Lithograph of Saint Hill House in 1872, before later modifications were made
Saint Hill House, as it was originally known, was built in 1792 by Gibbs Crawfurd – Member of Parliament for the rotten borough of Queenborough – to a design attributed to Benjamin Henry Latrobe. The more famous neoclassical architects Robert Adam and his brother John produced their own mixed Gothic and neoclassical design for the house in 1785, apparently to an earlier commission from Crawfurd, but this was never implemented.[1] The new house replaced an earlier building constructed in 1733 by Gibbs' father John, who had purchased the estate in 1715. The earlier Saint Hill House was illustrated in a surviving watercolour by the artist James Lambert.[2]
Prior to the extensive modifications made in the late 19th and 20th centuries, the house comprised a three-storey central block and symmetrical two-storey flanking wings, all with hipped roofs behind parapets. Although the design is attributed to Latrobe, the plans have not survived and the details of his involvement are obscure.[3] Local stonemason Henry Pocock is known to have been involved in the building of the house; Crawfurd presented him with a silver trowel, which still survives, inscribed "to Henry Pocock Saint Hill Aug. 1792".[4]
The house is situated on the Saint Hill Estate, 59 acres (239,000 m2) of landscaped gardens overlooking the hills of the High Weald. A number of archeological artefacts in the immediate area have been attributed to the existence of a small priory or early 17th-century dwelling on the site.[citation needed] The placename Saint Hill may mean "singed or burned hill".[5]
The ownership of the house passed in 1793 to Crawfurd's eldest son Charles, and then in 1814 to his grandson Robert.[2] Later owners included Edgar March Crookshank and Mrs. Drexel Biddle, who commissioned the famous Monkey Mural which was painted by John Spencer-Churchill, nephew of Sir Winston Churchill. It was once owned by William Thomas Berger and in the late 1800s served as the headquarters of the China Inland Mission. Hudson Taylor and Berger met there often and it was a centre for training recruits for the mission field.[citation needed] During the Second World War it was used as a convalescent home for Royal Air Force officers undergoing reconstructive surgery at East Grinstead's Queen Victoria Hospital.[6]
The estate and a nearby farm were purchased in 1947 by Sawai Man Singh, the Maharaja of Jaipur.[7] Under his ownership, the house became known as Saint Hill Manor.[8]
L. Ron Hubbard purchase
L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of the Scientology organisation, bought the Saint Hill estate from the Maharaja of Jaipur in 1959 for a reported price of £18,000.[9] He lived there with his family until early 1966 before moving abroad, but never returned following the British government's decision in 1968 to declare him an "undesirable alien".[10]
Under Hubbard's ownership, the house was extensively modified, with a series of extensions and new buildings constructed on the estate during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s to accommodate the training facilities and attendant administration functions. The largest is a mock-Norman castle built adjacent to the main manor house after 1968 to provide a purpose-built training facility for Scientology followers. The East Grinstead Urban District Council initially refused planning permission. After a public enquiry, however, the Church of Scientology was granted permission to go ahead with the construction of "Saint Hill Castle".[11]
Saint Hill Manor served as Hubbard's organisational headquarters until 1967. It was inaugurated in 1955 and was the site where Hubbard “announced Scientology milestones emerging from his research.” It was also the site of the organisation's first Distribution Centre, which was operative for the organisation's missionary outreach.[12]
The Church of Scientology's renovations on the Saint Hill Manor were completed in the summer of 2015 and are reported to have cost a total of US$16 million. The organisation claims that they are preserving it as a “historic monument.” Its leader David Miscavige and Scientologist actor Tom Cruise donated $10,000 to cover the local rugby team's costs and invited team director Phil Major to an annual gala when their activities were disrupted for six months because of the renovations.[14] Saint Hill Manor is now a museum that features the works of L. Ron Hubbard, and exhibits about what the Scientology organisation claims are his accomplishments.[12]
Following the completion of the renovations, the Church of Scientology purchased seven brand new 29-seater ADL Enviro200 midibuses to transport the 400 staff members between the manor and the town of Crowborough, 14 miles (23 km) away.[15]
