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((Short description|Popular team sport))
((more citations needed|date=November 2012))
((Sport overview
|country               = Scotland
|sport                 = rugby union
|image                 = Rugby World Cup 2007 - Scotland v Romania 177.jpg
|imagesize             = 
|caption               = Scottish fans watching a game against ((nrut|Romania)) at the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]]
|union                 = [[Scottish Rugby Union]]
|nickname              = 
|first                 = 1858, [[Edinburgh]]
|registered            = 38,500 <ref>[http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000004/index.html Scotland] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228000354/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000004/index.html |date=2012-12-28 )) International Rugby Board</ref>
|clubs            = 143 full member clubs and an additional 135 associate member clubs<ref>((cite web | url=http://sportsheritagescotland.co.uk/index.php/rugby/rugby-clubs-associations | title=The Structure of Rugby in Scotland &#124; Sports Heritage Scotland ))</ref> ([[Scottish rugby union system|system]])
|national_list         = [[Rugby World Cup]]<br />[[Six Nations Championship|Six Nations]]<br />[[Rugby World Cup Sevens]]<br />[[World Rugby Sevens Series]]<br />[[Edinburgh Sevens|Edinburgh 7s]]
|club_list             = [[United Rugby Championship]]<br />[[European Rugby Champions Cup]]<br />[[European Rugby Challenge Cup]]<br />[[Scottish League Championship|League Championship]]<br />[[Scottish Cup (rugby union)|Scottish Cup]]<br />[[Borders Sevens Circuit]]
|countryflag           = Scotland
))
'''Rugby union in Scotland''' (((lang-gd|aonadh rugbaidh))) is a popular [[team sport]]. [[Scotland]]'s national side today competes in the annual [[Six Nations Championship]] and the [[Rugby World Cup]]. The first ever international [[Rugby union|rugby]] match was played on 27 March 1871, at [[Raeburn Place]] in [[Edinburgh]], when [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]] defeated [[England national rugby union team|England]] in front of 4,000 people. Professional clubs compete in the [[United Rugby Championship]], [[European Rugby Champions Cup]] and [[European Rugby Challenge Cup]], while the [[Scottish League Championship]] exists for over 200 amateur and semi-professional clubs, as does a knock-out competition, the [[Scottish Cup (rugby union)|Scottish Cup]]. The governing body, the [[Scottish Rugby Union]] (SRU), is one of the ten first-tier member nations of [[World Rugby]].<ref name="Rugby Tiers">((cite web
 |year= 2019
 |title = IRB Strategic Plan
 |publisher=International Rugby Board |access-date = 13 December 2019
 |format = PDF 0.3 MB
 |url = http://www.irb.com/mm/document/aboutirb/0/041207irbstrategicplan_772.pdf
 |url-status= dead
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131113204342/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/aboutirb/0/041207irbstrategicplan_772.pdf
 |archive-date= 13 November 2013))
</ref>

==Governing body==
((Main|Scottish Rugby Union))
The governing body of the game in Scotland is the [[Scottish Rugby Union]] (SRU), who operate the [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scottish national team]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.scottishrugby.org/about/|title = About Scottish Rugby))</ref>

==History==
((see also|Ba game))
((main|History of rugby union in Scotland))

===Early history===
There is a long tradition of "football" games in Scotland, and many of these such as [[Jeddart Ball]] bear more resemblance to rugby than [[association football]], since passing and carrying by hand play a large part in them. The [[Kirkwall Ba game]] still takes place, and involves scrummaging. Scottish soccer enthusiasts also cite these games as ancestral to their sport.

There is evidence for schoolboys playing a "football" ball game in Aberdeen in 1633 (some references cite 1636) which is notable as an early allusion to what some((who|date=November 2022)) have considered to be passing the ball. The word "pass" in the most recent translation is derived from "huc percute" (strike it here) and later ''((lang|la|repercute pilam))'' (strike the ball again) in the original Latin. It is not certain that the ball was being struck between members of the same team.  The original word translated as "goal" is ''((lang|la|metum))'', literally meaning the "pillar at each end of the circus course" in a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] chariot race. There is a reference to "get hold of the ball before [another player] does" (Praeripe illi pilam si possis agere) suggesting that handling of the ball was allowed. One sentence states in the original 1930 translation "Throw yourself against him" (''((lang|la|Age, objice te illi))''). It is clear that the game was rough and tackles allowed included the "charging" and pushing/holding of opposing players ("drive that man back" in the original translation, "repelle eum" in original Latin). It has been suggested((by whom|date=November 2022)) that this game bears similarities to [[rugby football]].

Contrary to media reports in 2006 there is no reference to forward passing, game rules, marking players or team formation. These reports described it as "an amazing new discovery" but has actually been well documented in football history literature since the early 20th century and available on the internet since at least 2000.<ref>Marples, Morris ''A History of Football'', Secker and Warburg, London 1954</ref>

===1800s–present===
[[File:Scotland rugbyteam 1871.jpg|thumb|left|Scotland's First Rugby Team, 1871, for the 1st international, v England in Edinburgh, Scotland won by 1 goal & 1 try to 1 try]]
The world's oldest continual rugby fixture was first played in 1858 between [[Merchiston Castle School]] and the former pupils of [[Edinburgh Academy|The Edinburgh Academy]].

Scotland was responsible for organising the [[1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match|very first rugby International]] when a side representing [[England national rugby union team|England]] met the Scottish national side on the cricket field of the Edinburgh Academy at their [[Raeburn Place]] ground on 27 March 1871; Scotland won by one goal.<ref>[https://www.scottishsporthistory.com/sports-history-news-and-blog/a-window-on-sporting-history-the-first-rugby-match-scotland-v-england-in-1871 A window on sporting history: the first rugby match, Scotland v England in 1871], Andy Mitchell, Scottish Sport History, 10 August 2019</ref> The Scottish Football Union (SFU) - later named SRU - was founded in 1873 (in the Staff Common Room at The Glasgow Academy) and was a founding member of the [[International Rugby Board]] in 1886 with [[Irish Rugby Football Union|Ireland]] and [[Welsh Rugby Union|Wales]]. (England refused to join until 1890).

Since that time, Scotland have been regular winners of the [[Calcutta Cup]], the five nations championship (discontinued), and have been participants of (having never actually won) the [[Six Nations Championship]], and every [[Rugby World Cup]].

[[File:Greenyardsmelrose.jpg|thumb|Nestling beneath the shadow of the [[Eildon Hills]], the Greenyards at [[Melrose, Scotland|Melrose]] in Scotland (here c. 2008) is the original home of [[rugby sevens]]]]
Scotland has played a seminal role in the development of rugby, notably in [[rugby sevens]], which were initially conceived by [[Ned Haig]], a butcher from [[Melrose, Scotland|Melrose]] as a fundraising event for his local club in 1883. The first ever officially sanctioned international tournament of rugby occurred at [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] as part of the "Scottish Rugby Union's celebration of rugby" centenary celebrations in 1973. Due to the success of the format, the ongoing [[Hong Kong Sevens]] was launched three years later. In 1993, the [[Rugby World Cup Sevens]] was launched and the trophy is known as the ''Melrose Cup'' in memory of Ned Haig's invention.

In 1924 the SFU changed its name to the Scottish Rugby Union.<ref name="1925GS">((cite web| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0020/print.shtml |title=First Scottish Grand Slam |publisher=BBC Scotland |access-date=27 October 2007 |last=MacDonald |first=Paul))</ref> International games were played at [[Inverleith Sports Ground|Inverleith]] from 1899 to 1925 when Murrayfield was opened.

==Competitions==
:''See also'' [[Scottish rugby union system]]
[[File:Rugby Scotland.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] rugby stadium]]
Historically rugby union was an [[amateur]] sport, but the dawn of professionalism changed the way in which the game was structured. The game is divided into professional and non-professional spheres.

Previously there had been a domestic league that covered the country, the top division of which was essentially the elite of club rugby in Scotland. This league was established in the early 1970s to replace the complicated "unofficial championship" that had been competed for previously. Starting in the 1973–74 season, the clubs were organised into a league of six divisions - what today comprises the [[Scottish Premiership (rugby)|Scottish Premiership]] and [[Scottish National Leagues|National League]] elements of the [[Scottish League Championship|League Championship]]. Originally, below the six divisions (but not connected by promotion or relegation) were a series of District Leagues, covering smaller geographical areas, organised by District Unions and sometimes involving second XVs. Over a period of time, these District divisions have been reformed and integrated into the [[Scottish rugby union system]] meaning that today, only four clubs do not have their first XVs in the interconnected league structure.

The entire system is sponsored by the [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] (or RBS), making it known as the ''RBS League Championship''. This league contains Scottish rugby union's traditional big name clubs, such as [[Melrose RFC|Melrose]] and [[Hawick RFC|Hawick]], as well as major city clubs such as [[Boroughmuir RFC|Boroughmuir]], [[Heriots RFC|Heriots]] and [[Watsonians RFC|Watsonians]] from Edinburgh, and [[Glasgow Hawks]] who were formed from an amalgamation of clubs in the 1990s.

==Clubs==
Traditionally, rugby clubs were often formed by universities, ex-pupils of [[independent schools]] and large [[state schools]], and many clubs names still to this day include abbreviations such as:
* 'High School Former Pupils' (for instance, [[Dundee HSFP RFC]])
* 'Former Pupils' (for instance, [[Stewart's Melville FP RFC]])
* 'Grammar School Former Pupils' (for instance, [[Aberdeen GSFP RFC]])
* 'University' ([[Aberdeen University Rugby Football Club]] AURFC)

However, with the introduction of the league system in the 1970s and the resulting increase in competitiveness and standard of play, most of these clubs have had to loosen their participation criteria to include non ex-pupils. In most cases though the clubs squads do still comprise a large proportion of individuals with connections to the schools. Often the clubs will be part-financed, and their grounds maintained or even owned, by the schools themselves.  In recent years the success of traditional 'Borders' league clubs such as Gala, Hawick etc were superimposed by the new breed of clubs such as Ayr RFC, Glasgow Hawks and Stirling County with Ayr securing three Premiership and Cup wins since 2008.

Amalgamations of clubs are also reasonably frequent, and when this occurs the clubs often combine names, as in [[Hillhead Jordanhill RFC]]  or Waysiders/Drumpellier RFC.

==Other leagues==
Scotland is also home to the oldest organised rugby union league in the world,((citation needed|date=November 2012)) the [[Border League]], which was formed in 1901. The Border League does not take part in the pyramid structure of the National League, but all its clubs participate in it (and thus the Border League is now effectively a supplementary competition). Two small 'independent' leagues remain outside the system, the [[Highland Alliance League]] and the [[Grampian Alliance League]] but they have only four clubs between them (the remaining membership being second XVs of clubs in the [[Scottish League Championship|League Championship]]) and are not likely to remain in existence for much longer.

Aside from the schools, the other 'traditional powerhouse' of rugby in Scotland was the universities, and to this day the Scottish universities have their own [[league system]] independent of the [[British Universities & Colleges Sport|BUCS]] system which covers the rest of Great Britain. However, the BUCS Scottish Conference comprises divisions of four or five teams, and therefore not many fixtures each season, so unofficial Saturday University Leagues are organised (somewhat informally) between the universities. As well as having their own leagues the universities often compete in the SRU league structure and cup competitions to a high standard, most notably in 2007–08 [[Aberdeen University Rugby Football Club|Aberdeen University]] became the first university side to make the SHE SRU finals day winning the Plate competition. The significance of the universities to the history of the SRU is evident when it is noted that four of the oldest 17 SRU affiliated clubs are university teams.

Due to the social and amateur nature of the game, most clubs try to run as many teams as possible so that players get games on most weekends, and therefore a large system of what are effectively [[reserve leagues]] operate. Known as second XV, third XV, fourth XV, etc. depending on the quality of the players making up each team, their competitive activities were formally all supervised by [[The Scottish 2nd XV League]] - however in recent years disputes and breakaways have led to the formation of independent 2nd XV leagues in the [[Scottish Borders]] and in and around [[Edinburgh]].

See [[University Leagues in Scotland]] and [[2nd XV Leagues in Scotland]] for details.  For schools rugby see [[Brewin Dolphin Scottish Schools Cup]].

==Changes for the professional era==
((unreferenced section|date=November 2012))
When professionalism was introduced into rugby union in the 1990s, and the [[Heineken Cup]] created for clubs across Europe, the SRU decided that the existing clubs operating in the Scottish leagues were not competitive enough. They were predominantly amateur, or at best paid small wages; they had low supports and small old-fashioned venues; and the quality of their play was, by the nature of these factors, comparatively low versus new professional clubs, provinces and regions in other countries. As a rule their players trained only two nights a week.

Scotland has the oldest District provincial rugby sides in the world. The Glasgow - Edinburgh district derby was first played in 1872, hence the [[1872 Cup]] played today. The District sides traditionally drew together the best amateur players from clubs in a given area; and the [[Scottish Inter-District Championship]] was founded in 1953. There were four standard districts – [[Glasgow District (rugby union)|Glasgow District]]; [[Edinburgh District (rugby union)|Edinburgh District]]; [[North and Midlands]]; and [[South of Scotland rugby union team|South]] – they occasionally competed with an Anglo-Scots or [[Scottish Exiles (rugby union)|Exile]] side as a fifth district in the Championship.

The SRU decided to turn these standard Districts into four professional teams based roughly on the old districts: the [[Border Reivers (rugby)|Border Reivers]] based in Galashiels (with occasional matches elsewhere), the [[Caledonia Reds]] based in Aberdeen and Perth, [[Edinburgh Rugby|Edinburgh]] and [[Glasgow Warriors|Glasgow]].

The aim of creating these 'pro-teams' or 'super-teams' was ensure that Scotland had fairly competitive sides operating in the European competitions, the [[Heineken Cup]] and [[European Challenge Cup]] (as well as the [[European Shield]] during its short existence), and to drive up standards of rugby in the country including developing players for the national side.

Initially the 'pro-teams' were still competing in the [[Scottish Inter-District Championship]], but a [[Welsh-Scottish League]] later developed, and from that development came the Celtic League with Ireland's introduction (and for a time there was also a cup competition, the [[Celtic Cup (rugby union)|Celtic Cup]]). The Celtic League has further expanded and is now known as the [[Pro14]] and consists of Scottish, Welsh, Irish, Italian and South African sides.

===From four teams to two===
The four professional teams struggled in European competition and were a heavy financial burden for the union and for the formation of the [[Pro14|Celtic League]] they were amalgamated into Edinburgh Reivers and Glasgow Caledonian Reds playing in Edinburgh and Glasgow respectively, and later renamed simply Edinburgh and Glasgow.

After a few((how many|date=November 2022)) seasons with two teams, the SRU then reformed a Borders team, initially known as Border Reivers, then renamed The Borders, before reverting to Border Reivers again. At the time of this last change the other two sides were renamed Edinburgh Gunners and Glasgow Warriors. However, the SRU's extreme financial difficulties (they were over £20M in debt((citation needed|date=May 2013))) forced yet another re-think (especially when the Border Reivers were rooted to the bottom of the Celtic League season after season) – at the end of season 2005–06, Edinburgh Gunners were sold to a private consortium led by Alex Carruthers, and renamed Edinburgh Rugby.

===Continuing difficulties===
However, even with the running costs of two instead of three teams, the SRU were still struggling. Attempts were made to find private backers for Glasgow or the Borders (although the only investors interested in the latter wanted to move it to Falkirk, Stirling or Aberdeen) but in the end neither of the teams could be sold. As a result, at the end of 2006–07 the SRU yet again disbanded the [[Border Reivers (rugby)|Border Reivers]], leaving Scotland with two pro-teams, one under private and one under SRU control.

The relationship with [[Alex Carruthers]] and his ERC Group which owned [[Edinburgh Rugby]] proved to be very uncomfortable. The SRU defaulted on payments of competition prize money to ERC, requiring the consortium to invest their own additional funds, and the SRU refused to share bar takings from [[Edinburgh Rugby]] matches at Murrayfield with ERC - at the same time, the SRU was unhappy about the signing policy and the unavailability of players for international team training.

Following a bitter dispute in the press and media during 2007, in which legal action was started, and for a time [[Edinburgh Rugby]] was banned from participating in matches, the SRU agreed to buy back [[Edinburgh Rugby]] from [[Alex Carruthers]]. This caused much unrest in the Scottish Borders, as their team had been wound up only months before, when the SRU insisted it could not finance two pro-teams on its own.

The SRU announced shortly after its buy-back that it intended to rename Edinburgh Rugby as Edinburgh RFC in the future.

From 2014–15. the Heineken Cup and original European Challenge Cup were respectively replaced by the [[European Rugby Champions Cup]] and [[European Rugby Challenge Cup]]. Scotland was guaranteed one place in the Champions Cup, awarded to the Scottish team that finished higher in the previous Pro12 season. The other Scottish team could qualify for the Champions Cup if it was one of the three Pro12 clubs with the best record, outside of the top team from each Pro12 nation (Ireland, Italy, Scotland, Wales). Additionally, starting in 2015–16, the second Scottish team could potentially qualify through a play-off involving another Pro12 side and one each from the [[Premiership Rugby|English Premiership]] and France's [[Top 14]]. Otherwise, that team will participate in the Challenge Cup.

With Pro12 adding two South African teams in 2017–18, leading to that competition adopting its current name of Pro14, the qualification system for the Champions Cup was changed. Effective with the 2017–18 Pro14 season, the top three teams from each of Pro14's two conferences, excluding the South African sides, automatically qualify for the following season's Champions Cup. The previous requirement that each Celtic nation and Italy be represented in the Champions Cup was eliminated. A seventh place in the Champions Cup is awarded to the winner of a play-off between the next best-placed eligible team (again excluding South African sides) from each conference. As in the past, Scottish sides that do not qualify for the Champions Cup receive a place in the Challenge Cup.

Most recently, the SRU has invested in [[Major League Rugby]], a fledgling professional league based in the United States. MLR launched in 2018 with seven teams in the United States, and expanded to nine in 2019 with the addition of single teams in the U.S. and Canada. The SRU purchased a minority stake in [[Washington, D.C.]]-based [[Old Glory DC]], one of three U.S. teams set to join MLR in 2020.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/rugby/story/_/id/26379639/scottish-rugby-take-minority-stake-new-us-team |title=Scottish Rugby take minority stake in new U.S. team |website=ESPN.com |date=28 March 2019 |access-date=28 March 2019))</ref>

==Popularity==
[[File:Weststandmurrayfield.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The West Stand of [[Murrayfield Stadium]], demonstrating the popularity of Scottish rugby at international level]]
[[Rugby union]] is one of the [[national sport]]s of [[Scotland]]. It is most popular in the [[Scottish Borders|Borders region]] where it is played widely, although even here ground is being lost to football, with professionalism and migration contributing to the challenges facing the game .<ref name="Kelly 2008">Kelly (2008) Flowers of Scotland?: Rugby Union, National Identities and Class Distinction. Stadion: International Journal of the History of Sport, 34, 1: 83-99</ref> In the rest of the country rugby tends to be played mainly by private schools.

Whilst attendances at club matches in Scotland are fairly poor, the national team draws a sizeable crowd to [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] for [[Six Nations Championship|Six Nations]] matches. Some traditionalists claim that in recent years the national rugby union team has become a focal point for football-type sporting nationalism.<ref name="Kelly 2008"/>

Aside from Murrayfield, there are few major rugby stadiums in Scotland. Many clubs in the [[Scottish Borders]] have grandstands and city sides in Edinburgh and Glasgow also have seated, covered stands.

===Statistics===
According to the [[International Rugby Board]] as of September 2010, Scotland has 241 rugby union clubs; 343 referees; 7,556 pre-teen male players; 13,402 teen male players; 10,556 senior male players (total male players 31,514) as well as 1,303 (total) female players.[https://web.archive.org/web/20121228000354/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000004/index.html] However, many pre teen players are not registered with the [[Scottish Rugby Union|SRU]].

===Demographics===
((See also|Rugby union in the Scottish Borders))
Rugby union is particularly popular in the [[Scottish Borders|Borders]] region. The towns of [[Hawick]], [[Galashiels]], [[Jedburgh]] and [[Selkirk, Scottish Borders|Selkirk]] have produced many international players.

==National team==
((Main|Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland at the Rugby World Cup))
The first international rugby union match in the world was played between England and Scotland in Edinburgh in 1871. Scotland won 4–1.  The national side is considered by the IRB to belong in the top tier of nations, although they are not as competitive as the elite sides such as [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] or [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]. They usually play their home matches at [[Murrayfield Stadium]] in the West End of [[Edinburgh]].

Scotland contest the [[Calcutta Cup]] with England as part of the [[Six Nations Championship]]. The Calcutta Cup was last won by Scotland in the 2021 Six Nations Championship beating England 11-6.

Every four years the [[British and Irish Lions]] go on tour with players from Scotland as well as England, Ireland and Wales. Scottish players are also regularly selected to represent [[Barbarian F.C.|The Barbarians]].

==Scottish Sports Hall of Fame==
The following rugby players have been inducted to the [[Scottish Sports Hall of Fame]]:
*[[Finlay Calder]]
*[[Douglas Elliot]]
*[[Gavin Hastings]]
*[[Andy Irvine (rugby player)|Andy Irvine]]
*[[George MacPherson]]
*[[Mark Morrison (rugby)|Mark Morrison]]
*[[David Sole]]
*[[Robert Wilson Shaw]]
*[[Grahame Budge]]

At least two other rugby players were inducted primarily for achievements in other sports—[[Eric Liddell]] in athletics, and [[Leslie Balfour-Melville]] (1854–1937), who played many other sports, as an all-rounder.

==See also==
((commons category))

*[[Sport in Scotland]]
*[[Sport in the United Kingdom]]
*[[Rugby union in the British Isles]]
*[[Rugby league in Scotland]]

==Bibliography==
* Bath, Richard (ed.) ''The Complete Book of Rugby'' (Seven Oaks Ltd, 1997 ((ISBN|1-86200-013-1)))
* Richards, Huw ''A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union'' ([[Mainstream Publishing]], Edinburgh, 2007, ((ISBN|978-1-84596-255-5)))

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.scottishrugby.org/ Scottish Rugby Union] Official site of Scottish Rugby
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121228000354/http://www.irb.com/unions/union=11000004/index.html Scotland] International Rugby Board
* [https://www.pro14rugby.org Guinness Pro14]
* [http://www.glasgow7s.com/ Glasgow Sevens Festival]
* [http://www.scotsman.com/sport/rugby Rugby] Scotsman.com
* [http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/rugby Rugby] Herald Scotland
* [http://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/SectionPage.aspx/PJHome/PJSport/PJRugby Rugby] Press and Journal
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/scottish/ Scottish Rugby] BBC Sport
* [http://sport.stv.tv/rugby/ Rugby] STV Sport

((Rugby union in Scotland))
((Rugby union in Europe))
((Sport in Scotland))
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Return to Rugby union in Scotland.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Scotland"