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((Short description|Ship lost off South Africa in 1909))
((Use Australian English|date=October 2011))
((Use dmy dates|date=March 2020))
{|((Infobox ship begin))
((Infobox ship image
|Ship image=SS Waratah FL601368.jpg
|Ship caption=Postcard of ''Waratah'', November 1908
))
((Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
|Ship flag=((shipboxflag|UKGBI|civil))
|Ship name=''Waratah''
|Ship namesake=[[Waratah]]
|Ship owner=W. Lund and Sons
|Ship operator=[[Blue Anchor Line]]
|Ship route=[[London]] – [[Durban]] – [[Adelaide]]
|Ship ordered=September 1907
|Ship builder=[[Barclay Curle]], [[Whiteinch]]
|Ship yard number=472
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=12 September 1908
|Ship completed=23 October 1908
|Ship sponsor=Mrs JW Taverner
|Ship christened=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship original cost=£139,900
|Ship maiden voyage=5 November 1908
|Ship out of service=
|Ship identification = *UK [[official number]] 125741
*[[code letters]] HNGM
*((ICS|Hotel))((ICS|November))((ICS|Golf))((ICS|Mike))
|Ship registration=[[Port of London|London]]
|Ship fate=Vanished without a trace off Durban July 1909
|Ship notes=Last reported seen July 27, 1909 by SS Clan Maclntyre and never seen again
))
((Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=passenger and cargo ship
|Ship tonnage=*((GRT|9339))<ref name=lloyds>((cite book |year=1909 |title=Lloyd's Register of British andForeign Shipping |volume=I.–Steamers. |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] |at=WAL–WAR |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1909ST/page/n1053/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]]))</ref>
*((NRT|6004))<ref name=lloyds/>
*((DWT|10000))
|Ship displacement=
|Ship length=((convert|465.0|ft|abbr=on))
|Ship beam=((convert|59.4|ft|abbr=on)) 
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=
|Ship depth=((convert|35.0|ft|abbr=on)) 
|Ship decks=2
|Ship sail plan=
|Ship power=1,003 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|nhp]]<ref name=lloyds/>
|Ship propulsion=2 × 4-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|quadruple expansion engines]]
|Ship speed=About ((convert|13.5|kn|km/h|1|lk=in|abbr=on)) service speed.
|Ship capacity=432 passenger cabin berths, plus more than 600 berths in dormitories in the holds
|Ship crew=154 crew
|Ship notes=''Waratah'' had lifeboat and liferaft capacity for 921 people
))
|}

'''SS ''Waratah''''' was a [[cargo liner|passenger and cargo]] [[steamship]] built in 1908 for the [[Blue Anchor Line]] to operate between Europe and Australia. In July 1909, on only her second voyage, the ship, en route from [[Durban]] to [[Cape Town]] along the coast of what is present-day [[South Africa]], disappeared with 211 passengers and crew aboard. No trace of her has ever been found, and her fate remains unknown.

==Design and construction==
In September 1907 W. Lund & Sons placed an order with [[Barclay Curle]] of [[Glasgow]] for a new cargo and passenger vessel to be delivered within twelve months that was specially designed for their [[Blue Anchor Line]] trade between the United Kingdom and Australia. The owners wanted the ship to be an improved version of their existing steamship ((SS|Geelong||2)), and therefore most specifications were based upon those of ''Geelong''. The ship was laid down at Barclay Curle's Clydeholm Yard in [[Whiteinch]] and launched on 12 September 1908 (yard number 472), with Mrs J. W. Taverner, wife of the Agent-General of Victoria, being the sponsor.<ref name=miramar>((csr|register=MSI|id=1125741|shipname=Waratah|accessdate=29 September 2018))</ref><ref name=mar>((cite news |title=Launches-Scotch. |date=1 October 1908 |newspaper=Marine Engineer & Naval Architect |page=92 |volume=XXXI ))</ref>
[[File:SS Waratah launch.jpg|thumb|left|''Waratah'' being launched, September 1908]]
''Waratah'' was of the spar-deck type and had three complete decks—lower, main and spar. The first-class accommodations were built on the promenade, bridge and boat decks and could house 128 passengers. In addition, a nursery was provided on the ship for the convenience of first-class passengers. The vessel also had third-class passenger accommodations constructed on the poop deck that could house upward of 300 people but were certified for only 160. The ship, constructed for both speed and luxury, had eight [[Cabin (ship)|state room]]s and a salon, the panels of which depicted its namesake flower, as well as a luxurious music lounge complete with a [[minstrel]]'s gallery. With the aim of also being an emigrant ship, her cargo holds could be converted into large dormitories, capable of holding almost 700 [[steerage]] passengers on the outward journeys while, on the return journey, she could be laden with frozen meat, dairy products, wool and metal ore from Australia. To be able to carry frozen produce, her entire front end was fitted with refrigerating machinery and cold chambers. She was also fitted with Kirkcaldy's distilling apparatus, capable of producing ((convert|5500|impgal|L|abbr=in)) of fresh water a day. ''Waratah'' was not equipped with a radio, which was not unusual at the time.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=118|ps=))

Sea trials were held on 23 October 1908 on the [[Firth of Clyde]], during which ''Waratah'' was able to successfully maintain a mean speed of ((convert|15|kn|mph km/h)) over several runs on the measured mile. After successful completion of sea trials, the steamship was handed over to her owners on the same day and immediately departed for [[London]].<ref name=mar1>((cite news |title=Trial Trips. |date=1 December 1908 |newspaper=Marine Engineer & Naval Architect |page=177 |volume=XXXI ))</ref>

As built, ''Waratah'' was ((convert|465|ft|m)) long ([[length between perpendiculars|between perpendiculars]]) and ((convert|59|ft|4|in|m)) [[beam (nautical)|abeam]], a [[mean]] [[draft (hull)|draft]] of ((convert|30|ft|4+1/2|in|m|2)).<ref name=lloyds/> Her [[tonnage]]s were ((GRT|9339)), ((NRT|6004)), and about ((DWT|10000)).<ref name=lloyds/> The vessel had a steel hull, and two sets of [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|quadruple expansion engines]], with cylinders of ((convert|23|in|cm|adj=on)), ((convert|32+1/2|in|cm|adj=on)), ((convert|46+1/2|in|cm|adj=on)) and ((convert|67|in|cm|adj=on)) diameter, with a ((convert|48|in|cm|adj=on)) [[stroke (engine)|stroke]], that provided a combined 1,003 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|nhp]] and drove two screw propellers, which moved the ship at up to ((convert|13+1/2|kn|mph km/h)).<ref name=lloyds/> ''Waratah'' had a cellular [[double bottom]] built along her entire length, and the hull was divided into eight [[watertight compartment]]s which, it was claimed, rendered her "practically immune from any danger of sinking".<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69965453 |title=S.S. Waratah. |newspaper=[[Albany Advertiser]]|volume=XXI |issue=2708 |location=Western Australia |date=20 January 1909 |access-date=2 September 2018 |page=3 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref>

''Waratah'' was named after the emblem flower of [[New South Wales]], which appears to have been an unlucky name: one ship of that name had been lost off the island of [[Ushant]] in the [[English Channel]] in 1848, one in 1887 on a voyage to [[Sydney]], another south of Sydney, and one in the [[Gulf of Carpentaria]] in 1897.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=117|ps=))<ref name=mar/>
((multiple image
| align             = center
| direction         = horizontal
| total_width       = 900
| image1            = SS._Waratah_Music_Room.tif
| alt1              = 
| width1            = 
| caption1          = Music room on ''Waratah''
| image2            = SS._Waratah_First_Class_Cabin_Triple_Berth.tif
| alt2              = 
| width2            = 
| caption2          = First class cabin
| image3            = Waratah First Class Dining Saloon.png
| alt3              = 
| width3            = 
| caption3          = First class dining saloon
| image4            = SS._Waratah_Third_Class_Cabin_2_Berth.tif
| alt4              = 
| width4            = 
| caption4          = Third class cabin
| image5            = SS._Waratah_Third_Class_Dining_Saloon.tif
| alt5              = 
| width5            = 
| caption5          = Third class dining room
))

==Service history==
[[File:Joshua Edward Ilbery.jpg|thumb|upright|Joshua Edward Ilbery, captain of the ''Watatah'']]
[[File:SS Waratah.png|thumb| ''Waratah'' between April and July 1909 at an unknown location]]
Following delivery, ''Waratah'' left London for her maiden voyage on 5 November 1908, with 689 third-class and 67 first-class passengers.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article126750264 |title=The Tide of Immigration. |newspaper=[[Sunday Times (Sydney)|The Sunday Times]] |issue=1190 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=8 November 1908 |access-date=30 September 2018 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref>((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=119|ps=)) She was under the command of Captain Joshua Edward Ilbery, a veteran of the Blue Anchor Line, with thirty years of nautical experience and a previous master of ''Geelong'', and had a crew of 154. She left [[Cape Town]] on 27 November and reached [[Adelaide]] on 15 December 1908.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article208650036 |title=The Liner Waratah |newspaper=[[Evening Journal (Adelaide)|Evening Journal]] |volume=XLII |issue=11776 |place=South Australia |date=15 December 1908 |access-date=30 September 2018 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref> Among her passengers were Hamilton Wickes, a newly appointed British Trade Commissioner for the Commonwealth, [[Ernest Augustus Anderson|Dr. Anderson]], Bishop of Riverina, and [[Octavius Beale]], president of the Federal Council of Chambers of Manufactures.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5153577 |title=Personal. |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |volume=LI |issue=15,652 |location=South Australia |date=16 December 1908 |access-date=30 September 2018 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref>

While on her maiden voyage, early in the morning of 6 December 1908, ''Waratah''(('))s second officer reported a small fire in the lower [[port and starboard|starboard]] bunker, extending all the way to the engine room. The fire was largely brought under control by noon on the same day but continued reigniting until 10 December. The fire was apparently caused by the heat emitted by several reducing and steam valves located on the starboard side of the engine room. While the roof of the engine room was insulated, the starboard side evidently was not. The repairs were performed at Sydney to the chief engineer's satisfaction.

From Adelaide, ''Waratah'' proceeded to [[Melbourne]] and Sydney, and sailed back for London on 9 January 1909 via Australian, [[Colony of Natal]] and [[Cape Colony]] ports, carrying a cargo of foodstuffs, wool, and 1,500 tons of metal concentrates.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article158537667 |title=The Week's Shipments. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=5673 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=12 January 1909 |access-date=30 September 2018 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref> She arrived in London on 7 March 1909 to finalise her maiden voyage. After unloading her cargo she was put into [[drydock]], where she was inspected by the Lloyd's inspector and underwent some minor repairs.

During her maiden voyage, ''Waratah'' was scrutinised by Captain Ilbery and his crew, as one of the criteria used in acceptance trials was the ship's handling and stability. Ilbery was not completely satisfied and, considering he was previously in charge of ''Geelong'', presumably reported to the owners that the ship did not have the same stability as his old vessel. He was especially concerned about the difficulty of properly loading the steamship to maintain her stability, which resulted in a heated exchange between the owners and the builders following the vessel's return to England. The subsequent [[inquiry]] into her sinking raised some disputed reports of instability on that voyage.<ref name="NLA14/9/09">((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article77352720 |title=The S.S. Waratah Maiden Voyage. A Reminiscence|work=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |volume=XXVIII |issue=10,695 |location=Western Australia |date=14 September 1909 |access-date=2 September 2018 |page=2 (Third Edition) |via=National Library of Australia))</ref>

[[File:SS Waratah2.png|thumb|left|''Waratah'' at Sydney in either 1908 or 1909]]

On 27 April 1909, ''Waratah'' set out on her second trip to Australia, carrying 22 cabin and 193 steerage passengers, in addition to a large cargo of general merchandise, with a crew of 119. The outward trip was largely uneventful, and the ship arrived at Adelaide on 6 June after touching off at Cape Town on 18 May. Upon loading about 970 tons of lead ore at Adelaide, the ship continued to Melbourne and had to plough through a strong [[gale]], which also complicated her berthing upon arrival on 11 June.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article196119932 |title=Berthing of the Waratah. |work=[[The Age]] |issue=16,925 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=12 June 1909 |access-date=30 September 2018 |page=14 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref> She continued on to Sydney where she loaded her cargo for the return voyage, consisting of, among other things, flour, wool, dairy, frozen meat, and 7,800 bars of bullion, and departed on 26 June.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article158423793 |title=Exports. |newspaper=[[Daily Commercial News And Shipping List]] |issue=5817 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=5 July 1909 |access-date=1 October 2018 |page=2 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref> She stopped to complete her loading at Melbourne and Adelaide, and set out from Adelaide on 7 July, bound for Durban and Cape Town and continuing to Europe.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article209667947 |title=Shipping News |work=[[The Express and Telegraph]] |volume=XLVI |issue=13,751 |location=South Australia |date=8 July 1909 |access-date=1 October 2018 |page=1 (4 o'clock.) |via=National Library of Australia))</ref><ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article139683321 |title=The Grain Trade. |work=[[The Australasian]] |volume=LXXXVII |issue=2,258 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=10 July 1909 |access-date=2 October 2018 |page=9 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref> Aside from almost 100 passengers, she also had on board a convict being [[extradition|extradited]] to [[Transvaal Colony]], accompanied by two Transvaal policemen.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article203440250 |title=Charged with Murder. |newspaper=[[Evening Journal (Adelaide)|Evening Journal]] |volume=XLIII |issue=11944 |location=South Australia |date=8 July 1909 |access-date=1 October 2018 |page=1 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref>

''Waratah'' reached Durban on the morning of 25 July, where one passenger, Claude G. Sawyer, an engineer and experienced sea traveller, left the ship and sent the following [[telegram|cable]] to his wife in London: "Thought Waratah top-heavy, landed Durban". Sawyer later testified to the London inquiry that he had booked passage on ''Waratah'' through to Cape Town, but had decided to disembark at Durban because he had become nervous about the behaviour of the ship during his voyage. He also claimed that he had been disturbed by visions he saw in dreams during the voyage of a man "dressed in a very peculiar dress, which I had never seen before, with a long sword in his right hand, which he seemed to be holding between us. In the other hand he had a rag covered with blood." Sawyer claimed that he took those visions to be a warning to leave the ship at the earliest opportunity. In any event, his decision to leave ''Waratah'' at Durban saved his life.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=120|ps=))<ref name="NLAInqreport"/> The ship left Durban at about 20:15 hrs on 26 July with 211 passengers and crew.

===Disappearance===
At around 04:00 on 27 July, ''Waratah'' was spotted astern on the starboard side by the [[Clan Line]] steamship ''Clan MacIntyre''. As ''Waratah'' was the faster ship she drew level with ''Clan MacIntyre'' by about 06:00, at which point both vessels communicated by [[signal lamp]] and exchanged customary information about the name and destination of their respective ships. ''Waratah'', going about 13 knots, then overtook ''Clan MacIntyre'' at a position abeam of the mouth of the [[Bashee River]], on south-east coast of the Colony of Natal. She remained in sight of ''Clan MacIntyre'', gradually steaming away until she disappeared over the horizon at about 09:30. That was the last confirmed sighting of ''Waratah''. Later that day, the weather deteriorated quickly, as is common in that area, with increasing wind and rough seas, developing into a [[tropical cyclone|cyclone]] by 28 July. The captain of ''Clan MacIntyre'' said it was the worst weather he had experienced in his thirteen years as a seaman, with winds of exceptional strength causing tremendous swells.((sfnp|Harris|1989|pp=120-123|ps=))

[[File:SS 'Waratah' at Port Adelaide, 1909.jpeg|thumb|''Waratah'' at [[Port Adelaide]] just before her last voyage.]]

There were several further unconfirmed sightings:((sfnp|Harris|1989|pp=120-123|ps=)) At around 17:30 on the 27th, a ship called ''Harlow'' saw the smoke of a steamship on the horizon. There was so much smoke that her captain wondered if the ship was on fire. When darkness fell, the crew of ''Harlow'' could see the ship's running lights approaching, but still ((convert|10|to|12|nmi|km)) behind them. Suddenly there were two bright flashes from the direction of the ship and the lights vanished. The captain thought they were caused by explosions, but the mate of ''Harlow'', who had also seen them, thought the flashes were brush fires on the shore, a common phenomenon in the area at that time of year. The captain agreed and did not even enter the events in the log. Only when he learnt of the disappearance of ''Waratah'' did he think the events significant.((sfnp|Harris|1989|pp=122, 138|ps=)) Reportedly, ''Harlow'' was ((convert|180|nmi|km)) from Durban.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24189442/the_new_york_times/ |work=The New York Times |date=21 September 1909 |page=6 |title=Saw Steamer Blow Up |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=1 October 2018))((free access))</ref><ref>((cite news |work=The Times |date=24 September 1909 |title=The Loss of the Waratah. |page=12 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24189605/the_times/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=1 October 2018))((free access))</ref>

That same evening, at around 21:30, the [[Union-Castle Line]]r ''Guelph'', heading north to Durban from the [[Cape of Good Hope]], passed a ship and exchanged [[International Code of Signals|signals]] by lamp. However, because of the bad weather and poor visibility, ''Guelph'' was able to identify only the last three letters of her name as "T-A-H."((sfnp|Harris|1989|pp=122, 138|ps=))

Another possible sighting, which was not disclosed to the London inquiry, was by Edward Joe Conquer, a [[Cape Mounted Riflemen|Cape Mounted Rifleman]] who, on 28 July, along with [[Signaller]] H. Adshead, was posted to carry out military exercises on the banks of the mouth of the [[Xora River]]. He recorded in his diary that he and Adshead had observed, through a telescope, a steamship which matched the description of ''Waratah'' that appeared to be struggling slowly against heavy seas in a south-westerly direction. Conquer observed the ship roll heavily to starboard and then, before it was able to right itself, a following wave rolled over the ship, which then disappeared from view, leading Conquer to believe it had gone under. Conquer reported his sightings to his base camp and to his Orderly Sergeant, who apparently did not take the matter seriously. He did not come forward with his story until 1929.((sfnp|Smith|2009|pp=173–174|ps=))<ref name="TSSGuaurdian">((cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Rory |title=The Titanic of the southern seas |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/19/southafrica.rorycarroll |access-date=2023-11-07 |work=The Guardian |date=2004-04-19))</ref>

''Waratah'' was expected to reach Cape Town on 29 July 1909, but never reached its destination. No trace of the ship has ever been found.

==Search efforts==
===Contemporary searches===
Initially, the non-appearance of the ship did not cause alarm because it was not uncommon for ships to arrive at port days, or occasionally even weeks overdue. As ''Waratah'' was considered unsinkable, it was at first thought likely that she had been delayed by a breakdown or mechanical fault, and was still adrift. Fears started to grow for her safety when ships which had left Durban after ''Waratah'', and had travelled on a similar course, began arriving at Cape Town and reported having seen no sign of her en route. The first search effort was launched on 1 August, when the [[tugboat]] ''T.E. Fuller'' was sent out to look for any sign of the ship, but was forced to turn back after encountering dreadful weather. She later returned to search along the coast.((sfnp|Smith|2009|p=51|ps=)) The Royal Navy sent the cruisers ((HMS|Pandora|1900|6)) and ((HMS|Forte|1893|2)), and later ((HMS|Hermes|1898|2)), to search for ''Waratah''. ''Hermes'', near the area of the last sighting of ''Waratah'', encountered waves so large and strong that she strained her hull and had to be placed in [[dry dock]] on her return to port.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=125|ps=)) On 10 August 1909, a cable from Colony of Natal reached Australia, reading "Blue Anchor vessel sighted a considerable distance out. Slowly making for Durban. Could be the Waratah". The Chair of the House of Representatives in the Australian Parliament halted proceedings to read out the cable, saying: "Mr. Speaker has just informed me that he has news on reliable authority that the SS ''Waratah'' has been sighted making slowly towards Durban."<ref>''Hansard, House of Representatives'' p2228 10 August 1909</ref> In Adelaide, the town bells were rung. However, the ship in question was not ''Waratah''.

Numerous other ships in the area joined the search, including ''Waratah''(('))s sister ship ''Geelong'', which deviated from its course from Cape Town to [[Adelaide]] to search waters east of Colony of Natal, where ''Waratah'' was thought to be possibly drifting.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198476714 |title=A Lund Liner's Trip |newspaper=[[The Age]] |issue=16,995 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=2 September 1909 |access-date=22 July 2016 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref> The German steamship ''Goslar'' also kept special lookout for ''Waratah'' for 1262 miles of ocean while en route from Port Elizabeth to Melbourne.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198476709 |title=THE GOSLAR'S SEARCH. |newspaper=[[The Age]] |issue=16,995 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=2 September 1909 |access-date=22 July 2016 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref>

On 13 August 1909, the steamship ''Insizwa'' reported sighting of several bodies off the mouth of Bashee ([[Mbashe River|Mbashe]]) River, near the position of the last confirmed sighting of ''Waratah''.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24189184/the_boston_globe/|title=Probably Waratah Victims |work=The Boston Globe |date=13 August 1909 |page=9 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=1 October 2018))((free access))</ref> The Captain of ''Tottenham'' also allegedly saw bodies in the water more than two weeks after ''Waratah'' disappeared.<ref name="Tales">[http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/cliffiesw/WARATALES.HTM SS Waratah, Stories and Legends]</ref> The tug ''Harry Escombe'' was sent out to search for bodies, but failed to find any.((sfnp|Smith|2009|p=54|ps=)) It did, however, find floating objects which resembled human bodies, which turned out to be dead [[skate (fish)|skate]].<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131068603 |title=The Missing Waratah. |work=[[The Hillston Spectator And Lachlan River Advertiser]] |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=20 August 1909 |access-date=20 April 2020 |page=2 |via=Trove ))</ref>

Hope remained that ''Waratah'' was still afloat and drifting, which was bolstered by the experience of the steamship ((SS|Waikato||2)), which had  broken down off the Cape in 1899 and drifted eastwards for over 100 days, covering ((convert|2500|nmi|km)), before being discovered and towed to Australia.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article190075528 |title=The Waikato's Experience. Adrift for 103 Days |work=[[Gympie Times And Mary River Mining Gazette]] |volume=XLI |issue=5412 |location=Queensland, Australia |date=21 August 1909 |access-date=15 July 2019 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref><ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article114770048 |title=The Waikato's Drift |work=[[The Evening News (Sydney)|Evening News]] |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=18 August 1909 |access-date=21 April 2020 |page=6 |via=Trove ))</ref> ''Waratah'' had enough provisions on board to last for a year but, because she lacked any radio equipment, she would have been unable to communicate with any ships beyond visual range.((sfnp|Smith|2009|pp=51–53|ps=)) In September 1909, the Blue Anchor Line chartered the [[Union Castle Line|Union Castle]] cargo ship ''Sabine'' to search for ''Waratah''. ''Sabine'' was specially fitted out with search lights and other equipment. Its search covered ((convert|14000|nmi|km)), and zig-zagged across the drift path of the aforementioned ''Waikato'', yielding no result.((sfnp|Smith|2009|pp=51–153|ps=)) With no sighting of the ship for over four months, ''Waratah'' was officially posted as missing at [[Lloyd's of London]] on 15 December 1909.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=128|ps=)) However, in early 1910, relatives of ''Waratah'' passengers made one further attempt to locate the ship, and chartered ''Wakefield'', which conducted a search for four months, covering ((convert|15000|nmi|km)). That, again, proved unsuccessful.((sfnp|Smith|2009|pp=51–153|ps=))

No confirmed wreckage or bodies from ''Waratah'' have ever been found, although there were a number of unconfirmed reports. In March 1910, wreckage was said to have been found at [[Mossel Bay]].<ref>[http://waratahrevisited.blogspot.com/2016/04/wreckage-mossel-bay.html Sydney Morning Herald 4 March 1910]</ref> A life preserver, reportedly marked with the name "Waratah", washed up on the coast of New Zealand in February 1912.<ref name="Tales"/> In 1925, Lt. D. J. Roos of the South African Air Force reported that he had spotted a wreck while he was flying over the [[Transkei]] coast. It was his opinion that it was the wreck of ''Waratah''. Pieces of cork and timber, possibly from ''Waratah'', were washed up near East London, South Africa in 1939.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OX0eAQAAMAAJ&q=Waratah Fairplay Weekly Shipping Journal, Volume 150 1939 .p.70]</ref>

===Later searches===
A number of later efforts to locate a wreck have taken place, in particular under the leadership of [[Emlyn Brown]]. Attempts to find ''Waratah'' took place in 1983, 1989, 1991, 1995 and 1997. In 1999, there were newspaper reports that ''Waratah'' had been found 10&nbsp;km off the eastern coast of South Africa.<ref>Addley</ref> A sonar scan conducted by Emlyn Brown's team had indeed located a wreck, the outline of which seemed to match that of ''Waratah''. In 2001, however, a dive at the site revealed that the wreck was that of ((SS|Nailsea Meadow||2)), a cargo ship that a German [[U-boat]] had sunk in the Second World War.<ref>((cite web |title=Search for Waratah goes on after 'false' find |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/search-for-waratah-goes-on-after-false-find-58947 |publisher=IOL |access-date=2 September 2018 |date=24 January 2001))</ref> In 2004, Emlyn Brown, who had by then spent 22 years looking for ''Waratah'', declared that he was giving up the search: "I've exhausted all the options. I now have no idea where to look", he said.<ref>((cite news |last1=Meldrum |first1=Andrew |title='Titanic' hunt draws a blank |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/may/04/southafrica.andrewmeldrum |access-date=2023-11-07 |work=The Guardian |date=2004-05-04))</ref>

==Inquiry==
The [[Board of Trade]] inquiry into the disappearance was held in December 1910 at [[Caxton Hall]] in London. It quickly came to focus on the supposed instability of ''Waratah''.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=129|ps=)) Evidence was greatly hampered by the lack of any survivors from the ship's final voyage (other than the small number, including Claude Sawyer, who had disembarked in [[Durban]]). Most evidence came from passengers and crew from ''Waratah's'' maiden voyage, her builders and those who had handled her in port.

The expert witnesses all agreed that ''Waratah'' was designed and built properly and sailed in good condition.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=130|ps=)) She had passed numerous inspections, including those by her builders, her owners, the Board of Trade and two by [[Lloyd's of London]], who gave her the classification "+100 A1"&nbsp;– their top rating,((sfnp|Harris|1989|pp=118, 130|ps=)) granted only to ships Lloyds had inspected and assessed throughout the design, construction, fitting out and [[sea trial]]s, on top of the two valuations and inspections Lloyds had made of the completed ''Waratah''.

However, many witnesses who had travelled on the ship testified that ''Waratah'' felt unstable, frequently [[Angle of list|listed]] to one side even in calm conditions, [[Ship motions|rolled]] excessively, and was very slow to come upright after leaning into a swell, and had a tendency for her [[bow (ship)|bow]] to dip into oncoming waves rather than ride over them.<ref name="NLA14/9/09"/><ref name="NLAInqreport">((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5235069 |title=THE WARATAH. A PROFESSOR'S ALARM: SAVED BY A VISION. MISS HAY WARNED.|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |volume=LIII |issue=16,306 |location=South Australia |date=20 January 1911 |access-date=2 September 2018 |page=7 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=LOSS OF THE S.S. WARATAH. SENSATIONAL EVIDENCE (The Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser 21 February 1911) | newspaper=Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser | date=21 February 1911 |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/126482032?searchTerm=ss%20waratah%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&searchLimits= |publisher=National Library of Australia |access-date=2 September 2018))</ref> One passenger on her maiden voyage said that when in the [[Southern Ocean]] she developed a list to starboard to such an extent that water would not run out of the baths, and she held this list for several hours before rolling upright and then settling down to a similar list on the other side. This passenger, physicist Professor [[William Henry Bragg|William Bragg]], concluded that the ship's [[metacentric height|metacentre]] was just below her [[centre of gravity]]. When slowly rolled over towards one side, she reached a point of equilibrium and would stay leaning over until a shift in the sea or wind pushed her upright.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=131|ps=))<ref name="NLAInqreport"/>

Other passengers and crew members commented on her lack of stability, and those responsible for handling the ship in port said she was so unstable when unladen that she could not be moved without [[Ballast tank|ballast]].((sfnp|Harris|1989|pp=130, 140|ps=)) But for every witness of this opinion, another could be found who said the opposite. Both former passengers and crew members (ranking from stokers to a deck officer) said ''Waratah'' was perfectly stable, with a comfortable, easy roll.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=133|ps=)) Many said they felt she was especially stable.<ref>((cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5153599 |title=THE S.S. WARATAH AND HER COMMANDER. |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |volume=LI |issue=15,652 |location=South Australia |date=16 December 1908 |access-date=4 September 2018 |page=10 |via=National Library of Australia))</ref> The ship's builders produced calculations to prove that even with a load of coal on her deck (that several witnesses claim she was carrying when she left Durban) she was not top heavy.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=130|ps=))

[[File:SS Geelong FL1649017.jpg|right|thumb|[[SS Geelong|''Geelong'']]]]

The inquiry was unable to make any conclusions from this mixed and contradictory evidence. It did not blame the Blue Anchor Line, but did make several negative comments in regard to the company's practices in determining the performance and seaworthiness of its new ships.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=141|ps=)) Correspondence between Captain Ilbery and the line's managers show he commented on numerous details about the ship's fixtures, fittings, cabins, public rooms, ventilation and other areas, but failed to make any mention at the basic level of ''Waratah's'' seaworthiness and handling. Equally, the company never asked Captain Ilbery about these areas.((sfnp|Harris|1989|pp=139–141|ps=)) This led some to speculate that Ilbery had concerns about ''Waratah'' and its stability, but deliberately kept such doubts quiet. However, it is also possible that neither he nor the Blue Anchor Line felt it necessary to cover such areas, because ''Waratah'' was heavily based on a previous (and highly successful) Blue Anchor ship, ''Geelong'', and so ''Waratah''(('))s handling was assumed to be the same.

It is certainly true that many passenger ships of the period were made slightly top-heavy. This produced a long, comfortable but unstable roll, which many passengers preferred to a short, jarring but stable roll. Many trans-Atlantic liners were designed this way, and after a few voyages those operating them learnt how to load, ballast and handle them correctly and the ships completed decades of trouble-free service. It may have been ''Waratah's'' misfortune to encounter an unusually heavy storm or freak wave on only her second voyage, before she could be trimmed correctly. This slightly top-heavy design could also account for the strongly opposed opinions of witnesses about whether or not the ship felt stable. An inexperienced or uninformed person on the ship might conclude that the long, slow, soft roll of the ship felt comfortable and safe, whilst someone with more seagoing experience or a knowledge of ship design would have felt that the same motion was unstable. In regards to the witnesses claiming ''Waratah's'' instability in port when unladen, this may have been true. However, virtually all ocean-going ships (which are, after all, designed to carry a large weight of cargo) need to be ballasted to some extent when moved unladen, so ''Waratah'' was certainly not unique in this respect. The witnesses would have been well aware of this&nbsp;– that they still came forward to attest that they regarded ''Waratah'' as dangerously unstable in these conditions does suggest that the ship was exceptional in some respect.

''Waratah'' was also a mixed-use ship. Passenger liners, with a small cargo volume relative to their gross register tonnage had fairly constant and predictable ballasting requirements. A ship like ''Waratah'' would carry a wide range of cargoes, including on the same voyage, making the matter of ballasting both more complex and more crucial.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=146|ps=)) When she disappeared, ''Waratah'' was carrying a cargo of 1,000 tons of [[lead]] concentrate, which may have suddenly shifted, causing the ship to capsize.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=|ps=))

The inquiry concluded that the three ships reporting potential sightings of ''Waratah'' on the evening of 26 July could not all have seen her given the distance between them and the time of the sightings, unless ''Waratah'' had reached [[Mbashe River]] and exchanged signals with ''Clan MacIntyre'' but then turned around and headed back to Durban, to be sighted by ''Harlow''.

==Theories==
[[File:SS Waratah colour postcard.jpg|thumb|Artist's impression of ''Waratah'' at sea]]

Theories which have been put forward to explain the disappearance include:

===Freak wave===
A theory advanced to explain the disappearance of ''Waratah'' is an encounter with a freak wave, also known as a [[rogue wave]], in the ocean off the South African coast.<ref name="Econ1">((cite news |title= Monsters of the deep – Huge, freak waves may not be as rare as once thought |work= Economist Magazine |date= 17 September 2009 |url= http://www.economist.com/sciencetechnology/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14446734 |access-date= 2009-10-04))</ref> Such waves are known to be common in that area of the ocean. It is most likely that ''Waratah'', with what seems to be marginal stability and already ploughing through a severe storm, was hit by a giant wave. This either rolled the ship over outright or stove in her cargo hatches, filling the holds with water and pulling the ship down almost instantly. If the ship capsized or rolled over completely, any buoyant debris would be trapped under the wreck, explaining the lack of any bodies or wreckage in the area. This theory was given credibility through a paper by Professor Mallory of the University of Cape Town (1973) which suggested that waves of up to 20 metres (66 feet) in height did occur between [[Richards Bay]] and [[Cape Agulhas]]. This theory also stands up if ''Waratah'' is assumed to have been stable and seaworthy – several ships around the [[Cape of Good Hope]] have been severely damaged and nearly sunk by freak waves flooding their holds. Throughout the world ships such as ''[[Melanie Schulte]]'' (a German ship lost in the [[Atlantic Ocean]])((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=149|ps=)) and [[MV Derbyshire|MV ''Derbyshire'']] (a British [[bulk carrier]] sunk in the [[Pacific Ocean]]) have suddenly broken up and sunk within minutes in extreme weather.

Some have also suggested that instead of sinking, the ship was incapacitated by a freak wave and, having lost her rudder and without any means of contacting land, was swept southwards towards [[Antarctica]] to either be lost in the open ocean or founder on Antarctica itself. No evidence except the absence of the wreck supports this theory.

===Cargo shift===
''Waratah'' was carrying in her cargo holds around 1,000 tons of [[lead]] and 300 tons of lead [[ore concentrate]], which is known under certain circumstances to liquefy due to the motion of the ship. This can affect the stability of the ship due to the [[free surface effect]], potentially causing it to [[capsize]]. Today, ore concentrate is treated as hazardous cargo, with special measures required for its transport in ships; however, in 1909 there was little awareness about the dangers of carrying this material.((sfnp|Smith|2009|pp=46,161|ps=))<ref>((cite web |title=CARGO LIQUEFACTION AND DANGERS TO SHIPS |url=https://www.ifsma.org/resources/Cargo-Liquefaction.pdf |publisher=International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations |access-date=14 July 2019))</ref>

===Whirlpool===
Both at the time of the disappearance and since, several people have suggested that ''Waratah'' was caught in a [[whirlpool]] created by a combination of winds, currents and a deep [[ocean trench]], several of which are known to be off the southeast coast of Africa. This would explain the lack of wreckage, but there is no firm evidence that a whirlpool of sufficient strength to almost instantly suck down a ((convert|450|ft|m|adj=mid|-long)) ocean liner could be created as suggested.((sfnp|Harris|1989|pp=147–49|ps=))

===Explosion===
Given the evidence from the officers of ''Harlow'' (see above), it has been speculated that ''Waratah'' was destroyed by a sudden explosion in one of her coal bunkers. Coal dust can certainly self-combust and in the right proportions of air be explosive. However, no single bunker explosion would cause a ship the size of ''Waratah'' to sink instantly, without anyone being able to launch a [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]] or raft, and without leaving any wreckage.((sfnp|Harris|1989|p=48|ps=))

==Aftermath==
''Waratah's'' disappearance, the inquiry and the criticism of the Blue Anchor Line generated much negative publicity. The line's ticket sales dropped drastically and, coupled with the huge financial loss taken in the building of ''Waratah'' which, like many ships of the time, was [[insurance|under-insured]], forced the company to sell its other ships to its main competitor [[P&O (company)|P&O]], and declare voluntary [[liquidation]] in 1910.<ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/blueanchor.htm Blue Anchor Line] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512043213/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/blueanchor.htm |date=12 May 2008 ))</ref>

In 1913, a Brisbane newspaper, ''[[Daily Mail (Brisbane)|The Daily Mail]]'', suspected its competitor ''[[The Daily Standard (Brisbane)|The Daily Standard]]'' was copying its news stories. So ''The Daily Mail'' published a hoax article claiming that ''Waratah'' had been discovered in [[Antarctica]].<ref>((Cite news|title=Backstory 1913|last=Sinnamon|first=Myles|date=15 April 2017|work=[[The Courier-Mail]]: QWeekend Supplement|page=37))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article39944883|title=Echoes from the Capital.|date=11 September 1913|issue=17010|location=Queensland, Australia|volume=XXVI|page=2|via=National Library of Australia|newspaper=[[Cairns Post]]|access-date=16 April 2017))</ref> The ''Daily Standard'' also published the story and added a statement from the harbourmaster.<ref>((cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article181058895|title=ENCASED IN ICE.|date=5 September 1913|issue=228|location=Queensland, Australia|page=5 (SECOND EDITION)|via=National Library of Australia|newspaper=[[Daily Standard]]|access-date=16 April 2017))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article181058894|title=NO REASONABLE DOUBT.|date=5 September 1913|issue=228|location=Queensland, Australia|page=5 (SECOND EDITION)|via=National Library of Australia|newspaper=[[Daily Standard]]|access-date=16 April 2017))</ref>

==Memorials==
((more citations needed section|date=October 2018))
[[File:Exeter Waratah Memorial - Thomas Newman.png|thumb|A memorial to Thomas Newman, a victim of the sinking, in Higher Cemetery, [[Exeter]]]]

A plaque in the Parish Church at [[Buckland Filleigh]], Devon, England, commemorates Col. Percival John Browne. He was returning to England on ''Waratah'', from his sheep farm in [[Mount Gambier]], [[South Australia]]. His family home was Buckland House.

A plaque to the memory of Howard Cecil Fulford, the ship's surgeon, was erected in the chapel by his fellow students at [[Trinity College (University of Melbourne)]].

In the Parish Church of St Wilfrid, [[Bognor Regis]], England, is a plaque: "The church gates were given in memory of Harris Archibald Gibbs who was drowned at sea in the SS Waratah".

In the main church in [[Aberystwyth]], Wales, is a plate "in happy memory of John Purton Morgan, 3rd Officer SS Waratah lost at sea 1909".

A memorial in Higher Cemetery, [[Exeter]], Devon, commemorates Thomas Newman "drowned in SS Waratah 27th July 1909".

A centenary plaque was unveiled at the [[Queenscliffe Maritime Museum]], Victoria, Australia, on 27 July 2009.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/disaster/maritime/display/96933-%22s.s.-waratah%22|title=S.S. Waratah|website=Monument Australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124075148/http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/disaster/maritime/display/96933-%22s.s.-waratah%22|archive-date=2018-01-24|url-status=dead|access-date=16 April 2017))</ref>

==Cultural impact==
The story of ''Waratah'', with the loss of 211 people, has often been compared with that of ((RMS|Titanic)) which sank three years later, with the loss of over 1,500 people. Consequently, ''Waratah'' has been referred to variously as the "Titanic of the southern seas", the "Titanic of the south" or, alternatively, "Australia's Titanic".<ref name="TSSGuaurdian"/>((sfnp|Smith|2009|pp=|ps=))<ref>((cite web |title=100 years since SS Waratah disappeared off the Wild Coast |url=https://www.wildcoast.co.za/waratah |publisher=Wild Coast |access-date=23 April 2020))</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
((Reflist))

'''Bibliography'''
((Refbegin))
*((citation |last=Harris |first=John |title=Without Trace: The Last Voyages of Eight Ships |year=1989 |publisher=Mandarin |isbn=0-7493-0043-4))
*((citation |last=Smith |first=P.J. |title=The Lost Ship SS Waratah: Searching for the Titanic of the South|year=2009 |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7524-5157-2))
((Refend))

==Further reading==
*"The Loss of the Waratah", ''[[The Times]]'', 23 February 1911 p.&nbsp;24
*Esther Addley, "Sea yields our Titanic's Resting Place", ''[[The Weekend Australian]]'', 17 July 1999
*Sue Blane, "The Week in Quotes", ''[[Financial Times]]'', 6 May 2004
*Alan Laing, "Shipwreck expert abandons hunt for Clyde liner", ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]'', 4 May 2004
*Tom Martin, "Almost a century after she vanished, scientists could now be on the verge of solving riddle of SS ''Waratah'''s last voyage", ''[[Sunday Express]]'', 25 April 2004
*Geoffrey Jenkins' ''Scend of the Sea'' (Collins, 1971) is a novel based on the loss of ''Waratah''.
*Clive Cussler's and Graham Brown's ''Ghost'' ''Ship'' (2014) is another novel featuring ''Waratah''.

==External links==
((Commons category|Waratah (ship, 1908)))
*[http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?11731 S/S Waratah on the wrecksite]
*[http://www.numa.net/expeditions/waratah/ NUMA on Waratah]
*[http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/cliffiesw/WCREW.HTM ''Waratah'' Crew list] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180737/http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/cliffiesw/WCREW.HTM |date=3 March 2016 ))
*[http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/cliffiesw/WARATAH.HTM ''Waratah'' Passenger list] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184329/http://mysite.mweb.co.za/residents/cliffiesw/WARATAH.HTM |date=3 March 2016 ))
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=mw9KAAAAIAAJ&dq=Waratah+loss+inquiry&pg=PA102 December 1910 inquiry into loss of Waratah .pp.101–105]
*[http://buffalocitytourism.co.za/post/ss-waratah-the-mystery-of-the-titanic-of-the-south-lives-on  Buffalo City tourism]

((1909 shipwrecks))
((DEFAULTSORT:Waratah))

[[Category:1900s missing person cases]]
[[Category:1908 ships]]
[[Category:Australian folklore]]
[[Category:Cargo liners]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1909]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Africa]]
[[Category:Passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People lost at sea]]
[[Category:Ships lost with all hands]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of South Africa]]

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Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Multiple image (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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