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((short description|Class of 110 three-cylinder 4-6-2 locomotives))
((Use British English|date=November 2016))
((Use dmy dates|date=June 2021))
((Infobox locomotive
| powertype = Steam
| name = SR unrebuilt West Country/Battle of Britain classes<ref name=Herring>Herring (2000), pp. 160–161</ref>
| image = Wadebridge (530149724).jpg
| imagesize = 320
| alt = Side-and-front view of a large 4-6-2 steam locomotive with a tender. The locomotive boiler is hidden by a casing of flat metal side sheets.
| caption = A West Country Class at Toddington
| designer = [[Oliver Bulleid]]
| builder = ((unbulleted list|SR/BR Brighton Works (104)|BR Eastleigh Works (6)))
| builddate = 1945–1951
| totalproduction = 110
| whytetype = 4-6-2 (''Pacific'')
| gauge = ((RailGauge|ussg|allk=on))
| leadingdiameter = ((convert|3|ft|1|in|m|3|abbr=on))
| driverdiameter = ((convert|6|ft|2|in|m|3|abbr=on))
| trailingdiameter = ((convert|3|ft|1|in|m|3|abbr=on))
| length = ((convert|67|ft|4.75|in|m|2|abbr=on))
| locoweight = ((convert|86|LT|t ST|1|abbr=on))
| fueltype = [[Coal]]
| fuelcap = ((convert|5.00|LT|t ST|1|abbr=on))
| watercap = ((convert|4500|impgal|L USgal|-1|abbr=on))
| cylindercount = 3
| cylindersize = ((convert|16.375|x|24|in|mm|0|abbr=on))
| firearea = ((convert|38.25|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on))
| boilerpressure = ((convert|280|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on|lk=on))
| tractiveeffort = ((convert|31046|lbf|kN|1|abbr=on))
| operator = ((unbulleted list|[[Southern Railway (Great Britain)|Southern Railway]]|[[Southern Region of British Railways|British Railways (Southern Region)]]))
| operatorclass = ''SR / BR:'' Light Pacifics
| fleetnumbers = ((unbulleted list|SR: 21C101 – 21C170|BR: 34001–34110))
| powerclass = ((unbulleted list|''BR (January 1949):'' 6MT|''BR (December 1953):'' 7P5F|''BR (November 1957):'' 7P6F))
| locale = [[Great Britain]]
| withdrawndate = 1963–1967
| disposition = 60 rebuilt (see below); 10 preserved, 40 [[scrap]]ped
))
The '''SR West Country and Battle of Britain classes''', collectively known as '''''Light Pacifics''''' or informally as ''Spam Cans'', or "flat tops", are [[streamliner|air-smoothed]] [[4-6-2|4-6-2 ''Pacific'']] [[steam locomotive]]s designed for the [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] by its [[Chief Mechanical Engineer]] [[Oliver Bulleid]]. Incorporating a number of new developments in British steam locomotive technology, they were amongst the first British designs to use welding in the construction process, and to use steel [[Firebox (steam engine)|firebox]]es, which meant that components could be more easily constructed under wartime austerity and post-war economy.<ref name=TnP>Arlett (1989), p. 29–30</ref>

They were designed to be lighter in weight than their sister locomotives, the [[SR Merchant Navy class|Merchant Navy class]], to permit use on a wider variety of routes, including the south-west of England and the [[Kent]] coast. They were a [[Mixed-traffic locomotive|mixed-traffic]] design, being equally adept at hauling passenger and freight trains, and were used on all types of services, frequently far below their capabilities. A total of 110&nbsp;locomotives were constructed between 1945 and 1950, named after [[West Country]] resorts or [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) and other subjects associated with the [[Battle of Britain]].

Due to problems with some of the new features, such as the [[Bulleid chain-driven valve gear]], sixty locomotives were rebuilt by [[British Rail]]ways during the late 1950s.<ref name=Fairclough8>Fairclough & Wills (1970), p. 11</ref> The results were similar to the rebuilt Merchant Navy class.<ref name=Fairclough9>Fairclough & Wills (1970), p. 34</ref> The classes operated until July 1967, when the last steam locomotives on the [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]] were withdrawn. Although most were scrapped, twenty locomotives are preserved on [[heritage railways]] in Britain.

==Background==
The financial success enjoyed by the Southern Railway during the 1930s was based on the completion of its London [[Suburban rail|suburban]] [[railway electrification|electrification]] scheme in 1929 and the subsequent electrification of the main lines to [[Brighton Main Line|Brighton and the Sussex Coast]] and to [[Portsmouth Direct Line|Guildford and Portsmouth]].<ref name=Whitehouse1>Whitehouse & Thomas (2002), p. 34</ref> Despite electrification plans, the Southern Railway's less heavily used lines in the [[West Country]] beyond [[Salisbury]] did not merit the cost. Lines in [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]] were meandering, heavily graded, and although heavy with summer holiday traffic were lightly used during the winter months.<ref name=Whitehouse1/>  The seasonality of railway traffic meant that the West Country branches were worked by the ageing [[LSWR T9 class|T9&nbsp;class]] [[4-4-0]] and the versatile [[SECR N class|N&nbsp;class]] [[2-6-0]], which could be better utilised on mixed-traffic services elsewhere.<ref name="Bradley2"/>  As a result, an order was placed with [[Brighton railway works]] in April 1941 for twenty passenger locomotives of a type to be determined.<ref name="Bradley2">Bradley (1976), p. 55</ref>

During 1943, Bulleid began planning for the post-war locomotive requirements of the railway and identified the need for a stop-gap steam locomotive design for those [[Main line (railway)|main lines]] in South East England scheduled for electrification, had the Second World War not taken place. Although the new [[SR Merchant Navy class|Merchant Navy class]] was available for the heaviest Continental expresses, the resumption of frequent passenger services over poorly maintained infrastructure, following the war, would require a lighter locomotive with wider [[route availability]].<ref name="Bradley2"/>

At the same time, there would be a continuing need for fast [[freight]] locomotives, capable of operating on both electrified and non-electrified routes, without impeding the intensive use of the system by passenger trains.<ref name=Whitehouse2>Whitehouse & Thomas (2002), p. 60</ref> Suburban electrification used [[electric multiple units]], which had no equivalent freight design. Although Bulleid built two [[British Rail Class 70 (electric)|prototype electric]] locomotives in 1941, these were, as yet, unproven, and freight haulage would be undertaken by steam traction for the foreseeable future.<ref name=Whitehouse2/>

==Design==
The detailed design work for the new mixed-traffic locomotives was undertaken at [[Brighton railway works]] where they were scheduled to be constructed. The earliest drawings were for a moderately sized [[2-6-0]] with similarities to the [[London and North Eastern Railway]] [[LNER Class K4|K4&nbsp;class]], which Bulleid had helped design for the [[West Highland Line]] when he was [[Nigel Gresley]]'s assistant.<ref name="Bradley2"/> However, such a design would have been inadequate for the Kent Coast lines, which required a powerful [[2-6-2]] or [[4-6-0]] class.<ref name= Bradley4/> It is not clear why the design was subsequently enlarged to become a smaller version of the Merchant Navy class [[4-6-2]] as the likely traffic requirement did not warrant such lavish provision, but the incorporation of components from that class enabled standardisation during wartime production difficulties.<ref name= Bradley4>Bradley (1976), p. 56</ref>

===Weight reduction and reduced loading gauge===
In order to improve on the route availability of the Merchant Navy class with its 21-ton axle loading, the weight was reduced by 5 tons. This allowed the design to operate on routes where the Maunsell 2-6-0s were the largest permitted <ref name=Bradley6/> and came mainly from several changes:
* reduced overall length
* smaller boiler
* more fabricated assemblies
* smaller tender (West Country only)
Also the cab was reduced in width and remodelled to comply with reduced loading gauge over some routes.

===Bulleid's features===
[[File:Boxpox wheels.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An almost solid disc (not spoked) locomotive wheel with a series of cast-in radial indentations and prominent round holes intended to reduce its weight.|The distinctive [[Bulleid Firth Brown wheel]]s, seen here on 34072 ''257 Squadron'']]
Based on the mechanical experience gained from the Merchant Navy locomotives, Bulleid incorporated his [[Bulleid chain-driven valve gear|chain-driven valve gear]] into what became the new design.<ref name=BiR/> This now-infamous component was unique in British locomotive design.<ref>[http://www.watercressline.co.uk/tw/pics/wc-valve.jpg Chain-driven valve gear diagram], retrieved 13 April 2007 ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230225436/http://www.watercressline.co.uk/tw/pics/wc-valve.jpg |date=30 December 2006 ))</ref> It gained notoriety because it was difficult to access when things went wrong and, in tandem with the fast-moving Bulleid [[steam reverser]], could cause irregular valve movements.<ref name=BiR/> The entire system was in a sealed oil bath, another unique design, that provided constant lubrication to the moving parts.<ref name=Herring/>

The locomotive also carried a similar "air-smoothed" casing to the Merchant Navy class. This was not regarded as streamlining by Bulleid, a fact demonstrated by the flat front end.<ref name=Herring/> Authorities differ as to the purpose of the casing. According to Creer it was intended to be an aid in cleaning the locomotive with carriage washers to reduce labour requirements during the post-war period,<ref name=creer11/> whereas Bradley asserts that the intention was to lift the steam and [[exhaust gas]]es away from the cab.<ref name=Bradley5>Bradley (1976), p. 10</ref> As with the Merchant Navies, the class soon gained the nickname "Spam Cans", due to the resemblance to the distinctive [[tin can]]s in which "[[Spam (food)|SPAM]]" was sold.<ref name="Herring"/>

The [[smokebox]] was an integral part of the air-smoothed casing, being a sheet metal fabrication to the same profile as the firebox that acted as a former to maintain the shape of the casing.<ref name=Bradley5/> In between, the casing was supported by channel-section steel [[crinoline]]s (strengtheners used to maintain the shape) attached to the frames. The smokebox housed the five-nozzle [[Jean Lemaître|Lemaître]] [[blastpipe]] arranged in a circle within a large-diameter chimney.<ref name=Bradley5/>

As with the Merchant Navy class, [[electric]] lighting was provided on both locomotive and [[footplate]], powered by a steam-powered generator below the footplate.<ref name=BiR>''Bulleids in Retrospect''</ref> The gauges had [[fluorescent]] markings and were illuminated by [[ultra-violet light]].<ref>Allen (1951) p. 33</ref> This enabled clearer night-time vision of the boiler steam pressure gauge and the brake pipe vacuum pressure gauge whilst eliminating dazzle, making it easier for the crew to see signals along the track.<ref name=BiR/> Close attention was paid to the [[ergonomics]] of the cab, which was designed with the controls required for operation grouped according to the needs of both driver and fireman, thus promoting safe operation.<ref name=Day-Lewis1>Day-Lewis (1964), pp. 149–150</ref> As an aid to the [[Fireman (locomotive)|fireman]], a treadle used steam [[pressure]] to open the firehole doors, where the coal is shovelled into the [[firebox (steam engine)|firebox]].<ref name=BiR/> The footplate was entirely enclosed, improving crew working conditions in winter. Other refinements and innovations used on the Merchant Navy class included steam-powered clasp brakes and the unusual 6&nbsp;ft 2 in (1.88 m) [[Bulleid Firth Brown]] (BFB) wheels.<ref name=BiR/>

===Frames, boiler, cylinders===
Compared with the Merchant Navy class, shorter overall length led to shorter [[Steam locomotive#Chassis|frames]]<ref name=Whitehouse2/> and reduced the wheelbase to ((convert|35|ft|6|in|m|3|abbr=on)).

The boiler was also shorter and of smaller diameter at the smokebox end, but retaining the ((convert|280|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on|lk=on)) operating pressure.<ref name=Fairclough>Fairclough & Wills (1970), p. 5</ref>

The inner and outer [[Belpaire firebox]] was also smaller than the Merchant Navy class<ref name=Bradley6>Bradley (1976), p. 57</ref> also constructed using welded steel.

The cylinders were smaller at ((convert|16.375|x|24|in|mm|0|abbr=on)).<ref name=Glover>Glover (1965), p. 224</ref>

===Tender===
[[File:34016 Bodmin taking water at Alton.jpg|thumb|34016 ''Bodmin'' taking water at [[Alton railway station|Alton]]]]
Bulleid designed a reduced capacity [[tender locomotive|tender]] based upon the Merchant Navy version.  It could carry ((convert|4500|impgal|L USgal|-1|abbr=on)) water and ((convert|5.00|LT|t|1|abbr=on)) of coal on a six-wheel underframe.<ref name="Bradley10"/> It retained the BFB wheels and [[streamliner|streamlining panels]], or "raves", that gave the top of the tender a similar cross-sectional outline to [[Passenger car (rail)|carriages]].<ref name=Herring/> As with the Merchant Navy class, the water tank was of welded sheet construction to save weight, and the tender was fitted with vacuum braking equipment of a clasp-type similar to that on the locomotive.<ref name="Bradley10"/> Four train-brake vacuum reservoirs of cylindrical construction were grouped on the tank top, behind the coal space.

==Construction==
((further|List of SR West Country and Battle of Britain class locomotives))
The first batch of twenty locomotives was ordered in April 1941, although the changes in design to the ''Light Pacific'' arrangement meant that production was delayed until late 1944.<ref name= Bradley4/> Due to wartime contract work at Brighton works, the boilers were built under contract at the [[North British Locomotive Company]].<ref name=Railway/> Before the first of the class had been delivered, the order was increased to thirty, with a second batch of ten ordered in September 1944.<ref name= Bradley4/> Deliveries from Brighton works began in May 1945 with prototype No. 21C101 ''Exeter'', and proceeded at the rate of about two locomotives per month.<ref name= Bradley4/> The class was gradually run in on the [[Southern Railway (Great Britain)#Operations|Central Section]] until October 1945, when they were successfully trialled on [[Plymouth]] and Kentish services. By the time the first fifteen had entered traffic a further order of fifteen was placed, with these entering service between June and October 1946.<ref name="Bradley10">Bradley (1976), p. 59</ref> From this batch onwards, traction was improved by the addition of steam sanding to the front driving wheel, with covers added to protect the motion from sand falling from the filler pipes.<ref name=Bradley19>Bradley (1976), p. 67</ref>

A third batch of twenty-five was ordered and designated the ''Battle of Britain'' class. These were identical to the ''West Country'' class and the new designation was purely concerned with giving the locomotives names that befitted their intended allocation to the [[Southern Railway (Great Britain)#Operations|Eastern Section]].<ref name="Bradley10"/> By the time of the [[nationalisation]] of [[British Rail]]ways in January 1948, seventy ''Light Pacifics'' had been built at [[Brighton railway works|Brighton Works]], with a fourth batch of twenty on order.<ref name=Bradley7/>  There was a delay in production during the first three months of [[British Rail]]ways control but the last twenty ordered by the Southern Railway entered traffic between April 1948 and February 1949.<ref name=Bradley7>Bradley (1976), p. 74</ref>

In March 1949, British Railways ordered a final 20 from Brighton works despite a pressing need for smaller tank locomotives.<ref name=Bradley20>Bradley (1976), p. 76</ref> This imbalance was rectified by building forty-one examples of the [[LMS Fairburn 2-6-4T]] for the [[Southern Region of British Railways|Southern Region]].<ref name=Bradley20/> Also at this time Brighton works staff were embroiled in the difficulties associated with Bulleid's experimental and problematic [[SR Leader class|Leader class]].<ref name=Bradley20/> As a result, Brighton sought assistance from the other Southern Region works to complete this final order. [[Ashford railway works|Ashford works]] cut the frames and constructed the tenders, and [[Eastleigh railway works|Eastleigh works]] constructed six of the final batch of locomotives.<ref name=Bradley20/>

[[File:Salisbury station geograph-2668456-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|34110 ''66 Squadron'', the last of the class built, leaving ((stnlnk|Salisbury)) in 1963]]
The completion of the final locomotive, No. 34110 ''66 Squadron'', in January 1951 was delayed for several months pending consideration of proposals from British Railways management for a major modification to a standard [[Cylinder (locomotive)|two-cylinder]] design without the chain-driven valve gear,<ref name=Bradley20/> but the locomotive entered service as Bulleid intended.

===Subsequent modifications===
The first six locomotives were initially fitted with plywood sheeting over the cab-side windows as a wartime material-saving measure, with No. 21C107 ''Wadebridge'' the first to receive glass windows.<ref name="Bradley11">Bradley (1976), p. 58</ref>  Two of the front route indicator irons (of which there are five) were originally located on the smoke deflectors, which meant that the indicator discs stood proud of the casing. This necessitated a trial relocation to the smokebox door at the three and nine o'clock positions on No. 21C109 ''Lyme Regis'', and fitted as standard from No. 21C118 ''Axminster'' onwards.<ref name="Bradley11"/> The batch constructed between June and October 1946 received a modified [[Steam locomotive components|steam regulator]]  and [[London Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS-style]] parallel [[Buffer (rail transport)|buffer casings]].<ref name="Bradley10"/>

As with the Merchant Navy class, they were fitted with a new design of cab front [[spectacle plate]]s from mid–1947 due to poor forward visibility. The small [[window]]s on the front face of the cab were redesigned to an angled profile, giving improved visibility to the driver. This was a feature fitted to all Bulleid-designed locomotives post-nationalisation.<ref name=creer11/> They were introduced in Britain in 1934 with the [[Nigel Gresley|Gresley]]-designed ''[[LNER Class P2|Cock o' the North]]''.<ref name=creer11>Creer & Morrison (2001), p. 13</ref> Over the next decade the revised design was fitted to existing members of the class.<ref name=Bradley9>Bradley (1976), pp. 60–61</ref> Another modification was the reduction of boiler pressure to ((convert|250|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on|lk=on)) to reduce maintenance costs.<ref name=BiR/>

The Southern Railway-built batches had a narrow ((convert|8|ft|6|in|m|3|abbr=on)) footplate due to the width-restricted [[Hastings Line]] between [[Tonbridge railway station|Tonbridge]] and [[Hastings railway station|Hastings]]<ref name=Fairclough1>Fairclough & Wills (1970), p. 10</ref> but these were never used on this duty and the cab was widened to ((convert|9|ft|m|3|abbr=on)) on the British Railways batch.<ref>Southern E-Group (2004) [http://www.semgonline.com/steam/blp02.html Footplate sizes] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417203046/http://www.semgonline.com/steam/blp02.html |date=17 April 2008 )), retrieved 13 April 2007</ref> The tenders of Nos. 21C166–21C170 were fitted with [[TIA (water treatment)|TIA]] ("Traitement Integral Armand") chemical feed-water equipment that precipitated scale-forming constituents in the hard water of southern England into a non-adhesive mud that could be cleared using a manual "blow-down" valve.<ref name=Bradley18>Bradley (1976), p. 61</ref> This equipment was retrospectively fitted to earlier members of the class. In 1948 the [[tender locomotive|tender]] design was enlarged to provide a water capacity of ((convert|5500|impgal|L USgal|-1|sing=on)).<ref name=Bradley7/>

To ease maintenance and lubrication, panels of air-smoothed casing ahead of the cylinders were removed from 1952, and the front sanders were blanked off.<ref name=BiR/> This coincided with the removal of the tender "raves" on all but five locomotives, as they obstructed the packing of coal into the bunker and restricted the driver's view when reversing.<ref>Southern E-Group (2004) [http://www.semgonline.com/steam/blp_ten.html Removal of raves] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907212407/http://www.semgonline.com/steam/blp_ten.html |date=7 September 2009 )), retrieved 13 September 2009</ref> The resultant "cut-down" tender included new, enclosed storage for fire-irons and glass spectacle plates to protect the crew from flying coal dust when running tender-first.<ref>Southern E-Group (2004) [http://www.semgonline.com/steam/blp_ten.html Tender modifications] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907212407/http://www.semgonline.com/steam/blp_ten.html |date=7 September 2009 )), retrieved 13 September 2009</ref>

When the rebuilding programme (see below) was halted in 1961, further modifications were made to the unrebuilt locomotives. The most notable was on No. 34064 ''Fighter Command'', which was fitted with a [[Giesl ejector]] in 1962 on the grounds that a desired spark arrestor would "suffocate" an ordinary blastpipe.<ref>Nine Elms (2009) [http://www.svsfilm.com/nineelms/giesl.htm The Giesl experiment on 34064 ''Fighter Command''] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171654/http://www.svsfilm.com/nineelms/giesl.htm |date=16 July 2011 )), retrieved 13 September 2009</ref> Following some adjustment, the ejector improved smoke deflection and fuel consumption, allowing it to steam well with low-grade coal.<ref>Nine Elms (2009) [http://www.svsfilm.com/nineelms/giesl.htm Locomotive crew recollections of Giesl-fitted No. 34064] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716171654/http://www.svsfilm.com/nineelms/giesl.htm |date=16 July 2011 )), retrieved 13 September 2009</ref> As a consequence of the positive experience with No. 34064, preserved No. 34092 ''City of Wells'' was similarly fitted in the mid-1980s.<ref name=Siviter>Siviter (2003), p. 106</ref>

==Numbering and naming the locomotives==
((See also|List of SR West Country and Battle of Britain class locomotives))
Bulleid employed the same idiosyncratic numbering scheme that he had used for the Merchant Navy class, beginning at No. 21C101 and reaching No. 21C170 at the time of nationalisation. His scheme was abolished by British Railways, which renumbered existing these 34001-34070 and new locomotives 34071-34110.
[[File:34007 nameplate.JPG|thumb|left|alt=A 'West Country' class enamelled metal nameplate and shield mounted on flat metal casing covering the locomotive boiler. The nameplate comprises a scroll, and below this is a shield containing a picture of a coat-of-arms. A second scroll is below the shield, allowing identification as a member of the 'West Country class'.|Nameplate configuration 1:<br />West Country (34007&nbsp;''Wadebridge'')]]

The first 48 members of the class were named after places in the [[West Country]] served by its trains or close to its lines. This represented a publicity success due to many of the locomotives being able to visit their namesake areas.<ref name=Burridge>Burridge (1975), p. 72</ref> Many 'West Country' locomotives sported an additional plaque with the [[coat of arms]] of the town or region the locomotive was named after. This plaque was mounted on the casing between the [[gunmetal]] locomotive nameplate and the ''West Country Class'' scroll, above the middle driving wheel.<ref name=Burridge/> Several members of the class had only the nameplate and the "West Country Class" scroll, a gap being left where a crest would have been mounted.<ref name=Burridge6>Burridge (1975), p. 66</ref> The background of the nameplate was usually painted red, though sometimes examples could be found in black if the locomotive works undertaking overhaul of the engine could not locate the correct colour paint.<ref name=Burridge1>Burridge (1975), p. 68</ref>

[[File:34081 Nameplate.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A 'Battle of Britain' class enamelled metal nameplate and crest mounted on flat metal casing covering the locomotive boiler. The nameplate forms a representation of aircraft wings, with a small rectangle attached to the middle-lower edge allowing identification as a member of the 'Battle of Briain' class. Below this is an oval-shaped plate with a crest.|Nameplate configuration 2:<br />Battle of Britain (34081&nbsp;''92&nbsp;Squadron'')]]
Once it became clear that the locomotives would be used further afield than the West Country, a decision was made to name the remainder after RAF squadrons, airfields, commanders and aircraft that had participated in the [[Battle of Britain]] over [[Kent]], [[Surrey]] and [[Sussex]].<ref name="Bradley10"/> 'Battle of Britain' nameplates incorporated the name of the locomotive with the class name below, in a design that resembled the [[wing]]s of an [[aircraft]]. This was painted [[Air Force blue]], though other colours were sometimes substituted for the same reasons as above.<ref name=Burridge2>Burridge (1975), pp. 72–78</ref> An enamelled crest of the aircraft, personality or squadron was placed below the nameplate, in the same position as the West Country class equivalent.

The first locomotives constructed by British Railways were of the Battle of Britain class, but the naming policy reverted to the West Country for Nos. 34091–34108.<ref name=Burridge8/> The final two locomotives were Battle of Britain class, No. 34109 ''Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory'' and No. 34110 ''66 Squadron''. The result of the delay in completing was that the squadron crest for ''66 Squadron'' was never made, as the manufacturer had retired during the intervening period.<ref name=Burridge8>Burridge (1975), p. 74</ref> Thus ''66 Squadron'' was the only Battle of Britain class member not to have a crest.

==Operational details==
The original intention was to base the first batch of locomotives at [[Exmouth Junction]] depot at [[Exeter]] for use on the [[West of England Main Line]] to [[Salisbury]] and [[Plymouth]], and secondary lines to [[Tarka Line|Barnstaple]], [[Okehampton to Bude Line|Bude]] and other holiday resorts in Devon and Cornwall.<ref name=TnP/> By the winter of 1945, there was a more pressing need for them on Kent Coast services.<ref name="Bradley11"/> The class also began to be used on Continental Boat Trains to and from [[Dover]] and [[Folkestone]] once these were resumed in 1946.<ref name=Bradley18/>  Later batches were used on cross-country services such as the [[West Coastway Line|Brighton to Bournemouth, Cardiff and Plymouth]] trains or the [[Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway]] trains from [[Bournemouth]] to [[Wells, Somerset|Wells]] and [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]].<ref name=TnP/>

Because of the good route availability the locomotives could be used on non-electrified lines between London and [[Brighton]].<ref name=Bradley7/> These included the [[Oxted Line]], and occasionally the Bluebell Line between [[East Grinstead]] and [[Lewes]], where they were also used for freight and parcels traffic, and excursion trains over electrified lines.<ref name=TnP/>  Thus the original intention for the West Country class locomotives to work in [[South West England]] and the Battle of Britain class in Kent, [[Hampshire]], [[Sussex]] and [[Surrey]] was never operationally practical and both classes were to be found all over the network.<ref name="BiR"/> The most prominent journey undertaken by a member of the class occurred on 30 January 1965, when the funeral train of [[Winston Churchill]] was hauled by No.34051 ''Winston Churchill'' from [[London Waterloo railway station|Waterloo station]] to his final resting place, close to [[Blenheim Palace]] in [[Oxfordshire]].<ref>Southern E-Group (2004) [http://www.semgonline.com/steam/mn_00.html 34051 preparing for Churchill's funeral train] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121164850/http://www.semgonline.com/steam/mn_00.html |date=21 November 2008 )), retrieved 13 April 2007</ref>

===Performance of the unrebuilt locomotives===
[[File:34067 Tangmere, west of Bath.jpg|thumb|34067 ''Tangmere'' working a [[Poole]]-[[Cardiff]] charter train west of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] on 11 June 2011]]
As with the Merchant Navy class, they could generate great power using mediocre quality fuel, due largely to Bulleid's excellent boiler. They also ran smoothly at high speed, but they were also beset with the same technical problems of their larger sisters.<ref name=Bradley12>Bradley (1976), pp. 66–70</ref> These may be summarised as follows:
* Adhesion problems. The lighter loading on their driving axles meant that they were even more prone to [[Locomotive wheelslip|wheelslip]] than the Merchant Navy class, requiring very careful control when starting a heavy train. Once underway they were noted for their free running, excellent steam production and rapid turn of speed.<ref name=BiR/>
* Maintenance problems. The chain-driven valve gear proved to be expensive to maintain and subject to rapid wear. Leaks from the oil bath onto the wheels caused oil to splash onto the boiler lagging.<ref name=BiR/> Once saturated with oil, the lagging attracted [[coal dust]] and ash, which provided combustible material, and sparks from heavy braking would set the lagging on fire underneath the air-smoothed casing.<ref name=egroup-fires>Southern E-Group (2004) [http://www.semgonline.com/steam/mn_00.html Bulleid MN "Merchant Navy" Class 4-6-2: Notes from a Bulleid Fundamentalist] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121164850/http://www.semgonline.com/steam/mn_00.html |date=21 November 2008 )), Retrieved 16 April 2007. For the cause of the lagging fires which were common on both Merchant Navys and ''Light Pacifics''.</ref> The fires were also attributed to oil overflowing from [[axlebox]] lubricators onto the wheels when stationary, to be flung upwards into the boiler lagging in service.<ref name=egroup-fires /> In either case, the local fire brigade would be called to put the fire out, with cold water coming into contact with the hot boiler causing stress to the casings. Many photographs show an un-rebuilt locomotive with warped casings, the result of a lagging fire.<ref name=Herring/>
* High fuel consumption. This was highlighted during the 1948 locomotive exchanges undertaken by British Railways, and very apparent at Exmouth Junction shed where the ''Light Pacifics'' burned ((convert|47.9|lbs|kg|2|abbr=on|lk=on)) of coal per mile (13.5&nbsp;kg/km) compared to ((convert|32|lbs|kg|2|abbr=on|lk=on)) (9.02&nbsp;kg/km) for the [[LSWR T9 class|T9 class]] that they replaced.<ref name=Bradley13>Bradley (1976), p. 66</ref>
* Restricted driver visibility due to the air-smoothed casing and soft steam exhaust from the multiple-jet [[blastpipe]]. The exhaust problem was never adequately resolved, and smoke continued to beat down onto the casing while moving, obscuring the driver's vision.<ref name="creer11"/> There was much experimentation in order to resolve this problem, with varying degrees of success, and photographic evidence shows the many guises of this project.<ref>Creer & Morrison (2001), pp. 72–73</ref>

==Accidents and incidents==
*On 29 October 1959, locomotive No. 34020 ''Seaton'' was hauling a passenger train that overran signals and was derailed by [[trap point]]s at ((rws|St Denys)), [[Hampshire]].((sfn|Trevena|1981|p=43))((sfn|Bishop|1984|p=53))
*On 20 February 1960, locomotive No. 34084 ''253 Squadron'' was hauling a freight when it overran signals at ((rws|Hither Green)) and was derailed, falling down an embankment and onto its side. The tender was recovered on 24 February and the locomotive on 28 February.((sfn|Derry|2004|pp=168–72))
*On 12 December 1960, locomotive No. 34022 ''Exmoor'' was hauling a passenger train that overran signals and was derailed by trap points at St Denys. Two people were injured.((sfn|Bishop|1984|p=55))
*On 11 April 1961, locomotive No. 34040 ''Crewkerne'' was in a head-on collision with an [[electric multiple unit]] at [[London Waterloo railway station|Waterloo station]], [[London]] after the latter overran signals. One person was killed and fourteen were injured.((sfn|Earnshaw|1991|p=40))
*On 2 September 1961, locomotive No. 34045 ''Ottery St Mary'' was derailed by trap points at ((rws|Bournemouth Central)), Hampshire.((sfn|Trevena|1981|p=43))
*On 23 November 2013, locomotive No. 34067 ''Tangmere'' was hauling a passenger excursion when it suffered a mechanical failure whilst approaching [[Winchfield]] in [[Hampshire]] at about 40 mph (64 km/h).  The right-hand valve gear connecting rod partly detached and dropped down onto the track.  Some damage was done to the track but there were no injuries.<ref name=RAIB132014>((cite web|url=https://aib-cms.co.uk/sites/raib/cms_resources.cfm?file=/140616_R132014_Winchfield.pdf |title=Locomotive failure near Winchfield 23 November 2013 |publisher=Rail Accident Investigation Branch |page=32 |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233825/https://aib-cms.co.uk/sites/raib/cms_resources.cfm?file=%2F140616_R132014_Winchfield.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 ))</ref>
*On 7 March 2015, locomotive No. 34067 ''Tangmere'' was hauling a charter train that [[2015 Wootton Bassett SPAD incident|overran a signal at Wooton Bassett]], [[Wiltshire]].<ref name=RAIB>((cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dangerous-occurrence-at-wootton-bassett-junction-wiltshire |title=Dangerous occurrence at Wootton Bassett junction, Wiltshire |publisher=[[Rail Accident Investigation Branch]] |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=14 April 2015 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403094256/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dangerous-occurrence-at-wootton-bassett-junction-wiltshire |url-status=live ))</ref> The train's operator, [[West Coast Railways|West Coast Railway Company]] was banned from running trains on the British railway network as a consequence of this incident.<ref name=Letter >((cite web |url=http://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/resources/wcr-suspension-notice |title=Suspension Notice 1 April 2015 |publisher=Network Rail |date=1 April 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-date=16 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416171959/http://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/resources/wcr-suspension-notice |url-status=live ))</ref>
*On 24 July 2017, locomotive No. 34070 ''Manston'' was involved in a collision with [[BR Standard Class 4 2-6-4T]] locomotive no 80104 outside [[Swanage]] station on the [[Swanage Railway]]. Nobody was injured in the incident but damage was caused to both locos.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/15431297.Investigation_launched_after_steam_trains_crash_in_Swanage/|title=Investigation launched after steam trains crash in Swanage|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824051317/http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/news/15431297.Investigation_launched_after_steam_trains_crash_in_Swanage/|url-status=live))</ref>

===Lewisham railway disaster===
((main|Lewisham rail crash))
Restricted driver visibility was mentioned in the report on the disastrous Lewisham rail crash on 4 December 1957 outside St John's railway station, in which 90 people were killed and 173 injured.((sfn|Langley|1958|p=1)) The driver of No. 34066 ''Spitfire'' had failed to see one yellow and one double-yellow "caution" signal in foggy conditions and was travelling too fast to stop when he saw a red signal,((sfn|Langley|1958|pp=7–8)) and the train crashed into the back of a stationary local train. Members of the class were later fitted with [[Automatic Warning System]] equipment, a recommendation of the incident report; fitting of trackside equipment was already underway, but priority had been given to routes equipped with semaphore signals, not electric "colour-light" signals as at Lewisham.((sfn|Langley|1958|pp=23–24))

The report on the disaster indicated that it was necessary, with the signals concerned being on the right-hand side of the train and because of the limited visibility from the left-hand side of a steam locomotive, for either the fireman to observe those signals (but with the driver being responsible for asking him to do so) or for the driver to cross over the footplate from his left-hand driving position to observe them from the other side. In the event, the driver did neither, and neither driver nor fireman looked out for the aspect of the signals. The report ascribed blame to the driver, but recommended that the class be fitted with wider windscreens to improve visibility, noting that, in fog with less than 80 yards of visibility, the three signals involved would not be visible at all from the driver's side of the footplate; however, it noted that, even from a [[SR V Schools class|Schools]] class locomotive with its much smaller boiler, it was unlikely that these signals could have been seen from the driver's side in the dense foggy conditions of the incident.((sfn|Langley|1958|pp=9,23–25)) The report did not suggest that poor lifting of smoke obstructed visibility.

==Rebuilding==

((Infobox locomotive
| powertype = Steam
| name = BR Rebuilt West Country/Battle of Britain classes<ref name=Herring/>
| image = Sirarchibaldsinclair.jpg
| imagesize = 320
| alt = A posed side-and-front view of the rebuilt form of the locomotive, standing in the sidings of a locomotive depot. The locomotive is of conventional appearance, with a visible boiler and no flat covering plates. Smoke deflectors are fitted at the front of the locomotive.
| caption = Preserved Rebuilt Battle of Britain class No. 34059 ''Sir Archibald Sinclair.'' at ((stnlnk|Sheffield Park)), [[Bluebell Railway]]
| designer = [[R. G. Jarvis]] (after [[Oliver Bulleid]])
| rebuilder = SR Brighton/Eastleigh Works
| rebuilddate = 1955–1961
| numberrebuilt = 60
| whytetype = 4-6-2 (''Pacific'')
| gauge = ((RailGauge|ussg))
| leadingdiameter = ((convert|3|ft|1|in|m|3|abbr=on))
| driverdiameter = ((convert|6|ft|2|in|m|3|abbr=on))
| trailingdiameter = ((convert|3|ft|7|in|m|3|abbr=on))
| length = ((convert|67|ft|4.75|in|m|2|abbr=on))
| fueltype = Coal
| fuelcap = ((convert|5.00|LT|t|1|abbr=on))
| watercap = ((convert|5200|impgal|L USgal|-1|abbr=on))
| cylindercount = 3
| cylindersize = ((convert|16.375|x|24|in|mm|0|abbr=on))
| firearea = ((convert|38.25|sqft|m2|2|abbr=on))
| boilerpressure = ((convert|250|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on|lk=on))
| tractiveeffort = ((convert|27720|lbf|kN|1|abbr=on))
| locoweight = ((convert|91.16|LT|t|1|abbr=on))
| operator = [[Southern Region of British Railways]]
| operatorclass = ''BR:'' Rebuilt Light Pacifics
| powerclass = ((unbulleted list|''BR (June 1957):'' 7P5F|''BR (November 1961):'' 7P6F))
| locale = [[Great Britain]]
| withdrawndate = 1964–1967
| disposition = 10 preserved, 50 scrapped
))

Due to the problems experienced with the class, and following the success of the rebuilt Merchant Navy class designed by [[R. G. Jarvis]], British Railways ordered the rebuilding of sixty locomotives to a more conventional design at Eastleigh between 1957 and 1961.<ref name=Derry1>Derry (2004), p. 70</ref> The first locomotive to be rebuilt was No. 34005 ''Barnstaple'', which adopted many features from the [[Steam locomotives of British Railways#BR standard classes|BR 'Standard' locomotive classes]].<ref>Creer & Morrison (2001), pp. 84–87</ref> The casing was removed and replaced with conventional boiler cladding, boiler pressure reduced to ((convert|250|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on|lk=on)) and the chain-driven valve gear was replaced with modified [[Walschaerts valve gear]] fitted both outside as well as between the frames.<ref name=Railway/> The rapid onset of the [[1955 Modernisation Plan]] during the early 1960s meant that the remaining fifty locomotives were not rebuilt, and continued in as-built condition until withdrawal.<ref>Southern E-Group (2004) [http://www.semgonline.com/steam/blp03.html Discontinuation of rebuilding programme] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417202128/http://www.semgonline.com/steam/blp03.html |date=17 April 2008 )), retrieved 13 April 2007</ref>

===Performance of the rebuilt locomotives===
The rebuilding solved most of the maintenance problems whilst retaining the excellent features of the original design. Repair costs were reduced by up to 60%, and coal consumption was reduced by up to 8.4%.<ref name=Bradley14>Bradley (1976), p. 97</ref> However the Walschaerts valve gear made the rebuilds heavier and prone to [[hammerblow (railway)|hammerblow]] on the track, a complaint that was not evident with the original design.<ref name=Herring/> The increased weight reduced their [[route availability]], meaning that they could not be used on certain routes available to un-rebuilt examples, such as the line to [[Ilfracombe Branch Line|Ilfracombe]].<ref name=TnP2>Arlett (1989), p. 32</ref>

==Withdrawal==
The electrification of the [[Chatham Main Line]] to [[Dover]] and [[Ramsgate]] in 1959 deprived the class of some of its work, as did the transfer of the lines west of [[Salisbury]] to the Western Region on 30 December 1962.<ref name=TnP2/> This resulted in the withdrawal of several unrebuilt locomotives stabled at [[Exmouth Junction]] shed in June 1963.<ref name=TnP2/> By the end of the year ten had been withdrawn, including the 12‑year-old No. 34110 ''66 Squadron'', having travelled only 600,000&nbsp;miles.<ref name=Bradley15>Bradley (1976), p. 88</ref> Most of the unrebuilt locomotives were withdrawn over the next three years but seven survived until 1967 and the [[Steam locomotive#The end of steam in general use|end of steam]] on the Southern Region.<ref name=TnP2/> Many rebuilt locomotives were withdrawn soon after their rebuilding. The first was No. 34028 ''Eddystone'' in May 1964, having run only 287,000&nbsp;miles since rebuilding.<ref name=Bradley16/> Other early withdrawals included No. 34109 ''Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory'' which had only travelled 162,000&nbsp;miles in the three and a half years since its rebuilding.<ref name=Bradley16>Bradley (1976), p. 102</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.brdatabase.info/locoqry.php?action=class&id=346201&type=S&page=fleet |title=SR Bulleid "West Country/Battle of Britain" Class 4-6-2 |website=www.brdatabase.info |access-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=live |archive-date=13 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190722/http://www.brdatabase.info/locoqry.php?action=class&id=346201&type=S&page=fleet))</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Table of withdrawals
! Year !! Quantity in<br />service at<br />start of year !! Number withdrawn !! Quantity<br />withdrawn !! Locomotive numbers
|-
| 1963 || 110 ||  10  ||  10 || align=left | 34011/35/43/49/55/67-69/74, 34110
|-
| 1964 || 100 ||  29  ||  39  || align=left | 34016/20/27-30/45/54/58/61-62/65/70/72-73/75/78/80-81/83/91-92/94/96/99, 34105-107/109
|-
| 1965 || 71 ||  16  ||  55  || align=left | 34007/10/14/22/31/33/39/42/63/46/50-51/53/84-85, 34103
|-
| 1966 || 55 ||  18  ||  73  || align=left | 34005/09/12/17/26/32/38/41/48/59/64/66/76/79/82/86/97, 34101
|-
| 1967 || 37 ||  37  ||  110  || align=left | 34001-004/06/08/13/15/18-19/21/23-25/34/36-37/40/44/47/52/56-57/60/71/77/87-90/93/95/98, 34100/102/104/108
|-
|}

==Preservation==
((For|location details and current status of preserved locomotives|List of SR West Country and Battle of Britain class locomotives))
[[File:34073 at Woodhams' scrapyard.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A side-and-rear view of a large 4-6-2 steam locomotive with flat metal side sheets, although some fittings are missing. It is without a tender and stored awaiting purchase for restoration.|34073 ''249 Squadron'' at Woodhams' Scrapyard in 1984]]
Twenty ''Light Pacifics'' still exist, in varying states of preservation: <ref name=TnP3>Arlett (1989), p. 150</ref> two were acquired directly from BR for preservation, 34023 ''Blackmoor Vale'' & 34051 ''Winston Churchill''; the other eighteen being purchased from Barry Scrapyard. Of these twenty class members to survive, ten are in original form, whilst ten are in "rebuilt" form. Had it not been for [[Woodham Brothers]]' [[scrapyard]] in [[Barry, Vale of Glamorgan|Barry, South Wales]], no rebuilt ''Light Pacifics'' would have been preserved.<ref name=BiR/> Eleven of the surviving engines are named after West Country locations in the South of England and the remaining nine after RAF Squadrons or significant persons, including Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]].<ref name=Langston/> All but one of the class in preservation were built at [[Brighton railway works|Brighton Works]], the exception being 34101 ''Hartland'' which was built at [[Eastleigh Works]]. The class has proved to be useful for preservation societies, due to its good route availability and ample power, with some having returned to the main line to haul special trains.<ref name=Langston>Langston (2008), p. 115</ref> It is uncertain whether all of the preserved locomotives will be restored to working order; owing to the very poor condition some of them were in when purchased and the increasing cost of materials.<ref name=Langston/>

Other relics of both classes that have survived are nameplates, which were removed towards the end of steam on the [[Southern Region of British Railways|British Railways Southern Region]] in the 1960s. As a result, many exist in private collections, and several have been seen at auction, selling for several thousands of pounds.<ref name=Railway>''The Railway Magazine'' (2007), p. 85</ref> A few members of this class were considered candidates for preservation, most notably No. 34086 ''219 Squadron'' and No. 34066 ''Spitfire'' but these plans never went through and were later scrapped.<ref>((Cite web|last=Brine|first=M. E.|date=31 July 2009|title=THE BULLEID SOCIETY|url=https://www.devonheritage.org/Nonplace/Genealogy/TheBulleidSociety.htm|url-status=live|access-date=30 May 2021|website=Devon Heritage|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225091203/http://www.devonheritage.org/Nonplace/Genealogy/TheBulleidSociety.htm))</ref><ref>((Cite web|last=Green|first=Richard|title=Blackmoor Vale Preservation|url=https://www.bulleidsociety.org/21C123/21C123_Preservation.html|url-status=live|access-date=30 May 2021|website=Bulleid Society|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728144438/https://www.bulleidsociety.org/21C123/21C123_Preservation.html))</ref>

Just four members of the class are yet to run in preservation: 34010 ''Sidmouth'', which is under restoration from scrapyard condition (its boiler is stored at [[Severn Valley Railway|Bridgnorth]]); 34051 ''Winston Churchill'', which is on static display at the National Railway Museum in York; 34058 ''Sir Frederick Pile'', which is under restoration at the [[Watercress Line|Mid Hants Railway]]; and 34073 ''249 Squadron'', which is awaiting restoration at [[Carnforth MPD]]. Of the sixteen engines which have operated in preservation, six have operated on the main line: 34016 ''Bodmin'', 34027 ''Taw Valley'', 34046 ''Braunton'', 34067 ''Tangmere'', 34072 ''257 Squadron'' & 34092 ''City of Wells''. 34046 & 34067 currently have a valid main line certificate. 34028 ''Eddystone'' and 34070 ''Manston'' did briefly return to the mainline in 2009 to attend an event at Eastleigh, but the two engines were towed behind a diesel as neither was mainline certified.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bt_fkD7dlGs |title=Eastleigh 100 Friday 22 May Loco movements |via=www.youtube.com |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019172928/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bt_fkD7dlGs |url-status=live ))</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Number BR
! Number SR
! Name
! Builder
!Livery
! B.O.B. or W.C.
! Type
! Photograph
! Current Location
! Status
! Notes
|-
| 34007
| 21C107
| [[Wadebridge]]
|align=center|[[Brighton railway works|Brighton]]
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| West Country
| Unrebuilt
| [[File:34007 Departing Ropley - Mid Hants Railway (9112703473).jpg|120px]]
| [[Watercress Line|Mid Hants Railway]]
| Under Overhaul
| Undergoing assessment for an overhaul to mainline standards
|-
| 34010
| 21C110
| [[Sidmouth]]
|align=center|Brighton
|TBC
| West Country
| Rebuilt
| [[File:Hook Ocean Liner express geograph-2967269-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|120px]]
| [[Southern Locomotives Ltd|Sellindge]], [[Swanage Railway]]
| Under Restoration
|
|-
| 34016
| 21C116
| [[Bodmin]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| West Country
| Rebuilt
| [[File:West Country class pacific No 34016 Bodmin at Ropley shed yard.jpg|120px]]
| [[Carnforth MPD|West Coast Railways Carnforth]]
| Under overhaul to main line standards
|
|-
| 34023
| 21C123
| [[Blackmoor Vale]]
|align=center|Brighton
|SR Malachite Green (Post War)
| West Country
| Unrebuilt
| [[File:Blackmoor Vale in Sheffield Park locomotive shed (2385).jpg|120px]]
| [[Bluebell Railway]]
| Awaiting overhaul
|
|-
| [[SR West Country class 21C127 Taw Valley|34027]]
| 21C127
| [[River Taw|Taw Valley]]
|align=center|Brighton
|
| West Country
| Rebuilt
| [[File:NSE Gala London Bridge 1991 07.JPG|120px]]
| [[Severn Valley Railway]]
| Under Overhaul
| Withdrawn for intermediate overhaul in January 2024, completion expected for 2025.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2024/01/steam-locomotive-update-from-the-severn-valley-railway.html|title=The latest news for Severn Valley Railway's Motive Power Depot has been released|date=15 January 2024|website=RailAdvent))</ref>
|-
| 34028
| 21C128
| [[Eddystone Rocks|Eddystone]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| West Country
| Rebuilt
| [[File:34028 Eddystone at Swanage Station.JPG|120px]]
| [[Swanage Railway]]
| Operational
|
|-
| 34039
| 21C139
| [[Boscastle]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, TBC
| West Country
| Rebuilt
| [[File:Branksome with Bournemouth train geograph-2967989-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|120px]]
| [[Great Central Railway (heritage railway)|Great Central Railway]]
| Undergoing Overhaul
|
|-
| [[SR West Country class 21C146 Braunton|34046]]
| 21C146
| [[Braunton]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| West Country
| Rebuilt
| [[File:Polished Performer.jpg|120px]]
| [[Crewe Diesel TMD]]
| Operational, main line certified
|
|-
| [[SR Battle of Britain class 21C151 Winston Churchill|34051]]
| 21C151
| [[Winston Churchill]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| Battle of Britain
| Unrebuilt
| [[File:34051 Winston Churchill at Didcot.jpg|120px]]
| [[National Railway Museum]]
| Static display
|
|-
| [[SR Battle of Britain class 21C153 Sir Keith Park|34053]]
| 21C153
| [[Keith Park|Sir Keith Park]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| Battle of Britain
| Rebuilt
| [[File:Bridgnorth shed - 34053 Sir Keith Park.jpg|120px]]
| Herston Works, [[Swanage Railway]]
| Under Overhaul
| Will temporarily be renamed as [[No. 303 Squadron RAF|303 Squadron]] on completion. <ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.southern-locomotives.co.uk/News/news.html|title=Southern Locomotives Ltd &#124; Latest News|website=www.southern-locomotives.co.uk))</ref>
|-
| 34058
| 21C158
| [[Sir Frederick Pile]]
|align=center|Brighton
|TBC
| Battle of Britain
| Rebuilt
| [[File:SR WC 4-6-2 34058 Sir Frederick Pile, Bitton, AVR 25.3.1991 (9922349116).jpg|120px]]
| [[Watercress Line|Mid Hants Railway]]
| Under Restoration
|
|-
| 34059
| 21C159
| [[Sir Archibald Sinclair]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| Battle of Britain
| Rebuilt
| [[File:Sir Archibald Sinclair Bluebell Railway (2).jpg|120px]]
| [[Bluebell Railway]]
| Operational<ref>((cite web |title=Operational Locomotives |url=https://www.bluebell-railway.com/brps/operational-locomotives/#archibald |website=Bluebell Railway |access-date=2 January 2024))</ref>
|
|-
| 34067
| 21C167
| [[RAF Tangmere|Tangmere]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| Battle of Britain
| Unrebuilt
| [[File:34067 Tangmere Scarborough.jpg|120px]]
| [[Carnforth MPD|West Coast Railways Carnforth]]
| Operational, main line certified. 
|
|-
| 34070
| 21C170
| [[RAF Manston|Manston]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| Battle of Britain
| Unrebuilt
| [[File:34070 Manston 2019.jpg|120px]]
| [[Swanage Railway]]
| Operational 
|
|-
| 34072
| 
| [[No. 257 Squadron RAF|257 Squadron]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| Battle of Britain
| Unrebuilt
| [[File:34072 257 Squadron 2019.jpg|120px]]
| [[Spa Valley Railway]]
| Operational
|
|-
| [[BR Battle of Britain class 34073 249 Squadron|34073]]
| 
| [[No. 249 Squadron RAF|249 Squadron]]
|align=center|Brighton
|N/A
| Battle of Britain
| Unrebuilt
| [[File:249 squad.jpg|120px]]
| [[Carnforth MPD|West Coast Railways Carnforth]]
| Stored
| Acting as a donor loco to 34067
|-
| 34081
| 
| [[No. 92 Squadron RAF|92 Squadron]]
|align=center|Brighton
|SR Malachite Green, British Railways Lettering 
| Battle of Britain
| Unrebuilt
| [[File:‘Battle of Britain’ 92 Squadron (36788790253).jpg|120px]]
| [[Nene Valley Railway]]
| Operational
|
|-
| 34092
|
| [[City of Wells]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, Early Crest
| West Country
| Unrebuilt
| [[File:34092 CITY OF WELLS approaches Giggleswick.jpg|120px]]
| [[East Lancashire Railway]]
| Operational
| Recently returned to service from a short overhaul. 
Fitted with [[Giesl ejector]]
|-
| 34101
| 
| [[Hartland, Devon|Hartland]]
|align=center|[[Eastleigh Works|Eastleigh]]
|BR Brunswick Green, Late Crest
| West Country
| Rebuilt
| [[File:34101 Hartland at Basingstoke.jpg|120px]]
| [[North Yorkshire Moors Railway]]
| Undergoing overhaul
|
|-
| 34105
| 
| [[Swanage]]
|align=center|Brighton
|BR Brunswick Green, TBD
| West Country
| Unrebuilt
| [[File:West Country class pacific No 34105 Swanage on the Mid Hants Railway.jpg|120px]]
| [[Watercress Line|Mid Hants Railway]]
| Undergoing overhaul
|
|}

==Livery and numbering==

===Southern Railway===
Livery was Southern Railway [[Southern Railway (Great Britain)#Livery and numbering system|malachite green]] with "Sunshine yellow" horizontal lining. A circular cast brass plate with a red background on the smokebox door featured the word "Southern" and the date of manufacture.<ref name=Harvey>Harvey (2004), p. 93</ref> Bulleid advocated a continental style of numbering, basing this upon his experiences at the French branch of [[Westinghouse Electric]] before the [[First World War]], and his tenure in the [[Railway Operating Division]] (R.O.D.) during that conflict. The Southern Railway number adapted the [[UIC classification]] system where "2" and "1" refer to the number of un-powered leading and trailing axles respectively, and "C" refers to the number of driving axles, in this case three.<ref name=Burridge3>Burridge (1975), p. 60</ref> However, since "21C" was the prefix already used by the Merchant Navy class, the suffix "1" was added; these locomotives carried numbers that started "21C1" followed by the individual two-digit identifier.<ref name=Burridge3/>

===British Railways===
[[File:Sir Achibald Sinclair.jpg|thumb|alt=A front view of another 4-6-2 steam locomotive with a tender hauling carriages away from a station. The locomotive is one of the preserved rebuilt examples, and is newly restored.|Rebuilt Battle of Britain class 34059 ''Sir Archibald Sinclair'', restored and running on the Bluebell Railway, pictured in Sheffield Park station, Sussex October 2009]]
Initial livery after nationalisation in 1948 was [[British Rail]]ways malachite green and "Sunshine yellow" lining and lettering, with British Railways on the tender. No. 34090 ''Sir Eustace Missenden, Southern Railway'' was given commemorative malachite green livery that included green-painted wheels with yellow rims and the early British Railways crest on the tender.<ref name=Burridge2/> The Bulleid numbering system was temporarily retained on the first seventy locomotives with the addition of an "s" prefix (e.g. s21C101). The classes were given several [[power classification]]s in their careers, beginning with 6MT (Mixed Traffic) in 1949.<ref name=ABC1949>Ian Allan Abc 1949 "WC/BB"</ref> In December 1953 they were reclassified 7P 5FA, the "A" denoting brake power when used on unfitted (non-vacuum braked) goods trains.<ref name=ABC1954>Ian Allan Abc 1954 "WC/BB"</ref> The rebuilt locomotives retained this classification until all received the classification of 7P6F between November 1957 and November 1961.<ref name=ABC1958>Ian Allan Abc 1958–59 "WC/BB"</ref>

The locomotives were turned out in British Railways [[Brunswick green]] livery with orange and black lining with the British Railways crest on the tender side, after their first [[wikt:overhaul|overhaul]] under new ownership. This was unlike the Merchant Navy class, which was initially turned out in British Railways experimental express passenger blue livery. By this stage, the Southern Railway-built locomotives were re-liveried and renumbered from 34001–34070.<ref name=ABC1958/> The rebuilt locomotives were also in British Railways Brunswick green with orange and black lining, and crest on the tender side, whilst the nameplates were placed on a custom-made mounting on the running plate due to the absence of a flat surface.

Some of the locomotives had additional embellishments. No. 34050 ''Royal Observer Corps'' was presented with an ROC long-service medal in July 1961. The ceremony took place at [[London Waterloo railway station|Waterloo station]], and included [[Commandant Royal Observer Corps|Commandant ROC]] Air Commodore [[Cathcart Wight-Boycott|Wight-Boycott]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/archive-exhibitions/battle-of-britain-class-locomotive-plates/locomotive-biographies/|title=Locomotive Biographies &#124; Battle of Britain Class Locomotive Plates &#124; Archive Exhibitions &#124; Exhibitions & Displays &#124; Research|access-date=19 October 2021|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006100608/https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/archive-exhibitions/battle-of-britain-class-locomotive-plates/locomotive-biographies/|url-status=live))</ref> The cab side was given a representation of the medal and its ribbon, which was displayed until the engine was withdrawn from service and scrapped in the late 1960s. The original nameplate and crest were recovered and displayed in the entrance hall of ROC Headquarters at [[RAF Bentley Priory]] until 1996 when they were transferred to the RAF Museum at [[Hendon]]. Another locomotive that featured a second crest was 34067 ''Tangmere'', which was given the airfield's crest for the cab side, as it did not feature on the nameplate crest.

==Operational assessment==
[[File:Midsomer Norton South station geograph-2669385-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg|thumb|Rebuilt 34048 ''Crediton'' leading a double-headed Summer Saturday holiday express on the heavy gradients of the [[Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway]] in 1959]]
The class in both unrebuilt and rebuilt forms has been the subject of divergent opinions.<ref name="Bradley2"/>  The use of welded steel construction and the various innovations that had not previously been seen in British locomotive design meant that the class earned Bulleid the title "Last Giant of Steam".<ref name=Day-Lewis2>Day-Lewis, p. 7</ref> The steam-raising ability of their boilers represented an advance in British steam technology.<ref name=Whitehouse>Whitehouse & Thomas (2002), p. 47</ref> Their light axle-loading also meant widespread use over the Southern network, and they were capable of fast running.

Despite these successes, the number of innovations introduced at the same time made the class unreliable and difficult to maintain. A great deal of money was wasted on resolving the problems of a class designed for duties that could have been undertaken by cheaper [[2-6-2]] or [[4-6-0]] mixed-traffic locomotives.<ref name=Whitehouse2/> Likewise, more ''Light Pacifics'' were built than were needed, frequently undertaking tasks that would usually befit a much smaller locomotive.<ref name=BiR/> A curious but common sight west of [[Exeter]] during the winter months was a ''Light Pacific'' hauling a local stopping service with a single carriage to destinations as diverse as [[Padstow]] and [[Wadebridge]].<ref name=BiR/> Finally, too much money was spent on the expensive rebuilding programme when [[dieselisation]] and modernisation meant the locomotives would have very limited lives in their new guise.<ref name=BiR/>

==Models==
[[Kitmaster]] produced an unpowered polystyrene injection-moulded kit for [[00 gauge]] from 1960. In late 1962, the brand was sold to [[Airfix]], which resumed production in 1968. The moulds later passed to [[Dapol]], which continues to produce the kit.<ref>Knight (1999), pp. 7, 9, 26–27, 46, 66, 69</ref> 

Hornby Dublo produced diecast metal "rebuilt" West Countries in the 1960s, and those became Triang-Wrenn, and ultimately Wrenn Railways. Wrenn produced air-smoothed versions and rebuilt versions, right through to their demise (and subsequent sale to Dapol) in the early 1990s.

[[Hornby Railways|Hornby]] manufactures ready-to-run rebuilt and un-rebuilt examples of the class and caters for all the major detail variations. 

[[Graham Farish]] and [[Dapol]] produce ready-to-run models in [[N gauge]].

==See also==
* [[Southern Locomotives Ltd]] – owners of 34070 ''Manston'', 34072 ''257 Squadron'', 34053 ''Sir Keith Park'', 34010 ''Sidmouth'' and 34028 ''Eddystone''.

((Clear))

==References==

===Notes===
((Reflist))

===Bibliography===
((Refbegin))
*((cite book |last1=Allen |first1=C. J. |author1-link=Cecil J. Allen |title=The Bulleid Pacifics of the Southern Region |date=1951 |publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing]] |location=Shepperton |isbn=9781848680890))
*Arlett, Mike: ''The Train Now Departing: Personal memories of the last days of steam'' (London: BBC Books, 1989) ((ISBN|0-563-20696-9))
*Bradley, D. L.: ''Locomotives of the Southern Railway: Part 2'', (London:Railway Correspondence and Travel Society, 1976) ((ISBN|0-901115-31-2))
*((cite book |first=Bill |last=Bishop |title=Off the Rails |publisher=Kingfisher |location=Southampton |year=1984 |isbn=0-946184-06-2 ))
*''Bulleids in Retrospect'', Transport Video Publishing, Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire
*Burridge, Frank: ''Nameplates of the Big Four'' (Oxford Publishing Company: Oxford, 1975) ((ISBN|0-902888-43-9))
*Creer, S. & Morrison, B.: ''The Power of the Bulleid Pacifics'' (Oxford Publishing Company: Oxford, 2001) ((ISBN|0-86093-082-3))
*Day-Lewis, S: ''Bulleid, Last Giant of Steam'' (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1964)
*((cite book | last=Derry | first=Richard | title=The Book of the West Country and Battle of Britain Pacifics | publisher=Irwell Press | date=2004 | isbn=1-903266-23-8 ))
*((cite book |last=Earnshaw |first=Alan |title=Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7 |year=1991 |publisher=Atlantic Books |location=Penryn |isbn=0-906899-50-8 ))
*Fairclough, T. & Wills, A.: ''Southern Steam Locomotive Survey: Bulleid Light Pacifics'' (Kings Langley: Enterprise Transport Books Ltd., 1970) ((ISBN|0-85153-272-1))
*Glover, F. Graham: 'British Locomotive Design, 1923–1947' (''The Railway Magazine'', 1965 (March)), pp.&nbsp;222–225
*Harvey, R. J.: ''Bulleid 4-6-2 Merchant Navy Class'' (Locomotives in Detail series volume 1) (Hinckley: Ian Allan Publishing, 2004), ((ISBN|0-7110-3013-8))
*Herring, Peter: ''Classic British Steam Locomotives'' (Abbeydale Press: London, 2000) Section "WC/BB Class" ((ISBN|1-86147-057-6))
*''Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives'', winter 1949 edition
*''Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives'', winter 1954 edition
*''Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives'', winter 1958–59 edition
*Knight, Stephen: ''Let's Stick Together: An Appreciation of Kitmaster and Airfix Railway Kits'' (Clophill: Irwell Press, 1999) ((ISBN|1-871608-90-2))
*Langston, Keith: ''British Steam Preserved: Illustrated Comprehensive Listing of Ex-British Railways Steam Locomotives'' (Horncastle: Morton's Media Group Ltd., 2008)
* ((cite report |year=1958 |title=Report on the collision which occurred on 4th December 1957 near St Johns station, Lewisham |publisher=[[Her Majesty's Stationery Office]] |last=Langley |first=Brig. C.A. |url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/MoT_Lewisham1957.pdf |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515032226/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/MoT_Lewisham1957.pdf |url-status=live ))
*Siviter, Roger: ''Mainline Steam in the 1980s'' (Sutton Publishing: Stroud, 2003) ((ISBN|0-7509-3391-7))
*''The Railway Magazine'' (May 2007), p.&nbsp;85
*((cite book |last=Trevena |first=Arthur |title=Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. |year=1981 |publisher=Atlantic Books |location=Redruth |isbn=0-906899 03 6 ))
*Whitehouse, Patrick & Thomas, David St.John: ''SR 150: A Century and a Half of the Southern Railway'' (Newton Abbot: David and Charles, 2002)
((Refend))

==External links==
((Commons category|SR West Country and Battle of Britain class))
((Portal|Trains))
* [http://www.semgonline.com/steam/blp01.html Southern E-group (1)] – ''un-rebuilt 'Light Pacifics' ''
* [http://www.semgonline.com/steam/blp51.html Southern E-group (2)] – ''rebuilt 'Light Pacifics' ''
* [http://www.bulleidsociety.org/OVS_Bulleid/OVSB_Light_Pacifics.html Bulleid Society: WC/BB locomotive summary] – ''Table showing key dates, mileages, running numbers, etc. for all class members''

((SR Locomotives))

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[[Category:4-6-2 locomotives]]
[[Category:Battle of Britain]]
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