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((Short description|Queen of Hasmonean Judaea from c.76 to 67 BCE))
((about|the Jewish queen|other uses|Salome (disambiguation)))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2020))
((More citations needed|date=September 2023))
((Infobox royalty
| name        = Salome Alexandra
| title       = 
| image       = Salome Alexandra medal.svg
| caption     = Salome Alexandra, from [[Guillaume Rouillé]]'s ''[[Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum]]''
| succession  = [[Hasmonean dynasty|Queen of Judaea]]
| reign       = c. 76 – 67 BCE
| predecessor = [[Alexander Jannaeus]]
| successor   = [[Hyrcanus II]]
| succession1 = Queen consort of Judaea
| reign1 = c. 104–76 BCE
| reign-type1 = Tenure
| spouse      = [[Aristobulus I]] (c. 104–103 BCE), Alexander Jannaeus (c. 103 – 76 BCE), then [[widow]] after.
| issue       = [[Hyrcanus II]]<br />[[Aristobulus II]]
| royal house =
| father      = Shetah (disputed)
| mother      =
| birth_date  =
| birth_place =
| death_date  =
| religion    = [[Judaism]]
| death_place =
| buried      =
))
'''Salome Alexandra''', or '''Shlomtzion''' (((lang-grc-gre|Σαλώμη Ἀλεξάνδρα)); ((lang-he|((Script/Hebrew|שְׁלוֹמְצִיּוֹן)))), ''Šəlōmṣīyyōn'', "[[Shalom|peace]] of [[Zion]]"; 141&ndash;67 BCE),<ref>((cite book|last=Atkinson|first=Kenneth|title=Queen Salome: Jerusalem's Warrior Monarch of the First Century B.C.E.|year=2012|publisher=McFarland|location=US|isbn=978-0-7864-7002-0|pages=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFZsgugWF_UC&q=X))</ref> was (until [[Golda Meir]]) one of only three women to rule over Judea, the other two being [[Athaliah]] and [[Deborah]]. The wife of [[Aristobulus I]], and afterward of [[Alexander Jannaeus]],<ref>That Alexandra, the widow of Aristobulus I, was identical with the one who married his brother Alexander Jannaeus is nowhere explicitly stated by [[Josephus]], who, it is generally inferred, took it for granted that the latter performed the levirate marriage prescribed by the law for the widow of a childless brother deceased.</ref> she was the last regnant queen of Judea, and the last ruler of Judea to die as the sovereign of an independent kingdom.

==Family==
[[File:Hasmonean dynasty family tree.svg|thumb|Hasmonean dynasty family tree]]
Salome Alexandra's personal genealogy is not given by [[Josephus]], nor does it appear in any of the [[Books of the Maccabees]]. Rabbinical sources designate the rabbi [[Simeon ben Shetach]] as her brother,<ref>((cite book | editor = Catherine Hezser | date = 2003 | title = Rabbinic Law in Its Roman and Near Eastern Context | publisher = Mohr Siebeck | page = 207 | isbn = 978-3-16-148071-3 | oclc = 1088784294 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SczRfXdmprMC&pg=PA207))</ref> making her the daughter of Shetah as well. Salome Alexandra's oldest son by [[Alexander Jannaeus]] was [[Hyrcanus II]] who fought his younger brother [[Aristobulus II]] in 73 BCE over the Jewish High Priesthood.<ref>Figure based upon [[Josephus]] (''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' 14.1.2), where, in the original Greek, is written: "Hyrcanus began his high priesthood on the third year of the hundred and seventy seventh Olympiad..., when presently Aristobulus began to make war against him." The 177th Olympiad corresponded with the 238th year of the [[Seleucid era]], or what was then 73 BCE.</ref> Hyrcanus II was eventually successful after enlisting the help of the [[Nabataean]] king, [[Aretas III]]; bribing Roman officials, including [[Marcus Aemilius Scaurus (praetor 56 BC)|Scaurus]]; and gaining the favour of [[Pompey]], who defeated his brother and took him away to Rome.<ref>See Josephus, Jewish War (1.107–55)</ref>

==Consort==
According to the ''Jewish Encyclopedia'', Salome Alexandra was instrumental in arranging the assassination of her brother-in-law, Antigonus, by convincing her husband that his brother was plotting against him.<ref name=je>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1768-aristobulus-i "Aristobulus I", ''Jewish Encyclopedia]</ref> Upon the death of Aristobulus in 103 BCE, Aristobulus' widow freed his half-brother, Alexander Jannaeus, who had been held in prison.

During the reign of Alexander, who (according to the historian [[Josephus]]) apparently [[Yibbum|married her]] shortly after his accession,<ref>[[Josephus]]' statement (''Jewish Antiquities'' xv. 6, § 3), that [[Hyrcanus II]], Jannaeus' eldest son, was eighty years old when he was put to death by Herod, in 31 BCE, is probably erroneous, for that would set the year of his birth as 111 BCE, and Jannaeus himself was born in 125 BCE, so that he could have been but fourteen when Hyrcanus was born to him. It is difficult to understand how a thirteen-year-old boy married a widow of thirty. The statement, made by Josephus (''Jewish Antiquities'' xiii. 11, §§ 1, 2), that during the reign of Aristobulus, Aristobulus' wife, presumably Salome Alexandra, brought about the death of the young prince Antigonus I, because she saw in him a rival of her husband, lacks additional confirmation.</ref> Alexandra seemed to have wielded only slight political influence, as evidenced by the hostile attitude of the king to the [[Pharisees]].

==Political ability==
The frequent visits to the palace of the chief of the Pharisaic party, Simeon ben Shetach, who was said to be the queen's brother, must have occurred in the early years of Alexander's reign, before Alexander had openly broken with the Pharisees. Alexandra does not seem to have been able to prevent the persecution of that sect by her husband.

According to archaeologist Kenneth Atkinson, "There are also some passages in the Talmud that say, during her husband's reign, that she protected Pharisees and hid Pharisees from his wrath."<ref name=silver>[http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/iron_ladies/salome_alexandra.html Silver, Carly. "The Peace of Zion", ''Iron Ladies of the Ancient World'', the Archaeological Institute of America (2010)]</ref> Nevertheless, the married life of the royal pair seems to have ended cordially; on his deathbed Alexander entrusted the government, not to his sons, but to his wife, with the advice to make peace with the Pharisees.<ref>((Cite book|title=Antiquities|last=Josephus|first=Flavius|volume=15|pages=xiii|chapter=5))</ref>

Salome Alexandra's next concern was to open negotiations with the leaders of the Pharisees, whose places of concealment she knew. Having been given assurances as to her future policy, they declared themselves ready to give Alexander's remains the obsequies due to a monarch. By this step she avoided any public affront to the dead king, which, owing to the embitterment of the people, would certainly have found expression at the interment. This might have been attended with dangerous results for the [[Hasmonean dynasty]].

== Sole reign ==
((Unreferenced section|date=September 2023))

Salome Alexandra received the reins of government (76 or 75 BCE) at Jannaeus' camp before Ragaba, and concealed the king's death until the fortress had fallen, in order that the rigour of the siege might be maintained. She succeeded for a time in quietening the vexatious internal dissensions of the kingdom that existed at the time of Alexander's death; and she did this peacefully and without detriment to the political relations of the Jewish state to the outside world. Alexandra managed to secure assent to a Hasmonean monarchy from the Pharisees, who had suffered under Alexander.

==Re-establishment of the Sanhedrin==
((Unreferenced section|date=September 2023))

The Pharisees now became not only a tolerated section of the community, but actually the ruling class. Salome Alexandra installed as [[Kohen Gadol|high priest]] her eldest son, [[Hyrcanus II]], a man who was wholly supportive of the Pharisees and the [[Sanhedrin]] was reorganized according to their wishes and became a [[supreme court]] for the administration of justice and religious matters, the guidance of which was placed in the hands of the Pharisees.

==Internal and external policy==
((Unreferenced section|date=September 2023))

[[File:Hasmoneese rijk.PNG|right|thumb|Hasmonean Kingdom under Salome Alexandra]]

The Sadducees were moved to petition the queen for protection against the ruling party. Salome Alexandra, who desired to avoid all party conflict, removed the [[Sadducees]] from Jerusalem, assigning certain fortified towns for their residence.

Salome Alexandra increased the size of the army and carefully provisioned the numerous fortified places so that neighbouring monarchs were duly impressed by the number of protected towns and castles which bordered the Judean frontier. As well, she did not abstain from actual warfare; she sent her son [[Aristobulus II|Aristobulus]] with an army to besiege [[Damascus]], then beleaguered by [[Ptolemy Mennaeus]]. The expedition reportedly achieved little.

The last days of Salome Alexandra's reign were tumultuous. Her son, Aristobulus, endeavoured to seize the government, and succeeded her after her death.

==Prosperity==

Rabbinical sources refer in glowing terms to the prosperity which Judea enjoyed under Salome Alexandra. The Talmud (Ta'anit, 23a; Sifra, ḤuḲḲat, i. 110) relates that during her rule, as a reward for her piety, rain fell only on Sabbath (Friday) nights; so that the working class suffered no loss of pay through the rain falling during their work-time. The fertility of the soil was so great that the grains of wheat grew as large as kidney beans; oats as large as olives; and lentils as large as gold denarii. The sages collected specimens of these grains and preserved them to show future generations the rewards of obedience to the Law, and what piety could achieve.<ref>((cite web | url=https://www.geni.com/people/Salome-Alexandra-Queen-of-Judaea/6000000005789572102 | title=#kidneybeans | publisher=geni | work=Salome Alexandra, Queen of Judaea public profile | date=2003 | access-date=11 April 2016))</ref>((Failed verification|date=September 2023))

==Name==
((Unreferenced section|date=September 2023))
"Shlomtzion" (((lang-he|שלומציון))) is sometimes used as a female first name in contemporary [[Israel]]. Among others, the well-known Israeli writer [[Amos Kenan]] gave the name to his daughter.

During the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate of Palestine]], a major street in Jerusalem was called [[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood|Princess Mary Street]], after the only daughter of [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]].<ref>1940 photo of Princess Mary Street with Rex Cinema in background, West Jerusalem on the Alamy website [https://www.alamy.com/princess-mary-street-with-rex-cinema-in-background-west-jerusalem-1940-israel-image220718183.html]</ref> After the creation of [[Israel]], the street was renamed "Queen Shlomzion Street," to commemorate the Jewish queen. Such street names exist also in [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Ramat Gan]].

In the 1977 [[Knesset]] elections [[Ariel Sharon]] accepted the advice of [[Amos Kenan|Kenan]] to name his [[Shlomtzion (political party)|new political party]] "Shlomtzion" (it later merged with the [[Likud]]).

Israeli zoologists carefully observing the [[leopard]]s of the [[Judean Desert]] bestowed the name "Shlomtzion" on a female leopard whose life, mating, and offspring were the subject of intensive, years-long study.

==In medieval sources==
According to some versions of the ''[[Toledoth Yeshu]]'', a medieval alternative-Christian life of Jesus, Salome is connected with Jesus of Nazareth, placing the death of Jesus 150 years earlier.<ref>((cite book |last=Goldstein |title=Jesus in the Jewish Tradition |page=148–154 |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan |year=1950 |oclc=1166662 ))</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hasmonean coinage]]

==References==
((reflist))

==Sources==
*[[Josephus]], Antiquities xiii. 11, § 12; 15, § 16
*idem, B. J. i. 5
*[[Heinrich Ewald]], ''History of Israel'', v. 392–94
*[[Heinrich Grätz]], ''Geschichte der Juden'', 2d ed., iii. 106, 117–29
*[[Ferdinand Hitzig]], ''Geschichte des Volkes Israel von Anbeginn bis zur Eroberung'', ii. 488–90
*[[Emil Schürer]], ''Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi'' i. 220, 229–33
*[[Joseph Derenbourg]], ''Essai sur l'Histoire et la Géographie de Palestine'', pp.&nbsp;102–11
*[[Julius Wellhausen]], I. J. G. ''Geschichte Israels'' pp.&nbsp;276, 280–85
*[[F. W. Madden]], ''Coins of the Jews'', pp.&nbsp;91, 92
*Hugo Willrich, ''Judaica: Forschungen zur Hellenisch-Jüdischen Geschichte und Litteratur'', 1900, pp.&nbsp;74, 96

==External links==
* ((cite Q|Q115585343|editor1=Henry Gardiner Adams))<!-- [[s:A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Alexandra, Queen of Judea]] -->
* [http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/112049/jewish/Queen-Salome-Alexandra.htm Queen Salome Alexandra] Entry in Chabad.org Gallery of Our Great
* [http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=34&Issue=4&ArticleID=13 The Salome No One Knows] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118195538/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=34&Issue=4&ArticleID=13 |date=18 January 2009 )) Biblical Archaeology Review July/August Issue
* [http://gatesofnineveh.wordpress.com/2011/09/01/the-jewish-queen/ The Jewish Queen] ''Gates of Nineveh''.
* [https://editor.wix.com/html/editor/web/renderer/edit/c2113357-97f6-49e9-bced-79cd36e3652e?metaSiteId=6e85c66c-62eb-46bb-8904-2498cc94bb71  Genealogy of the House of David- Salome Alexandra]
((JewishEncyclopedia|article=Alexandra|author=[[Louis Ginzberg]]|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?letter=A&artid=1167))

((S-start))
((s-hou|[[Hasmonean|Hasmonean Dynasty]]|||||))
((s-bef|before=[[Alexander Jannaeus]]))
((s-ttl|title=[[List of Judean rulers|Queen of Judaea]]|years=76 BCE &ndash; 67 BCE))
((s-aft|after=[[Hyrcanus II]]))
((end))


((IsraeliteKings))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Alexandra, Salome))
[[Category:Hasmonean dynasty]]
[[Category:1st-century BC queens regnant]]
[[Category:Ancient queens consort]]
[[Category:141 BC births]]
[[Category:Remarried royal consorts]]
[[Category:67 BC deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century BC Hasmonean monarchs]]
[[Category:2nd-century BC women]]
[[Category:2nd-century BCE Jews]]
[[Category:1st-century BCE Jews]]
[[Category:Ancient Jewish women]]
[[Category:Sanhedrin]]
[[Category:Pharisees]]

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