The Royal Commission on National Development in the Arts, Letters and Sciences, otherwise known as the Massey Commission, chaired by Vincent Massey, examined Canada's cultural needs. It issued a final report, in May 1951. It advised that Canadian identity must be based on more than political and economic factors, that the arts provide a strong sense of national community, and that the government should establish a national advisory board to administer public funds intended to encourage work in the arts, humanities, and social sciences. The government largely ignored the report, But it did lead to the establishment of the National Library of Canada in 1953 and the Canada Council for the Encouragement of the Arts, Letters, Humanities, and Social Sciences in 1957. Critics on the left accused the report Massey of privileging elite, conservative culture at the expense of Canada's historic cultural pluralism.^[1]