Sadri | |
---|---|
Nagpuri | |
सादरी (नागपुरी), ସାଦ୍ରୀ, সাদরি | |
Native to | India |
Region | West Central Chota Nagpur (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar), West Bengal, Assam |
Ethnicity | Nagpuria |
Native speakers | 5.1 million (2011 census)[1][2][3] (Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi) L2 speakers: 7.0 million (2007) |
Devanagari Kaithi (historical) Odia Bengali-Assamese Latin | |
Official status | |
Official language in | ![]() |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | sck |
Glottolog | sada1242 |
Sadri-speaking region in India |
Sadri (also known as Nagpuri) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar. It is native language of the Sadan. In addition to native speakers, it is also used as lingua franca by many tribal groups such as Kharia, Munda and Kurukh, and a number of speakers of these tribal groups have adopted it as their first language. It is also used as a lingua franca among Tea-garden community of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh.[5][1] According to the 2011 Census, there were approximately 5,130,000 native speakers of the Nagpuri language, including 19,100 identifying as Gawari, 4,350,000 as "Sadan/Sadri" and 763,000 as "Nagpuria". Around 7 million people speak it as second language.[2]
The origin of Sadani/Sadri and other related terms is somewhat obscure. Probably the term "Sadan" derive from nisaada, referring to an ethnic group of North India. [5] The name Nagpur is probably taken from Nagvanshi, who ruled in this part of the country.[6] In literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri.[7]
In 1903, Sir George Abraham Grierson had classified Nagpuri as Nagpuria dialect of Bhojpuri language in his Survey "Linguistic Survey of India".
Nagpuri have been placed in Bihari group of Indo-Aryan languages. There is no consensus about placement of Bihari languages in Indo Aryan language family. Some consider it as Eastern branch while other consider it as Central branch. According to Ethnologue, it is eastern branch.[5][8] There are different opinion among linguist about origin of Nagpuri language. According to professor Keshri Kumar Singh, Nagpuri is descendant of Magadhi Prakrit in his book "Nagpuri bhasa ebam Sahitya". According to Dr. Sravan Kumar Goswami, Nagpuri had evolved from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.[9] Recent study demonstrate that Indo-Aryan languages of Chota Nagpur plateau called Sadani languages are distinct languages and are related to each other. Sadri language spoken in different districts such as Ranchi, Gumla, Simdega and Garhwa varies with each other.[7]
Nagpuri language is mainly spoken in western Chota Nagpur Plateau region in following, details geographical distribution of language is tabulated below;
State | Jharkhand | Chhattisgarh | Odisha | Bihar |
---|---|---|---|---|
District | Chatra | Jashpur | Sundergarh district | Aurangabad |
Palamu | Balrampur | Gaya district | ||
Latehar | ||||
Garhwa | Sarguja | |||
Hazaribagh | ||||
Lohardaga | ||||
Gumla | ||||
Ranchi | ||||
Simdega | ||||
Khunti | ||||
West Singhbhum |
It is also spoken by some Tea garden community in Tea garden area of Bangladesh, West Bengal and Assam who were taken as labourer to work in Tea garden during British Rule.[3]
It is spoken by 5 million as first language and 7 million as second language. Second language speaker are primarily tribal groups of the region who speaks Kurukh, Munda and Kharia language. They speak Sadri as lingua-franca for communication with different tribal groups and caste groups. In this process many have also adopted it as their first language.[2]
Historically Nagpuri was lingua-franca in the region. It was court language during reign of Nagvanshi dynasty.[10] Nagpuri is accorded as additional official language in Indian state of Jharkhand.[4] There is demand to include Nagpuri in Eighth schedule.[11][12][13] Some academics oppose inclusion of Hindi dialects in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution as full-fledged Indian languages. According to them recognition of Hindi dialects as separate languages would deprive Hindi of millions of its speakers and eventually no Hindi will be left.[14]
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | (ɳ) | ŋ | |||
Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||
voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | dʒʱ | ɡʱ | ||
Fricative | s | h | |||||
Tap | ɾ | ||||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
Approximant | ʋ | j |
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High | i iː | ʊ ʊː | ||
Mid | ɛ ɛː | (ə əː) | ʌ ʌː | ɔ ɔː |
Low | a aː |
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High | ĩ | ʊ̃ | ||
Mid | ɛ̃ | ʌ̃ | ɔ̃ | |
Low | ã |
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
High | ʊi̯ | |||
Mid | ɛi̯, ɛʊ̯ | [əɪ̯] | ʌɛ̯, ʌ̃ɛ̯̃, ʌi̯, ʌʊ̯ | ɔɛ̯, ɔ̃ɛ̯̃, ɔi̯, ɔ̃ĩ̯ |
Low | aɛ̯, ãɛ̯̃, aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ãʊ̯̃ |
Literature in Nagpuri language started around 17th century. Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and King of Ramgarh, Dalel Singh were poet.[10][16] Some Nagpuri peot were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram, Ghasiram Mahli, Das Mahli, Mahant Ghasi and Kanchan.[17] "Nagvanshavali" written by Beniram Mehta is a historical work in Nagpuri language. Great poet Ghasiram Mahli had written several works including "Nagvanashavali", "Durgasaptasati", "Barahamasa", "Vivha Parichhan" etc. There were also great writer like Pradumn Das and Rudra Singh.[18] Some Nagpuri language writers and poet in modern period are Praful Kumar Rai, Sahani Upendra Pal Singh, Shiv Avtar Choudhary, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari and Girdhari Ram Gonjhu.[9]
Nagpuri, taught at Ranchi University and other universities of Jharkhand.[19] Monthly Nagpuri magazines Gotiya and Johar Sahiya have been published in Ranchi.[20][21] Several magazines have been also published in Assam, West Bengal's Tarai and Dooars district.[22][3]
English | Nagpuri | Nagpuri (Devanagari) |
---|---|---|
What is your name? | Tor naam ka heke? | तोर नाम का हेके ? |
How are you ? | Toen kaisan aahis? | तोयं कसैन आहीस्? |
I am fine. | Moen thik aahon | मोएं ठीक आहों। |
What? | Ka? | का? |
Who? | Ke? | के? |
Why? | Kale? | काले? |
How? | Kaisan? | कसैन? |
Which? | Kon? | कोन? |
Come here. | Hian aao | हीयां आओ |
I am going to home. | Moen ghar jat hon | मोएं घर जात हों। |
I have eaten. | Moen kha hon | मोएं खा हों। |
I will go. | Moen Jamu | मोएं जामु। |
We go. | Hame jaeil | हामे जाइल। |
You go. | Toen jais | तोयं जाइस्। |
You are writing. | Toen likhathis | तोयं लिखतहिस्। |
You will come. | Toen aabe | तोयं आबे। |
We are writing. | Hame likhathi | हामे लीखतही। |
We have written. | Hame likh hi | हामे लीख ही। |
He/She come. | Oo aawela | उ आवेला। |
He/She is going. | Oo jat he | उ जात हे। |
He/She was coming. | Oo aawat rahe | उ आवत रहे। |
He/She will play. | Oo kheli | उ खेली। |
They have eaten bread. | Ooman roti kha haen | उमन रोटी खा हयं। |
They went. | Ooman gelaen | उमन गेलयं। |
They will go home. | Ooman ghar jabaen | उमन घर जाबयं। |
Father | Abba, Baba | आबा, बाबा |
Mother | Maa, Aayo | मा, आयो |
Brother | Bhai | भाइ |
Sister | Bahin | बहीन |
Paternal uncle | Kaka | काका |
Paternal aunt | Kaki | काकी |
Maternal uncle | Mama | मामा |
Maternal aunt | Mami | मामी |
friend | Sang(male), Sangi(female) | संग(पुरूष), संगी(स्त्री) |
brother of sister-in-law and brother-in-law | Sangat(for female), Yaar(for male) | संगात, यार |
sister of sister-in-law and brother-in-law | Sangatin | संगातीन |
Alternate names of dialects include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Nagpuri, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.[23][24][25]