Saint Hripsime Church
View of the church, 2021
Religion
Affiliation	Armenian Apostolic Church
Rite	Armenian
Status	Active
Location
Location	Vagharshapat, Armavir Province, Armenia
Geographic coordinates	40°10′01″N 44°18′35″E / 40.166992°N 44.309675°E / 40.166992; 44.309675
Architecture
Type	Tetraconch[1]
Style	Armenian
Founder	Komitas Aghtsetsi
Completed	618 (current building)[1][2][3]
Specifications
Length	22.8 metres (75 ft)[4][5]
Width	17.7 metres (58 ft)[4][5]
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name: Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots
Type	Cultural
Criteria	(ii) (iii)
Designated	2000 (24th session)
Reference no.	1011-004
Region	Western Asia

Saint Hripsime Church (Armenian: Սուրբ Հռիփսիմե եկեղեցի, Surb Hřip’simē yekeghetsi; sometimes Hripsimeh)^[6][7] is a seventh century Armenian Apostolic church in the city of Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin), Armenia. It is one of the oldest surviving churches in the country. The church was erected by Catholicos Komitas to replace the original mausoleum built by Catholicos Sahak the Great in 395 AD that contained the remains of the martyred Saint Hripsime to whom the church is dedicated. The current structure was completed in 618 AD. It is known for its fine Armenian-style architecture of the classical period, which has influenced many other Armenian churches since. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with other nearby churches, including Etchmiadzin Cathedral, Armenia's mother church, in 2000.

History

A Hellenistic temple, similar to the Temple of Garni and dedicated to a pagan goddess, stood in the place of the church prior to the fourth century. During excavations in 1958 the foundation of a monumental stone building with Hellenistic ornaments was found under the supporting column.^[8][2][9]

Hripsime, along with the abbess Gayane and 38 unnamed nuns, are traditionally considered the first Christian martyrs in Armenia's history. They were persecuted, tortured, and eventually killed by king Tiridates III of Armenia. According to the chronicler Agathangelos, after conversion to Christianity in 301, Tiridates and Gregory the Illuminator built a martyrium^[3] dedicated to Hripsime at the location of her martyrdom, which was half buried underground.^[2][10] Excavations around the church have uncovered remains of several tortured women buried in early Christian manner, which, according to Agop Jack Hacikyan et al., "seem to support the story of Agathangelos."^[11] In 395 Patriarch Sahak Partev (Isaac the Parthian) rebuilt or built a new martyrium, which had been destroyed by Shapur II of the Sasanian Empire in the 360s.^[2][12]

The current building was erected during the reign of Catholicos Komitas (615–628),^[13] according to an account of contemporary chronicler Sebeos and two inscriptions, one on the west facade and the other on the east apse. It replaced the earlier mausoleum of Hripsime.^[1][13] The church is suggested by scholars to have been completed in 618.^{[1][2][10][9][14]} The dome was probably restored in the 10th^[2] or 11th centuries, although some scholars have argued that it is the original 7th century construction.^[1]

The church was dilapidated and abandoned^[10] by the early 17th century.^[2][9] According to an inscription on the western facade, the church was renovated by Catholicos Philipos, in 1653.^[15][16] Under his commission an open narthex (gavit) was erected in front of the western entrance.^[2][9] A bell tower was built on the narthex in 1790 under the commission of Catholicos Ghukas I of Karin.^[17]

In 1776 the church was fortified with a brick wall and towers on the corners by Catholicos Simeon I of Yerevan.^[2][10] In 1880 the eastern and southern walls were built of smoothly hewn stone.^[9]

The church underwent considerable renovation in 1898.^[2][9] Its foundations were strengthened and the roof and dome were repaired in 1936.^[1] In 1958 plaster from was removed from the interior walls and the interior floor was lowered.^[1][2] The bell tower was renovated in 1987.^[10]

Architecture

Ground plan and cross section per Toros Toramanian^[18]

St. Hripsime Church is a domed tetraconch enclosed in a rectangle, with two angular niches on the northern and southern side.^[1][19] German art historian Wilhelm Lübke wrote that the church is built on "a most complicated variation of the cruciform ground-plan."^[20]

Reception

Rouben Paul Adalian wrote that along with Saint Gayane Church, it stands as a "model of the austere beauty of early Armenian ecclesiastical architecture."^[13] Harold Buxton suggested that it is the most "perfect specimen of the best age of Armenian architecture."^[21] Frank Ching, Mark Jarzombek and Vikramaditya Prakash praised its "well-formed proportions and meticulous stonework".^[22] Howard L. Parsons called it "robust and finely proportioned" and described its style as "post-Romanesque".^[23] Its monumental exterior is "considered one of the great achievements of medieval Armenian architecture."^[19]

Imitations

The church is not the earliest example of this architectural form, however, the form is widely known in architectural history as the "Hripsime-type" since the church is the best-known example of the form.^[2] It has also been variously named "Jvari-type" or "Jvari-Hripsime-type" for Jvari in Georgia.^[24] Despite this, these words can be refuted by the fact that at the end of the 6th century an Armenian church was built in Avan with the same style as Jvari and St. Hripsime Church.

Notable churches with similar plans include the Surb Hovhannes (Saint John) Church of Avan (6th century),^[25] Surb Gevorg (Saint George) Church of Garnahovit (6th century), Church of the Holy Cross at Soradir (6th century), Targmanchats monastery of Aygeshat (7th century),^[2] Holy Cross Cathedral of Aghtamar (10th century),^{[2][26][27][28]} and Surb Astvatsatsin (Holy Mother of God) Church at Varagavank (11th century).^[29] The architectural form is also found in neighboring Georgia,^[3] where examples include the Ateni Sioni Church (7th century), Jvari monastery (7th century), and Martvili Monastery (10th century).^[2][25]

Modern

Its architecture has been directly replicated or inspired several churches in the modern period, especially in the Armenian diaspora. Notable examples include:

• St Hripsime Church in Yalta, Crimea (1917)^[30]
• St. Vartan Armenian Cathedral in Manhattan, New York (1968)^[31]
• St. Sarkis Armenian Church in Carrollton, Texas (2022)^[32][33]

Artistic and historic depictions

• It appeared as the frontispiece of Adrian Fortescue's 1913 book The Lesser Eastern Churches.
• The 20th-century floor mosaic created by the Israeli artist Hava Yofe inside the Chapel of Saint Helena at Jerusalem's Church of the Holy Sepulchre depicts the church along with other major Armenian sites.^[34]
• It appeared on a 1988 Soviet stamp,^[35] and Armenian stamps in 2000, 2009, and 2018.^[36]
• It appeared on the 200 Armenian dram banknotes (in circulation from 1993 to 2004)^[37]
• A relief of the church is sculpted on the headquarters of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America next to the St. Vartan Cathedral in Manhattan, New York
• A small-scale model of the church is displayed at the American Museum of Natural History in New York

Paintings

• 
  A detail from a 1691 map of Armenia by Eremya Çelebi, an Ottoman Armenian traveler.
• 
  A 1783 watercolor of the churches of Etchmiadzin by Mikhail Matveevich Ivanov.^[38] St. Hripsime Church can be seen on the left.^[39][a]
• 
  Kurds and Persians attacking Vagharshapat by Grigory Gagarin, 1847
• 
  by Yeghishe Tadevosyan, 1913

Historic images

• 
  1878
• 
  From H. F. B. Lynch's 1901 book on Armenia^[41]
• 
  from a 1901 Russian book
• 
  a 1911 photo reproduced in Strzygowski's 1918 book^[5]
• 
  by Fridtjof Nansen, 1925

Gallery