SMART Recovery
Formation1994; 30 years ago (1994)
Headquarters7304 Mentor Avenue
Suite F
Mentor, Ohio 44060
Websitewww.smartrecovery.org Edit this at Wikidata

SMART Recovery is an international community of peer support groups that help people recover from addictive and problematic behaviors, using a self-empowering and evidence-informed program. SMART stands for Self-Management and Recovery Training. The SMART approach is secular and research-based. SMART has a global reach, with a presence established in more than 30 countries.[1] SMART Recovery is effective with a range of addictive and problematic behaviors (alcohol, drugs, gambling, overeating, internet use etc.) [2]

Meetings of SMART participants are held throughout the week, both in person and online.[3] These meetings, which tend to run from 60 to 90 minutes each, are confidential, free, and guided by trained facilitators. Facilitators can be volunteers or professionals. Participants in various stages of recovery, or simply curious about pursuing recovery, share lessons and challenges from their own journeys, while exploring, through discussion, a suite of scientifically grounded psychology tools and techniques.

The SMART approach is built on the belief that freedom from substance use disorders and behavioral addictions fundamentally requires the exercise of personal choice. The SMART model is built on psychological tools of cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing. SMART was initially developed by medical professionals seeking more effective methods to treat patients. At the same time, SMART acknowledges that certain individuals can benefit from a blend of approaches, and does not discourage people from using other methods whilst attending SMART meetings. SMART endeavors to be inclusive for all participants.

The organization’s methods and meetings are congenial to participants who choose treatment with appropriately prescribed medications. SMART recognizes some participants may be seeking to regulate behaviors whilst others may choose abstinence. Throughout its global network of affiliates can be found both large scale SMART Recovery meetings and specific meetings tailored to prison inmates, military personnel, the LBGTQIA+ communities, young adults and family & friends of people engaged in or trying to achieve independence from addictive and problematic behaviors.

Methodology

SMART Recovery is based on scientific knowledge and is intended to evolve as scientific knowledge evolves.[4] The program uses principles of motivational interviewing, found in motivational enhancement therapy (MET),[5] and techniques taken from rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), as well as scientifically validated research on treatment.[6] The SMART Recovery Program and meetings are congenial to participants who choose to use appropriately-prescribed medications, including opioid-agonist medications, as part of their recovery programs.[7]

The organization's program emphasizes four areas, called the 4-Point Program, in the process of recovery: Building Motivation, Coping with Urges, Problem Solving, and Lifestyle Balance.[8] The "SMART Toolbox" is a collection of various MET, CBT and REBT methods, or "tools", which address the 4 Points.[9]

SMART Recovery can be used as a stand-alone primary recovery support program for those seeking help recovering from addictions but does not insist on being exclusive.[10] The program does not use the 12 steps that make up the basis of the various "Anonymous" self-help groups (e.g., Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Narcotics Anonymous (NA), etc.) and is generally listed as an "Alternative to AA" or an "Alternative to the 12 Steps."[11][12][13] SMART Recovery believes that each individual finds their own path to recovery. Though listed as an "alternative", it is also suggested as a possible "supplement" to 12-step programs in SMART Recovery's main program publication, The SMART Recovery Handbook.[14]

Stages of change

SMART Recovery recognizes that participants may be in one or more of various stages of change and that different exercises may be helpful at different stages.[15]

  1. Precontemplation – At this stage, the participant may not realize that they have a problem.[15]
  2. Contemplation – The participant evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of the addiction by performing a cost/benefit analysis.[15]
  3. Determination/Preparation – The participant decides to pursue personal change, and may complete a Change Plan Worksheet.[15]
  4. Action – The participant seeks out new ways of handling their addiction behavior. This can include self-help, the support of addiction help group or professional guidance.[15]
  5. Maintenance – After a few months, the participant's behavior has been changed and now seeks to maintain their gains.[15]
  6. Graduation/Exit – Once a participant has sustained a long period of change, they may choose to move on with their lives and "graduate" from SMART Recovery.[15]

Side event: Relapse – Although not inevitable, relapses are a normal part of the change cycle and if handled well, can serve as a learning experience in overcoming an addiction.[15]

Meetings

SMART Recovery meetings are free for all wishing to attend and are intended to be informational as well as supportive.[8] Over 1500 weekly group meetings led by volunteer facilitators are held worldwide.[16] In addition, the organization provides online resources and support to the volunteers and those attending the groups and one or more daily online meetings.[17]

Meetings are also held in correctional facilities in many states, including: Arizona, California, Florida, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.[18]

Effectiveness

A 2018 longitudinal study compared the self-reported success of SMART Recovery, LifeRing Secular Recovery, Women for Sobriety, and Alcoholics Anonymous. After normalizing for income and other demographic factors, the study saw that SMART Recovery fared worse across the outcomes of alcohol abstinence, alcohol drinking problems, and total abstinence, compared to Alcoholics Anonymous. However, after normalizing for treatment goal, SMART Recovery members who pursued abstinence did as well across all three factors as members of AA. In other words, among AA members and members of SMART Recovery who wanted to abstain, there was no significant difference in the success rate.[19]

History

The first SMART Recovery meeting was held in the United States in 1994, and the organization established its original headquarters in Mentor, Ohio. As interest grew, SMART meetings spread into Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia. Thirty years later, the expansion is ongoing, with SMART meetings now held in 36 countries and 16 languages.[20]

In 2017, SMART Recovery International (SRI) was established. SRI is the governing body for the global SMART Recovery community.[21] SRI is overseen by a Board of international Directors mostly drawn from national SMART Recovery organizations. It receives advice from the SMART Recovery Global Research Committee. SMART affiliates in individual countries maintain their own governance structures as independent entities that are licensed to use the SMART Recovery intellectual property by SMART Recovery International. Specific program offerings can differ among these entities. SMART Recovery relies on funding from voluntary donations, philanthropy and grants.[22]

SMART Recovery also offers for sale a Participant Handbook and other related publications.[23]

Recognition

The following organizations recognize SMART Recovery.

United States

American Academy of Family Physicians [24]

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA).[25] NIAA is an agency of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)[26]

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) [27]

United Kingdom

Public Health England[28]
National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE)[28]

Recovery Orientated Drug Treatment Expert Group (RODT) [28]

Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) [28]

Australia
Lifeline (crisis support service)[29]
Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre[30]

See also

References

  1. ^ "GROWTH" (PDF). SMART Recovery. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  2. ^ "FAQs- SMART Recovery". SMART Recovery. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  3. ^ Savage, Melanie (17 January 2022). "AHM's SMART Recovery program provides support during trying times". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  4. ^ Steinberger, H. (2004). SMART Recovery Handbook. Mentor, Ohio: Alcohol & Drug Abuse Self-Help Network, Inc. pp. Section 1/Page 5. ISBN 0-615-13135-2.
  5. ^ Miller, W.R.; et al. (1995). "Motivational Enhancement Therapy Manual: A Clinical Research Guide for Therapists Treating Individuals With Alcohol Abuse and Dependence.". Project MATCH Monograph Series. National Institute of Health.
  6. ^ Hester & Miller (2002). Handbook of Alcoholism Treatment Approaches: Effective Alternatives. University of Michigan: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-36064-5.
  7. ^ "SMART Recovery MAT/OAT Behavioral Care Support Program". SMART Recovery. since its beginning in 1994, SMART has always welcomed participants using appropriately prescribed, FDA-approved medications for treatment of an addiction and/or its underlying mental health problems.
  8. ^ a b Shaw, BR; et al. (2005). Addiction & Recovery for Dummies. Wiley Publishing. pp. 176–177. ISBN 0-7645-7625-9.
  9. ^ Brooks, A.J.; Penn, P. E. (2003). "Comparing treatments for dual diagnosis: Twelve-Step and Self Management and Recovery Training". American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 29 (2): 359–383. doi:10.1081/ADA-120020519. PMID 12765211. S2CID 9257240.
  10. ^ Hardin, Rosemary (2013). SMART Recovery Handbook. Mentor, Ohio: Alcohol & Drug Abuse Self-Help Network, Inc. pp. Chapter 1: Welcome to SMART, Section: How is SMART different from other recovery programs?. ISBN 978-0-615-85267-6.
  11. ^ Miller, W. R.; Kurtz, E. (1994). "Models of alcoholism used in treatment: Contrasting A.A. and other perspectives with which it is often confused". Journal of Studies on Alcohol. 55 (2): 159–166. doi:10.15288/jsa.1994.55.159. PMID 8189736.
  12. ^ Volpicelli, Joseph; Maia Szalavitz (2000). Recovery Options: The Complete Guide. Wiley Publishing. pp. 149–151. ISBN 0-471-34575-X.
  13. ^ "SMART Alternative Self-Help Groups Tackle Substance Abuse". Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2007-12-12.
  14. ^ Steinberger, H. (2004). SMART Recovery Handbook. Mentor, Ohio: Alcohol & Drug Abuse Self-Help Network, Inc. pp. Section 1/Page 4. ISBN 0-615-13135-2.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Steinberger, H. (2004). SMART Recovery Handbook. Mentor, Ohio: Alcohol & Drug Abuse Self-Help Network, Inc. pp. Section 2/Page 8. ISBN 0-615-13135-2.
  16. ^ "1500 SMART Recovery Meetings – SMART Recovery". 30 June 2015.
  17. ^ "Online Meeting Schedule". Retrieved 2009-05-29.
  18. ^ "SMART Recovery". SMART Recovery. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  19. ^ Zemore, Sarah E; Lui, Camillia; Mericle, Amy; Hemberg, Jordana; Kaskutas, Lee Ann (2018). "A longitudinal study of the comparative efficacy of Women for Sobriety, LifeRing, SMART Recovery, and 12-step groups for those with AUD". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 88: 18–26. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2018.02.004. PMC 5884451. PMID 29606223.
  20. ^ "SMART Recovery Online Meetings". SMART Recovery. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  21. ^ "SMART Recovery International". SMART Recovery. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  22. ^ "Strategic Plan 2021-22: Leading the Future of SMART Recovery". SMART Recovery. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  23. ^ "SMART Recovery Bookstore". SMART Recovery Bookstore. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  24. ^ "Substance Abuse--How To Recognize It". American Family Physician. 67 (7). 2003-04-01.
  25. ^ "Recommend Evidence-Based Treatment: Know the Options". National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAA.org). Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  26. ^ "National Institute on Drug Abuse director to speak on addiction recovery". The News-Herald. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  27. ^ "Staying Connected is Important: Virtual Recovery Resources" (PDF). SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
  28. ^ a b c d "A briefing on the evidence-based drug and alcohol treatment guidance recommendations on mutual aid". GOV.CO.UK. Public Health England. 10 April 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  29. ^ "SMART Recovery Australia". Lifeline Support Toolkit. Lifeline. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  30. ^ "Patient Pathways Study". Turning Point. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

Further reading

  • Brown JM. (1998) Self-Regulation and the Addictive Behaviors. in Treating Addictive Behaviors, 2nd ed. Miller WR & Heather N. eds. Plenum Press, NY. ISBN 0-306-45852-7
  • Ellis A. & Velten E. (1992) Rational Steps To Quitting Alcohol: When AA Doesn't Work For You. Barricade Books, NY. ISBN 0-942637-53-4
  • Gerstein J. (1998) Rational Recovery, SMART Recovery and non-twelve step recovery programs. In Principles Of Addiction Medicine, 2nd ed. American Society of Addiction Medicine, Chevy Chase ISBN 1-880425-08-4
  • Mattson ME. (1998) Finding the Right Approach. in Miller WR & Heather N. Treating Addictive Behaviors. 2nd ed. Plenum Press, NY. ISBN 0-306-45852-7
  • Myers PL. (2002) Beware of the Man of One Book: Processing Ideology in Addictions Education. J of Teaching in the Addictions. pp 1:69-90
  • Vuchinich RE & Tucker JA. (1998) Choice, Behavioral Economics, and Addictive Behavior Patterns. in Treating Addictive Behaviors ISBN 0-306-45852-7
  • Brooks, A. J.; Penn, P. E. (2003). "Comparing treatments for dual diagnosis: Twelve-step and Self-Management and Recovery Training". American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 29 (2): 359–383. doi:10.1081/ADA-120020519. PMID 12765211. S2CID 9257240.

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