The galleass Salamander, in the Anthony Roll
History
Scotland
NameSalamander
BuilderFrench
Laid downUnknown
LaunchedUnknown
Acquired1537
In service1537
Out of service1544
Captured1544
FateUnknown
NotesUsed against Scotland in 1547 by England.
General characteristics
Class and typeWarship
Tons burthen300 tons
PropulsionSails
Complement220
Armament
  • 10 or more cannons
  • 22 cross-bows
  • 9 handguns

Salamander was a warship of the 16th-century Royal Scots Navy. She was a wedding present from Francis I of France to James V of Scotland.

Flagship of Scotland

Henry Ray saw James V and Madeleine of Valois arrive at Leith on 19 May 1537, noting four great Scottish ships and ten French.[1] Two French ships remained in Scotland as wedding presents; the Salamander and the Morischer, Moriset or Great Unicorn.[2] A list of French wedding gifts includes these two as 'great ships for the wars', with two further 'gallant ships of war.'[3] The ship was repaired or finished in France in March 1537, and James V gave gifts to workmen who set up a new mast at Honfleur.[4]

After a major refit by John Barton, the Salamander took James V on a pilgrimage from Leith to the Isle of May ending at Pittenweem, then returned to France in May 1538 to escort the new queen, Mary of Guise, accompanied by the Moriset, and Mary Willoughby.[5] Mary of Guise herself sailed from Le Havre with Jean de Clamorgan, sieur de Saâne-Saint-Just, captain of the Réale, with two other French ships or galleys, the Saint Jehan, and Saint Pierre. The three French captains and their commander Jacques de Fountaines, Sieur de Mormoulins, were rewarded with gold coins in June 1539.[6][7] Mormoulins had commanded the French fleet that brought Madeleine in 1537.[8]

New costumes were bought for 4 trumpeters, 4 drummers, and 3 whistlers for the Scottish fleet.[9] The keepers of the Salamander were Alexander Lun and John Reid, and John Ker was its master.[10]

The Salamander became the king's flagship. In 1538 it was equipped with a new compass and four clocks.[11] The Great Lion and the Salamander were fitted with 15 large wheeled guns and 10 smaller wheeled guns in May 1540. The 22 crossbows of the Salamander and 9 small hagbut guns used on the tops were inspected and repaired, and two and half fothers of lead bought for ballast.[12] The ships were "gallantry trimmed with painting and gilding".[13]

Next month, James V embarked on the newly equipped Salamander at Leith, after first making his will on 12 June,[14] and accompanied by the Mary Willoughby, the Great Unicorn, the Little Unicorn, the Lion and twelve other ships sailed to Kirkwall on Orkney. Then he went to Lewis on the West. James's fleet in the West was provisioned from Dumbarton, Ayr and Irvine and returned to Edinburgh by 6 July.[15] John Barton sailed to Dieppe with the Great Lion and Salamander in June 1541, and had their 27 guns cleaned and the latter ship re-rigged.[16]

During 1542, the Mary Willoughby, the Lion, and the Salamander attacked merchants and fishermen off Whitby under the command of John Barton, son of Robert Barton, the 'Skipper from Leith'.[17] In December 1542, the Mary Willoughby, the Salamander and the Lion blockaded a London merchant ship called the Antony of Bruges in a creek on the coast of Brittany near 'Poldavy Haven.'[18]

In the English Navy

The Salamander and the Scottish-built Unicorn were captured at Leith and used as transport for the return journey of a part of Lord Hertford's land army on 14 May 1544, after the burning of Edinburgh, with ballast of 80,000 Scottish iron cannon-shot.[19] With 200 crew and 20 gunners, her armament in the English fleet listed on 1 January 1548 consisted of: 2 brass culverins; 3 brass demi-culverins; 4 sakers; 7 iron port pieces; 3 iron fowlers; 2 iron quarter slings; 17 iron double bases; and 11 hand guns. There were 140 yew bows; 90 bills; and 70 moorish pikes.[20] The Salamander carried roughly half the armament of Henry VIII's flagship the Mary Rose.

The Salamander, listed in the English fleet as 300 tons with 220 men, and called a galleas in the Anthony Roll, and the Unicorn, returned to Scotland in Edward Clinton's invasion fleet of August 1547, and presumably contributed to the naval bombardment at the Battle of Pinkie.[21] The Salamander was in the fleet taken to Orkney by John Clere in 1557.[22] She may have been destroyed as late as 1574.[23]

References

  1. ^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol. 5 part 4 cont., (1836), 79, Clifford to Henry VIII.
  2. ^ Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, Chronicles of Scotland, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1814), 372.
  3. ^ Guthrie, William, History of Scotland, vol. 5 (1767), p. 166 citing the list in Balfour's annals.
  4. ^ Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1905), p. 463.
  5. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 182-4: Thomas, Andrea, Princelie Majestie (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2005), pp. 158-159: National Records of Scotland, Household books.
  6. ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 60: Augustin Jal, Documents inédits sur l'histoire de la marine au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1842), pp. 9-10: BnF Français 4574.
  7. ^ Collection des ordonnances des rois de France: Catalogue des actes de François 1er, 3 (Paris, 1889), pp. 613–614
  8. ^ Andrea Thomas, Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V (Edinburgh: John Donald), p. 159: Collection des ordonnances des rois de France: Catalogue des actes de François 1er, 8 (Paris, 1905), p. 271 no. 31819
  9. ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1905), pp. 399-402.
  10. ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 336-7.
  11. ^ Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 8, 159.
  12. ^ Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 353, 356, 421.
  13. ^ State Papers of Henry VIII, vol. 5 part 4 cont. (London, 1836), p. 180.
  14. ^ HMC Mar & Kellie (London, 1904), p. 15.
  15. ^ Cameron, Jamie, James V (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1998), pp. 245-248.
  16. ^ Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1907), p. 465.
  17. ^ Merriman, Marcus, The Rough Wooings (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2000), p. 181, citing Letters & Papers, Henry VIII, vol. 18: See also, William Stanford Reid, Skipper from Leith (University of Pennsylvania, 1962).
  18. ^ Letters & Papers, Henry VIII, 18:1 (London, 1901), no. 91.
  19. ^ Stevenson, Joseph ed., The History of Mary Stewart by Claude Nau, Edinburgh (1883), pp. 318, 338-9: The Late Expedition in Scotland (London, 1544), reprinted in Tudor Tracts, London (1903) pp. 41, 44.
  20. ^ Starkey, David, ed., The Inventory of Henry VIII, vol. 1 (Society of Antiquaries, 1998), pp. 145, 151.
  21. ^ Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. 12-13: Patten, William, The Expedition into Scotland 1547 (London, 1548), 1st table 'Y', notes 'our galley' off the battlefield.
  22. ^ C. S. Knighton & David Loades, Navy of Edward VI and Mary I (Navy Records Society, 2011), p. 338.
  23. ^ Correspondance Diplomatique De Bertrand De Salignac De La Mothe Fenelon, vol. 6 (1840), p. 93

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