and Liberal politician.[33] The original Rowallan Castle of the 16th and 17th century was retained.[34] This castle was placed in the care of Historic Scotland by The 3rd Baron Rowallan.[35] Most recently, as Historic Scotland transitioned to Historic Environment Scotland, the protected status of the original Rowallan Castle changed. "In June 2015, Historic Scotland granted Scheduled Monument Consent (SMC) for the change in use of the castle to be used as guest accommodation." But some protective conditions remain; "These conditions were attached to ensure that the work was carried out to a standard appropriate for a scheduled monument, and to enable Historic Scotland or its successor body (HES) to visit the site and monitor works as they progress. When this change of use has been completed, the site’s designation as a Listed Building, rather than as a Scheduled Monument, will take precedence. Any issues relating to the castle’s conservation will then be a matter for the local authority." The tours provided in the past by historic Scotland are no longer available.[36]
Dalmusternock House was built in 1615 by William Mure as a dower house following his marriage to Anna Dundas.
Micro-history
The owner, Niall Campbell and family, had intended that the castle would be used for residential accommodation, but it was retained for some years in the guardianship of Historic Scotland.[38] However, as a result of a controversial decision following protracted legal wrangles,[6][5] it left Historic Scotland's care as of 2015.
The Hon.Arthur Corbett, as he then was, had his second marriage annulled in 1970 on the grounds that his wife, April Ashley, a transsexual woman, was a man under then-current UK law. The argument was accepted, and the case served as a precedent for all such cases until the Gender Recognition Act 2004 was passed, which provided the needed legal framework for changing a person's legal gender. Corbett later succeeded, in November 1977, as The 3rd Baron Rowallan.
Current owner Niall Campbell had his appeal against conviction in March 2017 in his trial at KilmarnockSheriff Court and his fine of £800, for threatening or abusive behaviour, refused by the Sheriff Appeal Court in Edinburgh in September 2017. The Herald newspaper reported (31 March 2017) from the trial that “Campbell gave himself away by leaving his DNA on sticky tape sealing an envelope”.
References
Notes
^Dobie, James. (1876) Cuninghame Topographized by Timothy Pont. Pub. John Tweed, Glasgow. Facing P. 364.
^Dobie, James. (1876) Cuninghame Topographized by Timothy Pont. Pub. John Tweed, Glasgow. Facing P. 366.
^Adamson, Archibald R. (1875), Rambles Round Kilmarnock. Pub. T. Stevenson, Kilmarnock. P. 138.
^Landsborough, David Rev. (1879), Contributions to Local History. Pub. Dunlop & Drennan, Kilmarnock. P. 148.
^ abChalmers, Francis Edit. (1903), Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland. Pub. The Caxton Pub. Co., London. Vol.2. P. 931.
^Landsborough, David Rev. (1879), Contributions to Local History. Pub. Dunlop & Drennan, Kilmarnock. P. 138 - 140.
^Love, Dane (2009). Legendary Ayrshire. Custom : Folklore : Tradition. Auchinleck : Carn Publishing. ISBN978-0-9518128-6-0; p. 67
^Adamson, Archibald R. (1875), Rambles Round Kilmarnock. Pub. T. Stevenson, Kilmarnock. P. 139.
^MacGibbon, T. and Ross, D. (1887-92). The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, 5v, Edinburgh. p 555.
^Yeoman, Peter. "Rowallan Castle"(PDF). Historic Scotland. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
^Urquhart, Robert H. et al. (1998). The Hearth Tax for Ayrshire 1691. Ayrshire Records Series V.1. Ayr : Ayr Fed Hist Soc ISBN0-9532055-0-9. p. 86
^Blair, Anna (1983) Tales of Ayrshire. Pub. Shepheard-Walwyn, London. ISBN0-85683-068-2. P. 127 -128.
^Adamson, Archibald R. (1875), Rambles Round Kilmarnock. Pub. T. Stevenson, Kilmarnock. P. 141.
MacGibbon, T. and Ross, D. (1887–92). The castellated and domestic architecture of Scotland from the twelfth to the eighteenth centuries, V II, Edinburgh.
_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1356966.jpg)
