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((Use dmy dates|date=November 2013))
((Use Australian English|date=November 2013))
((More citations needed|date=December 2022))
((Infobox government agency
| agency_name     = SA Ambulance Service
| logo            = SA Ambulance Service logo.svg
| logo_width      = 100 px
| logo_caption    = 
| formed          = 1993
| preceding1      = [[St. John Ambulance Australia]]
| dissolved       = 
| superseding     = 
| jurisdiction    = ((flag|South Australia))
| headquarters    = 205 Greenhill Road, Eastwood SA 5063
| employees       = * ~1600 salaried
* ~1200 volunteers <ref name="SAASAboutUs" />
| budget          = 
| chief1_name     = Robert Elliott [[Ambulance Service Medal|ASM]] MStJ
| chief1_position = Chief Executive Officer
| parent_agency   = [[SA Health]]
| child1_agency   = [[MedSTAR]]
| website         = ((Official website|www.saambulance.com.au))
| footnotes       = 
))

'''SA Ambulance Service''' (SAAS) is a State Government agency under [[SA Health]], that provides emergency ambulance transport, clinical care and non emergency patient transport services to over 1.5 million people, distributed across an area of 1,043,514 square kilometres in [[South Australia]], Australia.

The service employs approximately 1600 people, and utilizes 1200 volunteers, working out of 105 locations, operating 385 ambulance vehicles to provide emergency, non-emergency, aeromedical, rescue and retrieval services across the entire state.

==History==
[[File:Hindmarsh Volunteer Ambulance Service 1923.jpg|right|thumb|Hindmarsh Volunteer Ambulance 1923]]In 1949 the metropolitan area was served by:<ref>((Cite news|author=Blake Brownrigg|date=15 November 1949|title=We've been lucky so far but it's time to overhaul ... Adelaides's haphazard ambulance service|page=4|newspaper=[[The News (Adelaide)|The News]]|publisher=National Library of Australia|location=Adelaide|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article130766168|accessdate=30 October 2013))</ref>
* SA Ambulance Transport Inc. (originally Hindmarsh Volunteer Ambulance formed in 1921), seven vehicles based at Hindmarsh, Unley (from March 1931 on behalf of Unley City Council<ref>((cite news|date=31 March 1931|title=UNLEY AMBULANCE.|page=10|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|Advertiser and Register (Adelaide, SA : 1931)]]|publisher=National Library of Australia|location=Adelaide|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article45757652|accessdate=15 December 2013))</ref>) and Port Adelaide (started in July 1922 as Port Adelaide Citizen's Ambulance<ref>((cite news|date=29 July 1922|title=PORT ADELAIDE MOTOR AMBULANCE.|page=9|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|publisher=National Library of Australia|location=Adelaide|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49108395|accessdate=15 December 2013))</ref>)
* Civil Ambulance ([[South Australia Police|Police Department]]) two vehicles based at Angas St, Adelaide
* Northern Suburbs Ambulance Association, one vehicle based at Prospect since 1 January 1947<ref>((cite news|date=1 January 1947|title=NORTHERN SUBURBAN FREE AMBULANCE|page=4|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|publisher=National Library of Australia|location=Adelaide|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30505002|accessdate=30 October 2013))</ref>
* Joe Myren's Private Ambulance, one vehicle based at Glen Osmond Road, Parkside since June 1927<ref>((cite news|date=28 July 1927|title=STUDEBAKER AMBULANCE.|page=17|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|publisher=National Library of Australia|location=Adelaide|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article43595862|accessdate=30 October 2013))</ref>[[File:Joe Myren Private Ambulance July 1927.png|right|thumb|Joe Myren's Private Ambulance 1927]]

In a ceremony at the St. John Ambulance Brigade annual review on Sunday 21 September 1952<ref>((cite news|date=22 September 1952|title=New Task For St. John Ambulance|page=3|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|publisher=National Library of Australia|location=Adelaide|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47416682|accessdate=30 October 2013))</ref> metropolitan ambulance services in Adelaide (and later the country services) were formally merged to run by the ''St. John Council for South Australia Inc.'' which was part of [[St John Ambulance Australia|St John Ambulance]] until 1993. Joe Myren's Private Ambulance was not merged<ref>((cite news|date=23 September 1952|title=POINTS FROM LETTERS.|page=4|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|publisher=National Library of Australia|location=Adelaide|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47429305|accessdate=30 October 2013))</ref> immediately and continued to run independently until 1955 when the business and vehicle were sold to St. John for £500.<ref>((cite book|last1=Howie-Willis|first1=Ian|title=South Australians and St. John Ambulance, 1885-1985: the centenary history of the Order of St. John in South Australia|last2=Fegan|first2=Beryl|date=1985|publisher=St. John Council for South Australia|isbn=0959287418|location=Adelaide|page=244))</ref>

Through to the 1980s, the ambulance service in metropolitan Adelaide was staffed by volunteers at nights and weekends. After a series of industrial disputes from 1977 and parliamentary enquiries through the 1980s the service moved to a fully paid service in the metropolitan area by 1991<ref>((cite news|date=7 May 1991|title=St John volunteers close shop|page=10|work=The Advertiser|publisher=News limited|location=Adelaide|url=http://www.old-ambulance.com/Metro_STJ_vollies.htm|accessdate=28 May 2019))</ref> as well as major country centres, representing a huge shift in public opinion from the strong support of volunteerism in 1979.<ref>((cite book|last1=Cornwall|first1=John|title=Just for the Record: The Political Recollections of [[John Cornwall (South Australian politician)|John Cornwall]]|date=1989|publisher=Wakefield Press|isbn=9781862542563|location=Adelaide|pages=60–63))</ref>

SAAS came into being in 1993 as a result of the Ambulance Services Act 1992 which formed an association ''S.A. St. John Ambulance Service Inc'' as a joint venture between the Minister of Health and Priory in Australia of the Grand Priory of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem.<ref>[http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/AMBULANCE%20SERVICES%20ACT%201992/2006.02.16/1992.92.PDF Ambulance Services Act 1992] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317041526/http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/AMBULANCE%20SERVICES%20ACT%201992/2006.02.16/1992.92.PDF|date=17 March 2011))</ref> The name of the association was amended to SA Ambulance Service Inc in 2005<ref>((Cite Legislation AU|SA|bill|asasiab2005444|Ambulance Services (SA Ambulance Service Inc) Amendment Bill 2005))</ref> and in 2008,<ref>((Cite Legislation AU|SA|act|hca200892|Health Care Act 2008|49))</ref> SAAS became an agency under the Minister of Health.

==Organisation==
SA Ambulance service is led by a [[CEO]] who is responsible to the South Australian Minister for Health and Wellbeing through the [[SA Health|Department of Health and Wellbeing (SA Health)]].<ref name="anreport21">((cite web |title=SA Ambulance Annual Report |url=https://saambulance.sa.gov.au//app/uploads/2021/12/SA-Ambulance-Service-Annual-Report-2020-2021.pdf |website=SA Ambulance |publisher=SA Ambulance Service |access-date=29 December 2022))</ref><ref name="SAASAboutUs">((cite web |title=About Us |url=https://saambulance.sa.gov.au/about-us/ |website=SA Ambulance Service |access-date=29 December 2022 |language=en-AU))</ref>

* '''Chief Executive Officer (CEO)'''
** '''Chief Medical Officer''' Provides clinical direction and oversight to SA Ambulance.
** '''Executive Director, Operations (Metropolitan)''' is responsible for emergency and non-emergency Ambulance operations in the [[Adelaide]] Metropolitan area.
** '''Executive Director Operations (Country)''' is responsible for emergency and non-emergency Ambulance operations in regional and rural South Australia
** '''Executive Director, Clinical Services''' is responsible for clinical governance, patient safety, clinical development and clinical education units.
** '''Executive Director Critical Services''' is responsible for the emergency operations centre, planning and resourcing, clinical hub, and operational systems.
** '''Director, Strategy and Operational Reform''' 
** '''Executive Director Rescue, Retrieval and Aviation Services (RRAS)''' is responsible for special operations, rescue, retrieval and aviation operations.
** '''Director Clinical Services SAAS MedSTAR''' is responsible for [[MedSTAR]] which includes SA Ambulance's critical care medical retrievals and MedSTAR Kids
** '''Director Workforce''' is responsible for [[human resources]], [[occupational safety and health|work place health and safety]], [[industrial relations]] and workforce strategy and planning.
** '''Executive Director Corporate Services''' is responsible for financial services, business services, [[information technology|ICT]], fleet services and records.


==Ambulance types==

SA Ambulance Service is known to operate a variety of emergency and non-emergency vehicles across the state, which travel in excess of 10 million kilometres each year. All vehicles have distinctive green, green cheque and yellow livery, high visibility LED lightbars and warning lights and sirens. Most SAAS Ambulance vans feature custom SA license plates starting with 'AMB' and then the fleet number of the vehicles, for example, an Ambulance with the fleet number 277 has the license plate 'AMB·277'.

===Emergency Ambulances===
[[File:SA Ambulance PTS.jpg|thumb|Emergency Ambulance]]
[[File:South Australian Ambulance Service Community Response Vehicle.png|thumb|Community Response Vehicle]]

SA Ambulance Service operates 270 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Ambulances for use in metropolitan and regional areas, and 10 Toyota Landcruiser 70 series Ambulances for use in rural and remote areas.<ref name="SAASFleet">((cite web |title=SA Ambulance Vehicles |url=https://saambulance.sa.gov.au/about-us/sa-ambulance-vehicles/ |website=SA Ambulance Service |access-date=29 December 2022 |language=en-AU))</ref> All salaried emergency ambulance crews rostered within the Adelaide metropolitan area and major country centres are skilled at least Paramedic level (3-year degree + 1-year internship) with numerous crews skilled at Intensive Care Paramedic level (3-year degree + 1-year internship + 2 years paramedic experience as a minimum + graduate diploma + an ICP internship). In smaller rural areas of South Australia approximately 1,000 Ambulance volunteers crew emergency ambulances and community response vehicles (station wagons/4 wheel drives). SAAS Clinical Education unit (a Registered Training Organisation) trains volunteer Ambulance Assists & Ambulance Responders to Nationally accredited Certificate II in Medical Service First Response and Ambulance Officers to Certificate IV in Health Care Level. SAAS is one of three emergency ambulance providers in South Australia (in addition to Royal Flying Doctor Service and the Department of Defence.

===Patient Transport Service===
Mercedes Benz Sprinter Ambulances are used by both the Patient Transport Service (PTS) and Emergency Support Service (ESS) crews. PTS and ESS Ambulance Officers are trained via the SAAS Clinical Education unit (a Registered Training Organisation) To the Nationally Accredited Certificate IV in Health Care qualification.

===Extended Care Paramedics===
SAAS also operate a team of Extended Care Paramedics, who operate from Mercedes Valente vans.<ref name="SAASFleet" /> Unlike regular paramedics, ECPs are able to treat patients for common medical issues, and refer to other health providers such as GPs if needed, reducing the need to transport patients to hospital emergency departments unnecessarily.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.saambulance.com.au/Whoweare/Emergency/Singleresponders/ExtendedCareParamedics.aspx|title=About Us))</ref>

===SPRINT (Single Paramedic Response and INTervention)===
SPRINT Paramedics use Volkswagen Tiguan Allspace 162TSI vehicles for rapid response purposes within the Adelaide metropolitan area.<ref name="Sprint">((Cite web|url=http://www.saambulance.com.au/Whoweare/Emergency/Singleresponders/SPRINT.aspx|title = About Us))</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/KSx5yq2KRg8 Ghostarchive]((cbignore)) and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140609104947/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSx5yq2KRg8 Wayback Machine]((cbignore)): ((cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSx5yq2KRg8| title = SA Ambulance Service Sprint Cars video | website=[[YouTube]]))((cbignore))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.premier.sa.gov.au/news/media-releases/news/sprinting-to-the-aid-of-patients|title=Sprinting to the aid of patients|date=June 2020))</ref>

===SPRINT Bicycles (BRU)===
SPRINT paramedics<ref name="Sprint" /> also utilise bicycles at major events where heavy pedestrian traffic may reduce response times for larger vehicles. The crews may help guide ambulances through busy areas, and carry limited medical equipment including oxygen and a defibrillator.

=== Special operations and specialty ===
The Special Operations Team use Toyota Landcruiser 4WD vehicles and a purpose-built Mercedes Sprinter rescue support vehicle when performing the SOT responder role. SA Ambulance has a Mercedes Benz Sprinter [[bariatric]] transport ambulance.<ref name="SAASFleet" />

===Management & Operational Command Vehicles===
SAAS use a mix of Holden Trailblazer and Colorado vehicles for Team Leaders and Managers. An Isuzu 16-tonne Tactical Support Vehicle is used as a command vehicle for major incidents and planned events. SA Ambulance services also has Fuso Canter trucks for logistics.<ref name="SAASFleet" />

===Airwing===
SAAS are the controlling authority for the five Babcock Rescue Helicopters (1 [[EC 130]] and 4 [[Bell 412]]), for the use of roadside trauma response, medical retrievals, training exercises and [[South Australia Police|SAPOL]], [[Country Fire Service|CFS]] and [[State Emergency Service|SES]] operations. The Royal Flying Doctor Service operates a number of Pilatus PC12 aircraft performing inter-hospital transfers from regional area and first response ambulance service in remote areas.

==Special Operations Team==

Special Operations Team (SOT) rescue paramedics are trained in high-risk rescue procedures. They work closely with other emergency services and the [[South Australian Police]] [[Special Tasks and Rescue|STAR Group]]. SOT Paramedics also cycle through the [[MedSTAR]] retrieval service.

==Communications==
The SAAS Emergency Operations Centre (EOC), based in [[Eastwood, South Australia|Eastwood]], [[Adelaide]], primarily answers emergency triple-zero (000) calls using the [[AMPDS|MPDS]] dispatch system. The EOC coordinates SA Ambulance Service resources. The EOC also coordinates the dispatch of the Rescue Helicopter Service and [[MedSTAR]] Retrieval Service. Emergency medical dispatch support officers (EMDSO) coordinate calls from the Divers Emergency Service and the SA Trauma Service.

Communications between paramedics and the EOC is conducted primarily through [[Mobile data terminal|Mobile Data Terminals]]<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.governmentnews.com.au/2012/12/20/article/South-Australia-dials-into-3G-data-for-Ambulances/WRDMVMJUFK|title = 20-minute suburbs: Australia's walking-friendly cities|date = 25 March 2019))</ref> and  [[Government Radio Network (Australia)|SA GRN]] pagers and radios, but mobile phones may also be used in some circumstances.

==See also==
* [[Ambulance]]
* [[Paramedic]]
* [[000 emergency|000 Emergency]]

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

==Further reading==
* ((cite book |editor1-last=Woods |editor1-first=Glen 
    |title=Two pennies and a piece of wire. Personal glimpses of the first 60 years of organised ambulance service in South Australia: 1952-2012 
    |date=2012 |publisher=SA Ambulance Service Retired Officers' Association Inc |location=Adelaide |pages=64
    |isbn=9780646569581
    |quote=Take a wild ride back in time to the 1950s with eight retired ambulance officers as your irreverent tour guides.))

==External links==
* [http://www.saambulance.com.au Official Website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/saambulanceservice Official YouTube channel]

((Ambulance services in Australia))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Ambulance services in Australia]]
[[Category:Emergency services in South Australia]]
[[Category:Government agencies of South Australia]]
[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in South Australia|Ambulance]]

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