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((Short description|Founder of the South Lebanon Army))
((more citations needed|date=December 2018))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2021))
((Infobox officeholder
| name                = Saad Haddad
| order               = President of the [[State of Free Lebanon]]
| term_start          = 18 April 1979
| term_end            = 14 January 1984
| predecessor         = ''Position established''
| successor           = ''Position abolished''
| image               = File:Saad_Haddad.jpg
| image_size          = Haddad in 1983
| caption             = 
| birth_name          = 
| birth_date          = ((birth date text|1936))
| birth_place         = [[Marjayoun]], [[French Lebanon]]
| death_date          = ((death date and age|df=yes|1984|1|14|1936))
| death_place         = Marjayoun, Lebanon
| residence           = 
| nationality         = 
| alma_mater          = 
| occupation          = Military officer
| spouse              = 
| allegiance          = ((flagicon image|Lebanesearmyfirstflag.png|size=23px|link=)) [[Free Lebanon Army]]
| battles             = [[Lebanese Civil War]]
| children            = Arza
| parents             = 
| website             = 
| signature           = 
))

'''Saad Haddad''' (((lang-ar|سعد حداد)); 1936 – 14 January 1984) was the founder and head of the [[South Lebanon Army]] (SLA) during the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. Originally a [[Major (rank)|Major]] in the [[Lebanese Army]], he [[defection|defected]] and formed the [[South Lebanon Army]] and created the separatist [[State of Free Lebanon]] backed by [[Israel]]. For years Haddad closely collaborated with and received arms and political support from Israel against Lebanese government forces, [[Hezbollah]], and the [[Syrian Army]]. Haddad died of cancer in his house in [[Marjayoun]].<ref>((cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Edward |title=Lebanese Militia Leader, Saad Haddad, Dead at 47 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/01/15/lebanese-militia-leader-saad-haddad-dead-at-47/d5456a5b-f209-4e43-b71a-8904dc8d378e/?noredirect=on |newspaper=Washington Post |accessdate=10 June 2018))</ref>

==Early life==
Haddad was born to a [[Lebanese Melkite Christians|Greek Catholic]] family in [[Marjayoun]]. He received part of his training at [[Fort Benning]] in the [[United States]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://middleeast.about.com/od/arabisraeliconflict/p/me081026b.htm|title=Saad Haddad and the South Lebanon Army - Who Was Saad Haddad and the South Lebanon Army (SLA)|publisher=Middleeast.about|date=14 January 1984|accessdate=19 October 2012|archive-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118170016/http://middleeast.about.com/od/arabisraeliconflict/p/me081026b.htm|url-status=dead))</ref>

==Lebanese Civil War==
Since the 1970s, there has been a cyclical pattern of guerrilla attacks carried out by Palestinian militiamen on [[Israel]] and by the [[Israel Defense Forces]] on Palestinian targets. In the aftermath of the [[Lebanese Civil War|1975 Civil War]], Lebanese-generated security concerns grew for Israel. At the same time, the breakdown of Lebanon's central government provided opportunities for Israel to act. Around 1975, Israel sponsored the creation of a surrogate force, Lebanese Christian ([[Melkite]]<ref>Noam Chomsky, ''Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians'', updated edition (Cambridge, MA: [[South End Press]], 1999; orig. ed. 1983), 416.</ref>) [[Major (rank)|Major]] Saad Haddad was the first officer to defect from the [[Lebanese Army]] to ally himself with Israel,<ref>The War on Lebanon Edited by Nubar Hovesepian 19. Travels in Israel by Gabriel Piterberg p. 267</ref> a defection which led to the formation of the pro-Israel [[South Lebanon Army|Free Lebanon Army]], based in a corridor, the "[[Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon|Security Zone]]" along Lebanon's southern border from 1982 after Israel's invasion of [[Lebanon]]. This force, which called itself the Free Lebanon Army (but was later renamed the [[South Lebanon Army]] (SLA) under leader [[Antoine Lahad]] in May 1980), was intended to prevent infiltration into Israel of Palestinian guerrillas. In 1978, Israel invaded Lebanon, clearing out [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) strongholds as far north as the [[Litani River]].((citation needed|date=December 2018))

On 18 April 1979, Haddad proclaimed the area controlled by his force [[Free Lebanon State|Independent Free Lebanon]].<ref>[http://www.free-lebanon.com/LFPNews/2004/February/feb2b/feb2b.html feb2b<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The following day, he was branded a traitor to the Lebanese government and officially dismissed from the [[Lebanese Army]]. ((citation needed|date=December 2018))

Another consequence of the Israeli invasion was the establishment in southern Lebanon of the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]], whose mission was to separate the various combatants. Haddad's [[militia]] collaborated with Israel and received the bulk of its arms, equipment, supplies and ordnance from Israel. There are eyewitness accounts that support the claim that Saad Haddad's troops were involved in the [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|massacres of Sabra and Shatila]] in 1982.<ref name="autogenerated1999">Noam Chomsky, ''Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians'', updated edition (Cambridge, MA: [[South End Press]], 1999; orig. ed. 1983), 373.</ref> In the massacre an estimated 763 - 3,500 civilians were killed.<ref>((cite web|url=http://middleeast.about.com/od/arabisraeliconflict/p/me081026b.htm|title=Saad Haddad and the South Lebanon Army - Who Was Saad Haddad and the South Lebanon Army (SLA)|publisher=Middleeast.about|date=14 January 1984|accessdate=19 October 2012|archive-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118170016/http://middleeast.about.com/od/arabisraeliconflict/p/me081026b.htm|url-status=dead))</ref><ref>Robert Fisk: Pity the Nation – Lebanon at War (1990) p. 365</ref> Though Hadad and his men were exonerated by an Israeli panel, the SLA was still known to engage in ruthless behavior, such as the "brutal conditions" of [[Palestinians in Lebanon|Palestinian]] and Lebanese prisoners at the infamous [[Khiam detention center|al-Khiam prison]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://middleeast.about.com/od/arabisraeliconflict/p/me081026b.htm|title=Saad Haddad and the South Lebanon Army - Who Was Saad Haddad and the South Lebanon Army (SLA)|publisher=Middleeast.about|date=14 January 1984|accessdate=19 October 2012|archive-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118170016/http://middleeast.about.com/od/arabisraeliconflict/p/me081026b.htm|url-status=dead))</ref> In 1984, Haddad died of cancer. His successor as the head of the SLA was general [[Antoine Lahad]].

With the Israeli retreat the SLA quickly collapsed. On 24 May 2000, the sight of Saad Haddad's statue being dragged through the streets of the Lebanese town of [[Marjayoun]] was a sure sign that the South Lebanon Army was gone.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/761817.stm BBC News|MIDDLE EAST|Bitter retreat for the SLA<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

During the [[South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)]], Saad Haddad headed the Christian radio station "Voice of Hope",<ref>Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics By William A. Rugh p. 197</ref> initially set up and funded by George Otis of High Adventure Ministries. The Voice of Hope was set up as a charitable endeavor to help the Christian enclave in Southern Lebanon, but it quickly became politicized when Haddad used it for political diatribes aimed at his many enemies. High Adventure billed it as the only privately owned radio station in the Middle East that was broadcasting the Gospel, but its message was often tainted by the necessary affiliation with Haddad's militia, as its operation depended upon his protection and authority, resulting in a very curious blend of scripture lessons and political commentary which the staff at the station could not control or regulate.((citation needed|date=December 2018))

==Descendants and legacy==
On 7 June 2012, Lebanese daily newspaper ''[[As-Safir|As Safir]]'' reported on the progress of Saad Haddad's daughter Arza (meaning "Cedar Tree" in Arabic) as a researcher in ballistics and rocket science at the [[Technion]] University in Haifa.<ref>((cite web|author=حلمي موسى|url=http://www.assafir.com/Article.aspx?EditionID=2169&ChannelID=51917&ArticleID=726 |title=As-Safir Newspaper - حلمي موسى : صواريخ إسرائيل الموجهة نحو لبنان تحمل بصمات أرزة سعد حداد!|publisher=As safir |accessdate=19 October 2012))</ref> She obtained master's degree in [[aeronautics]] in June 2012.<ref name=ttofi>((cite news|title=From Lebanese refugee to Israeli rocket scientist|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/from-lebanese-refugee-to-israeli-rocket-scientist/|accessdate=19 October 2012|newspaper=The Times of Israel|date=6 June 2012))</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.alsminiature.com/haddad.html SLA.Miniature] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818172302/http://www.alsminiature.com/haddad.html |date=18 August 2009 ))

==References==
((reflist))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Haddad, Saad))
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:Lebanese rebels]]
[[Category:Lebanese Melkite Greek Catholics]]
[[Category:Lebanese military personnel]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Lebanon]]
[[Category:People of the Lebanese Civil War]]
[[Category:People from Marjeyoun District]]

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