| Sadri | |
|---|---|
| Nagpuri | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | West Central Chota Nagpur (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar), West Bengal, Assam |
| Ethnicity | Nagpuria |
Native speakers | 5.1 million (2011 census)[1][2][3] L2 speakers: 7.0 million (2007) |
| Devanagari Kaithi (historical) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  India
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sck |
| Glottolog | sada1242 |
Sadri-speaking region in India | |
Sadri (also known as Nagpuri) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Bihar. It is primarily spoken in west and central Chota Nagpur plateau region.[2][5]
It is native language of the Sadan, the Indo-Aryan ethnic group of Chota Nagpur plateau.[5] In addition to native speakers, it is also used as lingua franca by many tribal groups such as Kurukh, a Dravidian ethnic group and Kharia, Munda, the Munda Austro-asiatic ethnic groups and a number of speakers of these tribal groups have adopted it as their first language.[5] It is also used as a lingua franca among Tea-garden community of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh who were taken as a labourers to work in tea gardens during British Period.[5][1] According to the 2011 Census, It is spoken by 5.1 million people as first language. Around 7 million speak it as their second language based on study in 2007.[2]
The origin of Sadani/Sadri and other related terms is somewhat obscure. Probably the term "Sadan" derive from nisaada, referring to an ethnic group of North India. [5] The name Nagpur is the region ruled by Nagvanshi, later named as Chota Nagpur by British. The language spoken in the region was known as Nagpuri.[6] In literary tradition, the language is known as Nagpuri.[7]
Nagpuri language writers and poets are in favour of using Nagpuri as the name of the language. There is an opposition against the use of the word Sadri and giving two name Sadan/Sadri and Nagpuria to single language in the upcoming Indian census.[8][9][10]
In 1903, Sir George Abraham Grierson had classified Nagpuri as Nagpuria dialect of Bhojpuri language in his Survey "Linguistic Survey of India".
Nagpuri have been placed in Bihari group of Indo-Aryan languages.[5][11] There are different opinion among linguist about origin of Nagpuri language. According to professor Keshri Kumar Singh, Nagpuri is descendant of Magadhi Prakrit in his book "Nagpuri bhasa ebam Sahitya". According to Dr. Sravan Kumar Goswami, Nagpuri had evolved from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.[12] Recent study demonstrate that Indo-Aryan languages of Chota Nagpur plateau called Sadani languages are distinct languages and are closely related to each other than any other languages. Nagpuri language spoken in different districts such as Ranchi, Gumla, Simdega and Garhwa varies with each other.[7]
Nagpuri language is mainly spoken in western Chota Nagpur Plateau region in following, details geographical distribution of language is tabulated below;
| State | Jharkhand | Chhattisgarh | Odisha | Bihar |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| District | Chatra | Jashpur | Sundergarh district | Aurangabad |
| Palamu | Balrampur | Gaya district | ||
| Latehar | ||||
| Garhwa | Sarguja | |||
| Hazaribagh | ||||
| Lohardaga | ||||
| Gumla | ||||
| Ranchi | ||||
| Simdega | ||||
| Khunti | ||||
| West Singhbhum |
It is also spoken by some Tea garden community in Tea garden area of Bangladesh, West Bengal and Assam who were taken as labourer to work in Tea garden during British Rule.[3]
The early inscription found in the region are in Brahmi script. The Saridkel Brahmi Inscription from Khunti district is from 3rd century BCE. Several inscription of forts, temples and land grants found from 9th century such as from Mahamaya temple of Hapamuni built by Gajghat Rai, Nagfeni, Navratangarh fort of Gumla district, Boreya and Jagannath temple of Ranchi district. Some Buddhist inscription are undated such as from Khalari and Jonha Falls.[13] Inscription of modern period are in Devnagari script. Most nagpuri poetry have been written in Devnagari and Kaithi script during 17th century. In present mostly Devnagari script is used in literature.[14]
Historically Nagpuri was language and lingua-franca in the region. It was court language during reign of Nagvanshi dynasty.[14] Nagpuri is accorded as additional official language in Indian state of Jharkhand.[4] There is demand to include Nagpuri in Eighth schedule.[15][16][17] Some academics oppose inclusion of Hindi dialects in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution as full-fledged Indian languages. According to them recognition of Hindi dialects as separate languages would deprive Hindi of millions of its speakers and eventually no Hindi will be left.[18]
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɳ) | ŋ | |||
| Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
| breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | dʒʱ | ɡʱ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ | j | |||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | i iː | ʊ ʊː | ||
| Mid | ɛ ɛː | (ə əː) | ʌ ʌː | ɔ ɔː |
| Low | a aː | |||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | ĩ | ʊ̃ | ||
| Mid | ɛ̃ | ʌ̃ | ɔ̃ | |
| Low | ã | |||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | ʊi̯ | |||
| Mid | ɛi̯, ɛʊ̯ | [əɪ̯] | ʌɛ̯, ʌ̃ɛ̯̃, ʌi̯, ʌʊ̯ | ɔɛ̯, ɔ̃ɛ̯̃, ɔi̯, ɔ̃ĩ̯ |
| Low | aɛ̯, ãɛ̯̃, aɪ̯, aʊ̯, ãʊ̯̃ | |||
Nagpuri language is rich in folk tales, folk songs and riddles. Literature in Nagpuri language started around 17th century. Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah and King of Ramgarh, Dalel Singh were poet. These poems were composed in Devnagari script and Kaithi script.[14][20] Some Nagpuri peot were Hanuman Singh, Jaigovind Mishra, Barju Ram, Ghasiram Mahli, Das Mahli, Mahant Ghasi and Kanchan.[21] "Nagvanshavali" written by Beniram Mehta is a historical work in nagpuri language. Great poet Ghasiram Mahli had written several works including "Nagvanashavali", "Durgasaptasati", "Barahamasa", "Vivha Parichhan" etc. There were also great writer like Pradumn Das and Rudra Singh.[22] It is believed that, the prose writing in nagpuri language started by Christian missionaries. E.H.Whitley wrote Notes on the Ganwari dialect of Lohardaga, Chhota Nagpur in 1896, which considered the start of writing prose in nagpuri language.[23] Some Nagpuri language writers and poet in modern period are Praful Kumar Rai, Sahani Upendra Pal Singh, Shiv Avtar Choudhary, Lal Ranvijay Nath Shahdeo, Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari and Girdhari Ram Gonjhu.[12]
Nagpuri, taught at Ranchi University and other universities of Jharkhand.[24] Monthly Nagpuri magazines Gotiya and Johar Sahiya have been published in Ranchi.[25][26] Several magazines have been also published in Assam, West Bengal's Tarai and Dooars district.[27][3]
Some poets, writers and their works in nagpuri language are as follows:[23]
| Author | Works |
|---|---|
| Beniram Mahata | Nagvanshavali |
| Ghasiram Mahli | Nagpuri Fag Satak, Lalana Ranjana, Durga Saptasati, Nagvanshavali Jhumar |
| Kanchan | Sudama Charitra, Krishna Charitra, Mahabharat, Lanka Kand, Usha Haran |
| Drugpal Ram Deogharia | Nal Charita, Korambe Upakhyan |
| Dhaniram Bakshi | Jitiya Kahani, Fogli budhia kar Kahani, Narad Moh Lila, Karam Mahatmay, Sri Krishna Charit |
| E.H Whitley | Notes on Ganwari dialects of Lohardaga, Chotanagpur (grammar), 1896 |
| Konrad Bookout | Grammar of the Nagpuria Sadani language |
| Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari | Nerua Lota urf Sanskritit Abdharna (nibandh), Thakur Vishwanath Sahi, Kanti |
| Girdhari Ram Gonjhu | Marang Gomke Jaipal Singh Munda, Maharaja Madra Munda |
| Praful Kumar Rai | Son Jhair (collection of stories) |
| Naimuddin Mirdaha | Menjur Painkh |
| Baraik Iswari Prasad Singh | Kaka kar Kahani |
| Kali Kumar Suman | Khukhri Rugda |
| English | Nagpuri | Nagpuri (Devanagari) |
|---|---|---|
| What is your name? | Tor naam ka heke? | तोर नाम का हेके ? |
| How are you ? | Toen kaisan aahis? | तोयं कसैन आहीस्? |
| I am fine. | Moen thik aahon | मोएं ठीक आहों। |
| What? | Ka? | का? |
| Who? | Ke? | के? |
| Why? | Kale? | काले? |
| How? | Kaisan? | कसैन? |
| Which? | Kon? | कोन? |
| Come here. | Hian aao | हीयां आओ |
| I am going to home. | Moen ghar jat hon | मोएं घर जात हों। |
| I have eaten. | Moen kha hon | मोएं खा हों। |
| I will go. | Moen Jamu | मोएं जामु। |
| We go. | Hame jaeil | हामे जाइल। |
| You go. | Toen jais | तोयं जाइस्। |
| You are writing. | Toen likhathis | तोयं लिखतहिस्। |
| You will come. | Toen aabe | तोयं आबे। |
| We are writing. | Hame likhathi | हामे लीखतही। |
| We have written. | Hame likh hi | हामे लीख ही। |
| He/She come. | Oo aawela | उ आवेला। |
| He/She is going. | Oo jat he | उ जात हे। |
| He/She was coming. | Oo aawat rahe | उ आवत रहे। |
| He/She will play. | Oo kheli | उ खेली। |
| They have eaten bread. | Ooman roti kha haen | उमन रोटी खा हयं। |
| They went. | Ooman gelaen | उमन गेलयं। |
| They will go home. | Ooman ghar jabaen | उमन घर जाबयं। |
| Father | Abba, Baba | आबा, बाबा |
| Mother | Maa, Aayo | मा, आयो |
| Brother | Bhai | भाइ |
| Sister | Bahin | बहीन |
| Paternal uncle | Kaka | काका |
| Paternal aunt | Kaki | काकी |
| Maternal uncle | Mama | मामा |
| Maternal aunt | Mami | मामी |
| friend | Sang(male), Sangi(female) | संग(पुरूष), संगी(स्त्री) |
| brother of sister-in-law and brother-in-law | Sangat(for female), Yaar(for male) | संगात, यार |
| sister of sister-in-law and brother-in-law | Sangatin | संगातीन |
Alternate names of dialects include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Nagpuri, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.[28][29][30]
