Roy Brown | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Roy James Brown |
| Born | September 10, 1920 or 1925 Kinder, Louisiana, U.S. |
| Died | May 25, 1981 San Fernando, California, U.S. |
| Genres | |
| Occupation(s) | Singer |
| Years active | 1945–1981 |
Roy James Brown (September 10, 1920[1] or 1925[2] – May 25, 1981) was an American blues singer who had a significant influence on the early development of rock and roll and the direction of R&B. His original song and hit recording "Good Rockin' Tonight" has been covered by many artists including Wynonie Harris, Elvis Presley, Bruce Springsteen, Paul McCartney, Joe Ely, Ricky Nelson, Jerry Lee Lewis, Pat Boone, James Brown, the Doors, and the rock group Montrose. Brown was one of the first popular R&B singers to perform songs with a gospel-steeped delivery, which was then considered taboo by many churches. In addition, his melismatic, pleading vocal style influenced notable artists such as B.B. King, Bobby Bland, Elvis Presley, Jackie Wilson, James Brown and Little Richard.[2][3]
Brown was born in Kinder, Louisiana.[1] Some sources report his birth date as September 10, 1925,[2] but the researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc gave the date as September 10, 1920, on the basis of information in the 1930 census and Social Security records, and stated that 1925 is incorrect.[1] Media reports state that he was either 55 or 56 at the time of his death.[4]
Like many R&B singers, Brown started singing gospel music in church. His mother was an accomplished singer and church organist.[5] He moved to Los Angeles in the 1940s and for a short time was a professional boxer in the welterweight division. In 1945 he won a singing contest at the Million Dollar Theater, covering "There's No You", originally recorded by Bing Crosby. In 1946, Brown moved to Galveston, Texas, where he sang in Joe Coleman's group, performing mostly songs from the Hit Parade, in a nightclub called the Club Granada. His repertoire included "Good Rockin' Tonight".
After being rejected by the armed forces because of flat feet, Brown secured his first major job in a club in Shreveport, Louisiana, singing mostly pop ballads, such as "Stardust" and "There's No You". The owner of Bill Riley's Palace Park hired him, as Brown told an interviewer for Blues Unlimited, because of his appeal as "a Negro singer who sounds white."[6] It was at the Palace Park that Brown started developing a blues repertoire, learning contemporary R&B tunes such as "Jelly Jelly" (recorded by Billy Eckstine).[6] He returned to New Orleans in 1947, where he performed at the Dew Drop Inn.[7]
Brown was a fan of blues singer Wynonie Harris. When Harris appeared in town, Brown tried but failed to interest him in listening to "Good Rockin' Tonight". Brown then approached another blues singer, Cecil Gant, who was performing at another club in town. Brown introduced his song, and Gant had him sing it over the telephone to the president of De Luxe Records, Jules Braun, reportedly at 4:00 in the morning. Brown was signed to a recording contract immediately. He recorded the song in a jump blues style with a swing beat. It was released in 1948 and reached number 13 on the Billboard R&B chart. Ironically, Harris recorded a cover version of the song, and his version rose to the top of the Billboard R&B chart later in 1948.[2] Presley also covered the song for Sun Records in 1954; it was re-released by RCA Victor when his recording contract was sold to that label in 1956.[citation needed] According to the Paul McCartney Project, "the song has also been credited with being the most successful record to that point to use the word 'rock' not as a euphemism for sex, but as a descriptive for the musical style.[8]
Brown continued to make his mark on the R&B charts, having 14 hits for De Luxe from mid-1948 to late 1951, including "Hard Luck Blues" (1950, his biggest seller), "Love Don't Love Nobody", "Rockin' at Midnight", "Boogie at Midnight", "Miss Fanny Brown", and "Cadillac Baby", making him, along with Harris, one of the top R&B performers in those three years. One source suggests that Brown was the "best selling R&B artist from 1949-51".[9] Another states that during 1948–51, "he had 15 records on the charts".[10] A third source adds that Brown "chalked up a dozen top 10s".[11]
After his popularity had peaked, Brown began to experience a lull in his career. Doo-wop and R&B groups were quickly gaining popularity as the standard sound of R&B in the early to mid-1950s. His declining fortune coincided with the resolution of a lawsuit against King Records for unpaid royalties in 1952, in which Brown prevailed, one of the few African-American musicians to do so in the 1950s. This coincidence has led some, such as writer Nick Tosches (in his book Unsung Heroes of Rock 'n' Roll, which contains a chapter on Brown) to believe that Brown may have been blacklisted. Brown's other misfortunes included trouble with the Internal Revenue Service. When confronted by the government for unpaid taxes he owed, he approached Elvis Presley for help. Presley wrote him a check on a brown paper bag, but it was not enough to keep Brown out of prison for tax evasion.
In 1951, Brown performed at the seventh famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on July 8. Also featured were Lionel Hampton and his Revue, Percy Mayfield, Jimmy Witherspoon, Joe Liggins' Honeydrippers and Billy Eckstine.[12] The following year, June 1, 1952, he performed for the eighth Cavalcade of Jazz concert with His Mighty Men. Also featured that day were Anna Mae Winburn and Her Sweethearts, Jerry Wallace, Toni Harper, Louis Jordan, Jimmy Witherspoon and Josephine Baker.[13] And Brown came back in 1953 to play at the 9th Cavalcade of Jazz on June 7. Also featured that day were, Don Tosti and His Mexican Jazzmen, Earl Bostic, Nat "King" Cole, Shorty Roger's Orchestra, and Louis Armstrong and his All Stars with Velma Middleton,.[14]
Brown had a brief comeback on Imperial Records in 1957. Working with Dave Bartholomew, he returned to the charts with the original version of "Let the Four Winds Blow", co-written with Fats Domino, who would later have a hit with it.
Brown returned to King Records, but his popularity had diminished by 1959. He found sporadic work, performing wherever he was wanted, and he made some recordings through the 1960s.[2] To supplement his income, he sold the rights to "Good Rockin' Tonight". "I was selling door to door," he reminisced,[15] referring to his stint as an encyclopedia salesman.[16]
In 1970, Brown closed The Johnny Otis Show at the Monterey Jazz Festival. As a result of the positive reception by the audience, he recorded "Love for Sale", which became a hit for Mercury Records.[5]
In the late 1970s, a compilation album of his old recordings brought about a minor revival of interest in his music. In 1978, he made a successful tour in Scandinavia following the releases of Laughing but Crying and Good Rockin' Tonight.[17] Shortly before his death he performed at the Whisky a Go Go in West Hollywood, California, and he was a headliner at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1981, dying a month later.[17]
According to The Guardian, "in 1952 he attempted to sue his manager for unpaid royalties, but succeeded only in getting himself blackballed from the music industry. He spent much of his life as a door-to-door encyclopedia salesman".[18] In truth, he made a comeback in 1970, performing at the Monterey Jazz Festival; he continued touring for "the rest of the decade", including a tour of Europe in 1978.[19][9]
Brown died of a heart attack on May 25, 1981, at Pacoima Lutheran Memorial Hospital,[20] near his home in the San Fernando Valley.[1][2] The Reverend Johnny Otis conducted the funeral service.
Years later, Little Richard said that Roy Brown had been one of the artists that inspired him in the early years.[21]
Brown was posthumously inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1981.
Two of his songs, "Butcher Pete, Pt. 1" and "Mighty Mighty Man" are featured in the 2008 video game, Fallout 3. "Butcher Pete, Pt. 1", "Butcher Pete, Pt. 2", "Good Rockin' Tonight", and "Mighty Mighty Man" are featured in the 2015 sequel, Fallout 4. There is a quest named after his song "Hard Luck Blues" in the video game Fallout: New Vegas.
| Year | Single | Chart Positions | |
|---|---|---|---|
| US Pop[22] | US R&B[23] | ||
| 1947 | "Good Rockin' Tonight" | – | 13 |
| "'Long About Midnight" | – | 1 | |
| 1949 | "Rainy Weather Blues" / "'Fore Day in the Morning" | – | 5 / 6 |
| "Rockin' at Midnight" | – | 2 | |
| "Miss Fanny Brown" | – | 8 | |
| "Please Don't Go (Come Back Baby)" | – | 9 | |
| "Boogie at Midnight" | – | 3 | |
| 1950 | "Hard Luck Blues" | – | 1 |
| "Love Don't Love Nobody" | – | 2 | |
| "Cadillac Baby" / "'Long About Sundown" | – | 6 / 8 | |
| 1951 | "Big Town" | – | 8 |
| "Bar Room Blues" | – | 6 | |
| 1957 | "Party Doll" | 89 | 13 |
| "Let the Four Winds Blow" | 29 | 5 | |
