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((More citations needed|date=July 2011))
((short description|Cave in Royston, England))
((Use British English|date=January 2015))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2019))
((Infobox ancient site
| name           = Royston Cave
| native_name    = 
| native_name_lang =
| alternate_name = 
| image          = Royston Cave Beldam Plate I.jpg
| image_size     = 250px
| alt            = 
| caption        = Plate I from Joseph Beldam's book The Origins and Use of the Royston Cave, 1884
| map            = 
| map_type       = United Kingdom Hertfordshire
| map_alt        = 
| map_caption    = 
| map_size       = 
| altitude_m     = <!-- Enter a number for altitude in meters (m) -->
| altitude_ref   = 
| relief         = 
| coordinates    = ((Coord|52.048333|-0.022778|type:landmark_region:GB))
| gbgridref      = 
| map_dot_label  = 
| location       = [[Royston, Hertfordshire|Royston]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[England]]
| region         = 
| type           = 
| part_of        = 
| length         = 8m (26ft)
| width          = 5m (17ft)
| area           = 
| volume         = 
| diameter       = 
| circumference  = 
| height         = 
| builder        = 
| material       = [[Chalk]]
| built          = Unknown, rediscovered in 1742
| abandoned      = 
| epochs         = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" -->
| cultures       = 
| dependency_of  = 
| occupants      = 
| event          = 
| discovered     = 
| excavations    = 
| archaeologists = 
| condition      = 
| ownership      = Royston Town Council
| public_access  = Yes
| other_designation =
| website        = 
| architectural_styles =
| architectural_details =
| notes          = 
| nhle           = 1015594  
| designation1   = Scheduled Monument
| designation1_date       = 18 August 1923
))
'''Royston Cave''' is an artificial cave located in Katherine's Yard, Melbourn Street, [[Royston, Hertfordshire|Royston]], [[England]]. It is located beneath the [[crossroads (junction)|crossroads]] formed by [[Ermine Street]] and the [[Icknield Way]]. It is protected as both a [[scheduled ancient monument]]<ref name=scheduling>((National Heritage List for England |num=1015594 |desc=Royston Cave|access-date=8 March 2014))</ref> and [[Grade I listed building]].<ref name=listing>((National Heritage List for England |num=1102013 |desc=Royston Cave|access-date=8 March 2014))</ref> It has been speculated that it was used by the [[Knights Templar]], who founded nearby [[Baldock]], but this is unlikely, despite its enormous popular appeal. There are numerous theories about the Cave covering [[Freemasons]] and Templars as well as possibilities that the Cave was a prison or an [[anchorite]] cell. However, none of these theories have enough hard evidence to warrant their being adopted by the Cave Trust. It is open to the public in the summer months on Saturday, Sunday and [[Bank Holiday]] afternoons between Easter and October.

Royston Cave is a circular, bell-shaped chamber cut into the chalk bedrock. It is 8 metres (26 feet) high and 5 metres (17 feet) in diameter with a circumferential octagonal podium. The origin of this chamber is unknown. This cave is unique in Britain for its numerous medieval carvings on the walls;  comparable examples exist only in the former Czechoslovakia and Israel.<ref name=scheduling/> Some of the figures are thought to be those of St. [[Catherine of Alexandria]], [[St. Lawrence]] and [[St. Christopher]].

==Main theories==
Royston Cave has been the source of much speculation, although it is hard to determine much about its origin and function.
* [[Knights Templar]]: It has been speculated that the cave may have been used by the Knights Templar before their dissolution by Pope [[Clement V]] in 1312.<ref>Beamon, S 1992 ''The Royston Cave: used by saints or sinners? Local historical influences of the Templar and Hospitaller movements.'' Cortney Publications, 1); ((isbn|0904378403))</ref> Although claims have been made that this religious-military institution of the [[Catholic Church]] held a weekly market at [[Royston, Hertfordshire|Royston]] between 1199 and 1254, the market charter was in fact granted to the [[Canons regular#Canons Regular of Saint Augustine|Augustinian]] Canons of the town. It has been speculated that the cave was divided into two floors by a wooden floor, the evidence consisting of a single posthole and what may be beam slots to secure the platform to the walls. Two figures close together near the damaged section may be all that remains of a known Templar symbol, two knights riding the same horse. However, as the image has been repaired in modern times, this cannot be confirmed. In 1953, the architectural historian, [[Nikolaus Pevsner]], wrote that the date of the carvings "is hard to guess. They have been called Anglo-Saxon, but are more probably of various dates between the C14 and C17 (the work of unskilled men)".<ref>Pevsner, N & Cherry, B 1971 ''The Buildings of England: Hertfordshire.'' Revised edition. Penguin, p 282 ((Google books|mbp2rgEACAAJ|Available))</ref> This would place the carvings after the time of the Templars; certainly the figures in armour are wearing full plate, which would date them to a century after the Templars' demise.
*Early [[Freemason|Freemason's]] Lodge
* [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] store house: It has been claimed it was used by Augustinian monks from the local priory, who would have required a cool store for their produce and a chapel for their devotions. The idea that it might have been a meeting place for recusant Catholics during the Reformation of the 16th century has little to recommend it.
[[Image:Royston Cave Beldam Plate II.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Plate II from Joseph Beldam's book The Origins and Use of the Royston Cave, 1884 showing more of the carvings.]]
*The private chapel of a notable local figure
*Wayside Hermitage or Anchorite

==Rediscovery==
Although the origin of the cave is unknown, its rediscovery is well documented. In August 1742 a workman dug a hole in the Butter Market to build [[foundation (architecture)|footings]] for a new bench for the patrons and traders. He discovered a buried [[millstone]] and dug around it to remove it. He found a shaft leading down into the [[chalk]]. When discovered, the cavity was more than half-filled with earth. The rumour was that there must be a treasure buried beneath the soil inside the cave. Several cartloads of soil were removed until bedrock was reached. The soil was discarded as worthless as it only contained a few old bones and fragments of pottery. Today's [[archaeology]] could have analysed the soil in depth. The Reverend G North's description of a brown earthenware cup with yellow spots discovered in the soil filling the cave sounds like a well-known early [[post-medieval type]], no earlier than the late 16th century.Today the entrance is not by the original opening, but by a passage dug in 1790.

The cave is at the junction of an ancient east-west track, the [[Icknield Way]], and the north-south Roman road, [[Ermine Street]]. Icknield Way was used during the [[Iron Age]] and traces of its side ditches have been excavated at [[Baldock]]. It has been claimed to run from the Thames Valley towards East Anglia, although this has recently been called into question.<ref>Harrison, S 2003 'The Icknield Way: some queries' in ''Archaeological Journal'' '''160''', 1-22, p 15 ((doi|10.1080/00665983.2003.11078167))</ref> The modern-day A505 between Royston and Baldock approximately follows its route.
[[Image:Royston Cave Beldam Plate III.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Plate III from Joseph Beldam's book The Origins and Use of the Royston Cave, 1884 showing the shape and floor plan of the cave.]]

It is thought that the sculptures were originally coloured, but little trace of this is visible now; in the mid 19th century, [[Joseph Beldam]] could still see the yellow dress of [[Catherine of Alexandria|St Catherine]] and the red of the [[Holy Family]]. They are mostly religious images, such as the [[Crucifixion]] and various saints. [[St Lawrence]] is depicted holding the gridiron on which he was martyred. A crowned figure holding a wheel appears to be St Catherine, and a large figure with a staff and a child on his shoulder represents St Christopher. A figure with a drawn sword could be St Michael or possibly [[St George]]. Another possibly religious symbol is the depiction of a naked woman known as a [[Sheela na Gig]]. This figure is sometimes found on [[medieval]] churches so its inclusion with religious symbolism is not out of place. There are a number of holes, sometimes directly beneath the sculptures, which are thought to have held candles or lamps which would have illuminated the carvings.

==Restoration==
In 2010, it was discovered that due to damp conditions in the cave insect larvae and worms were infesting and damaging the walls and carvings, and restoration works were initiated. In August 2014, it was reported that the work to remove the threat of the chalk-eating worms had been successful. James Robinson, cave manager, said: "Controlling the worm population presented a different challenge as it was felt unwise to use biocides or gas in a space like the cave which is regularly open to the public. The most practical approach was, therefore, to reduce the worms’ habitat. This involved removing the large volumes of soil and other debris at the base of the cave, particularly on the step below the carvings. Without their food the earthworms and [[Eisenia fetida|brandling worm]]s soon moved on". Repair work to water pipes was also carried out as water seeping into the cave had caused cracks to appear in the carvings. Traffic vibration from vehicles using the road above the cave could still cause problems if changes to road use were to occur.<ref>((cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Conservation project saves Royston Cave from being eaten by worms |url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Conservation-project-saves-Royston-Cave-eaten-worms/story-22821252-detail/story.html |newspaper=Cambridge News |location=Cambridge |date=21 August 2014 |access-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219204616/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Conservation-project-saves-Royston-Cave-eaten-worms/story-22821252-detail/story.html |archive-date=2015-12-19 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

Despite the restoration, in November 2018, the Cave was added to [[Historic England]]'s [[Heritage at Risk Register]].<ref name="Guardian 8 November 2018">((cite news |last= Brown |first= Mark| title= Heritage at Risk list adds knights' cave and Grimsby's Kasbah |url= https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2018/nov/08/heritage-at-risk-list-adds-knights-cave-and-grimsby-kasbah-historic-england | date= 8 November 2018|newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |location=London| access-date= 8 November 2018 ))</ref> It was the subsequently the subject of a BBC News television report.<ref name="BBC News 14 November 2018">((cite web | title= Royston Cave: 'Knights Templar' carvings at risk |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-46202885/royston-cave-knights-templar-carvings-at-risk | author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date= 14 November 2018| website= [[BBC News Online]] | access-date= 14 November 2018 ))</ref>

==Sources==
((Reflist))

;General
*''Guide to Royston Cave'' (pamphlet) Local History Series 1999 Royston and District Local History Society.
*Beldam, Joseph. ''The Origins and Use of the Royston Cave, Being the substance of a Report, some time since presented to The Royal Society of Antiquaries'' (John Warren, 1884).  ((Google books|eChcAAAAQAAJ|pg=PA25|keywords=royston+cave|title=Available)).
*Nikolaus Pevsner, ''The Buildings of England: Hertfordshire'', 1953.

==Bibliography==
*North, G. (1742). ''Letter on a Vault Discovered at Royston, Herts.'' Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London. Minute Book IV. p.&nbsp;133.
*Stukeley, W. (1743). ''Palaeographia Britannica: or, Discourses on Antiquities in Britain. Number I. Origines Roystonianæ, or, an account of the Oratory of Lady Roisia, Foundress of Royston, discovered at Royston, in August 1742.'' London: R. Manby.
*Parkin, C. (1744). ''An Answer To, Or Remarks Upon Dr. Stukeley’s, Origines Roystonianæ; Wherein, The Antiquity and Imagery of the Oratory, lately discovered at Royston in Hertfordshire, Are Truly Stated, and Accounted For.'' London: J. Hoyles
*Stukeley, W. (1746). ''Palaeographia Britannica: or, Discourses on Antiquities in Britain. Number II. Origines Roystonianæ, Part II. or a defence of Lady Roisia de Vere, Foundress of Royston, against the calumny of Mr. Parkin rector of Oxburgh. wherein his pretended answer is fully refuted : the former opinion further confirmed and illustrated. To which occasionally are added, many curious matters in antiquity : and fix copper-plates.'' Stamford: F. Howgrave.
*Beldam, J. (1898). ''The Origin and Use of The Royston Cave.'' Fourth Edition. Royston: Warren Bros.
*Kingston, A. (1906). ''A History of Royston.'' Royston: Warren Bros.
*Beamon, S.P. and Donel, L.G. (1978). ''An Investigation of Royston Cave.'' Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Volume LXVIII. Cambridge: The Burlington Press Ltd.
*Beamon, S.P. (1992). ''Royston Cave: Used By Saints or Sinners?'' Baldock: Cortney Publications. (((ISBN|0-904378-40-3)))
*Houldcroft, P.T. (1995). ''The Medieval Structure within Royston Cave.'' Royston: Royston and District Local History Society. 
*Houldcroft, P.T. (1998). ''A Pictorial Guide To Royston Cave.'' Royston: Royston and District Local History Society. 
*Houldcroft, P.T. (2008). ''A Medieval Mystery at the Crossroads.'' Royston: Royston and District Local History Society.

==External links==
((Commons category|Royston Cave))
*[http://www.roystoncave.co.uk Official Site: Royston Cave]
*[http://www.roystonmuseum.org.uk Royston Museum]
*[https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1015594 Historic England: Royston Cave - 1015594]
*[https://www.showcaves.com/english/gb/subterranea/Royston.html/ Subterranea of Great Britain: Royston Cave]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080321092333/http://www.balh.co.uk/lhn/article.php?file=lhn-vol1iss85-8.xml Tradition versus History - from Local History News]
*[http://www.philipcoppens.com/royston_cave.html Article on the cave] by [[Philip Coppens (author)|Philip Coppens]]
*[http://www.sheelanagig.org/wordpress/royston/ Sheela na Gig depicted in the cave]
*[http://www.badarchaeology.net/conspiracy/royston_cave.php an article by a local archaeologist]

((Listed buildings in Hertfordshire|G1))
((Authority control))
((Coord |52|02|54|N|0|01|22|W|display=title))

[[Category:Caves of Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:Chalk mines in England]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:Knights Templar]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled monuments in Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:Royston, Hertfordshire]]

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