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  1. KoN: Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. NZ: Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. UK: Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. US: Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Israel: Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. EU: The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. All EU member states except Romania follow the ruling.
  7. Cambodia: Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  8. China: Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. HK: Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. India: Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Japan: Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Namibia: Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. Romania: Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
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Same-sex marriage has been legal in Chiapas in accordance with a Supreme Court ruling issued on 11 July 2017 that the ban on same-sex marriage violated the equality and non-discrimination provisions of Articles 1 and 4 of the Constitution of Mexico. The ruling, published in the Official Journal of the Federation on 11 May 2018, legalized same-sex marriage in the state of Chiapas.

Legal history

Background

See also: Same-sex marriage in Mexico § México Igualitario Project

The Mexican Supreme Court ruled on 12 June 2015 that state bans on same-sex marriage are unconstitutional nationwide. The court's ruling is considered a "jurisprudential thesis" and did not invalidate state laws, meaning that same-sex couples denied the right to marry would still have to seek individual amparos in court. The ruling standardized the procedures for judges and courts throughout Mexico to approve all applications for same-sex marriages and made the approval mandatory. Specifically, the court ruled that bans on same-sex marriage violate Articles 1 and 4 of the Constitution of Mexico. Article 1 of the Constitution states that "any form of discrimination, based on ethnic or national origin, gender, age, disabilities, social status, medical conditions, religion, opinions, sexual orientation, marital status, or any other form, which violates the human dignity or seeks to annul or diminish the rights and freedoms of the people, is prohibited.",[1] and Article 4 relates to matrimonial equality, stating that "man and woman are equal under the law. The law shall protect the organization and development of the family."[a] The Constitution of Chiapas does not expressly forbid the recognition of same-sex marriages. Article 9 of the Constitution states that "the State of Chiapas will promote policies aimed at guaranteeing the right of every person to: [...] the protection of the development of their family."[2][3][4][5]

In January 2014, activists filed a complaint with the National Council to Prevent Discrimination against Mayor Rafael Guira Aguilar of Chilón. Guira Aguilar was accused of sponsoring a religious campaign against same-sex marriage and abortion by financing build boards calling bills legalising abortion, same-sex marriage and marijuana "violations of God's commandments" and saying "the wages of sin is death". Human rights groups said the mayor's financial support for the campaign violated secular principles.[6][7]

On 25 September 2014, Equal Marriage Mexico (Matrimonio Igualitario México) filed an amparo contesting the constitutionality of articles 144 and 145 of the Civil Code of Chiapas.[8] Article 144 stated that marriage is an institution whose goal was "perpetuating the species", while article 145 required "the man and woman" to be at least 16 years of age. On 3 March 2015, the Supreme Court ruled against the state, declared the two articles unconstitutional, and gave the 51 plaintiff couples the right to marry.[9] On 26 March 2015, a document published by the state Congress denounced the ruling, asking for a review and stating that same-sex marriage was "unnatural" while making comparisons of homosexual relationships to incest.[10] The chairman of the Board of Directors of Congress, Jorge Enrique Hernández Bielma, later denied the filing of the review stressing that only he had the power to make the request and insisting that he had never signed any document regarding the issue.[11] However, on 16 April 2015, the media revealed that the state's Judicial Council website had received the review request on 23 March 2015 and had already assigned a number to the case.[12] In September 2016, the Supreme Court ruled against the state on appeal and declared the state's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional.[13]

In December 2015, a lesbian couple was married in Tuxtla Gutiérrez after having successfully won an amparo in the courts. The couple, who remained anonymous, were the first same-sex couple to marry in Chiapas.[14][15] In July 2016, the Second District Court granted an amparo to a male couple from San Cristóbal de Las Casas.[16]

Legislative action

Legislation to permit same-sex marriages was first proposed in Chiapas in 2012. On 15 February 2012, various LGBT associations presented measures to the executive and legislative branches of government recommending amendments to the Civil Code to allow same-sex couples to marry.[17] On 29 November 2013, human rights activist Diego Cadenas Gordillo presented the Congress of Chiapas with a bill to legalize same-sex marriage.[18][19] The proposal was rejected by Congress on 13 December 2013, citing that "popular initiatives" must be supported by 1.5% of the electorate, or 50,500 voters.[20] On 3 January 2014, an injunction was filed with a federal judge due to the Congress' refusal to act on the measure.[21][22] The judge rejected the injunction, and shortly thereafter activists filed an appeal with the Twentieth Circuit Court.[21] In November 2014, Gordillo filed a request for formal intervention by the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (IACHR), claiming that neither Congress nor Governor Manuel Velasco Coello had responded to the discriminatory laws banning same-sex marriage in Chiapas.[23] The IACHR officially received the request and registered it as case 1728–14.[24][25]

On 27 March 2014, Deputy Alejandra Ruiz Soriano from the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) introduced a bill to amend article 144 of the Civil Code to state that marriage is "the free union of two people for the community of life, where both respect, equality and mutual aid are sought." The bill would have also standardized concubinage, regardless of sexual orientation.[26] It stalled in Congress, having not even received a first reading two years after introduction. Another same-sex marriage bill was introduced to Congress in May 2016.[27] According to Unidos Diferentes Asociación Civil (UDAC), a local LGBT advocacy group, the new bill was taken off the agenda several times and not voted on due to the actions of the president of Congress, Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar. The bill would not have addressed adoption by same-sex couples.[28] As with the previous proposal, it stalled.

As of June 2022, a bill to codify same-sex marriage in the Civil Code is pending in Congress.[29]

Action of unconstitutionality (2016–2017)

On 6 April 2016, the National Human Rights Commission filed an action of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad; docketed 32/2016) with the Mexican Supreme Court.[30][31] The Congress of Chiapas had recently amended state family law but while doing so did not repeal the state's ban on same-sex marriage. The Commission took this opportunity to file the action of unconstitutionality. The action sought to legalize same-sex marriage in Chiapas, similarly to Jalisco, where the Supreme Court struck down that state's same-sex marriage ban in a unanimous ruling in early 2016.

On 11 July 2017, the court ruled that the heterosexual definition of marriage in the Civil Code was unconstitutional under the equality and non-discrimination provisions of Articles 1 and 4 of the Constitution of Mexico, legalizing same-sex marriage in the state and specifying that a judicial amparo is no longer required.[32][33] The first same-sex marriage ceremony following the ruling occurred in late July 2017, though the couple still married using an amparo.[34] The ruling would come into effect upon publication in the Official Journal of the Federation (Diario Oficial de la Federación). On 30 October 2017, the ruling still not published, the civil registry began nonetheless accepting marriage applications from same-sex couples. The first couple to marry without an amparo did so in San Cristóbal de las Casas that day.[35] The ruling was officially published on 11 May 2018.[36] State officials have also confirmed that the court ruling permits same-sex couples to adopt.[37]

Marriage statistics

More than 300 same-sex marriages were performed in Chiapas between December 2017 and June 2018, with most being performed in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Tapachula and Comitán. Many couples were from other states, including from Tabasco, Veracruz and Oaxaca.[38]

Public opinion

A 2017 opinion poll conducted by Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica found that 39% of Chiapas residents supported same-sex marriage, the second lowest in the entire nation, while 58% were opposed.[39]

According to a 2018 survey by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, 59% of the Chiapas public opposed same-sex marriage, the highest in Mexico.[40]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In Spanish: El varón y la mujer son iguales ante la ley. Esta protegerá la organización y el desarrollo de la familia.
    In Tzeltal: Te winik sok te ants winik pajalnaxme ta stojol te mantalile. Ja’ inito yame skolta te mach’a stsobo sbaik sok ta sp’oleselbel te alnich’ane.
    In Tzotzil: Ti vinik xchi’uk antse ko’ol yich’elik ta muk’ ta stojol ti mantalvune. Ja’ ta sk’elbe k’u sba smelolal stsob sbaik xchi’uk slekubtasel smuk’ubtasel uts’ alal.
    In Ch’ol: Wiñik yik’oty x-ixik lajaläch mi ip’istyälob tyi ityojlel tyulmalty’añ. Iliyi mi ikäntyañ bajche’ mi ichumtyäl lakpi’älob cha’añ mi ip’äty-esañ wembä ichumtyäl tyi lakmajchil.
    In Tojolabʼal: Ja winiki sok ja ixuki junxta lajane´ ja b’a leyi. Ja iti wa skolta ja b’a tsomjel sok ja sk’i`elal ja smoj aljeli.
    In Mam: Te x´inq ta x´uj ax tse´ju twuts kawb´il. Jalu colonel ti chmokyib te kyiyel ta txjalil.
    In Lacandon: A xib yejeꞌ xkic rairiꞌ tiꞌ u derecho ich ley. A jeꞌa jeꞌ u cʌnataꞌbic tabar yan yejeꞌbic tabarcʌjan yeju tiar yeju bojoꞌb.

References

  1. ^ "Mexico's Constitution of 1917 with Amendments through 2015" (PDF). www.constituteproject.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  2. ^ "Constitución Política del Estado Libre y Soberano de Chiapas" (PDF). sspc.chiapas.gob.mx (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  3. ^ "Smuk'ul Bi'il Sjunil Mantalil Yu'un Slekil Slum Sk'inal Chyapas". Calameo. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  4. ^ "Smuk'u Sbi Svunil Mantal Yu'un Sleki Skotol Yosilal Chyapas". Calameo. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  5. ^ "Bujlibäl P'ätyäty'añ Ya' Tyi Jojyib Laklumaltyak Yik'oty Iwenlel Lakpi'älob Tyi Chyapas". Calameo. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  6. ^ "Alcalde de Chilón, Chiapas, es acusado de patrocinar campaña religiosa contra el aborto y matrimonio homosexual". Sinembargo.mx (in Spanish). 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  7. ^ "Campaña contra matrimonio gay en Chiapas". diariocontrapoderenchiapas.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014.
  8. ^ "Photoimage of document" (JPG). Snag.gy. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  9. ^ Hermes Chávez. "Gana colectivo gay amparo para celebrar bodas en Chiapas". Milenio. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  10. ^ Agencia Multimedios. "Contraviene Congreso de Chiapas resolución de SCJN sobre matrimonio gay". muralchiapas.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  11. ^ "Niega Congreso haber interpuesto recurso de revisión para evitar matrimonio igualitario en Chiapas". chiapasparalelo.com. 8 April 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  12. ^ "Miente Congreso del Estado sobre matrimonio igualitario". chiapasparalelo.com. 17 April 2015. Archived from the original on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  13. ^ "SCJN avala matrimonios gay en Nuevo León, Hidalgo y Chiapas". El Financiero. 28 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  14. ^ "51 chiapanecos esperan fallo para contraer matrimonio igualitario". Oye Chiapas. 5 May 2016. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  15. ^ "Se realiza el primer matrimonio igualitario en Chiapas". Alerta Chiapas. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  16. ^ "Juez resuelve a favor de matrimonio de pareja gay en Chiapas". La Jornada. 17 July 2016. Archived from the original on 19 July 2016.
  17. ^ "Homosexuales en Chiapas dicen no al matrimonio del mismo sexo - De Facto". defacto.com.mx. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  18. ^ "Piden organizaciones al Congreso aprobar matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo". chiapasparalelo.com. 7 December 2013. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  19. ^ "Turnan al Congreso de Chiapas iniciativa para legalizar los matrimonios gay". Proceso. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  20. ^ "Rechaza Congreso de Chiapas iniciativa ciudadana para legalizar matrimonio homosexual". Your Site NAME Goes HERE. Archived from the original on 3 August 2014.
  21. ^ a b "Interpondrán recurso de revisión ante magistrados por caso de matrimonio igualitario". chiapasparalelo.com. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  22. ^ "Gays de Chiapas meterán amparo pro Matrimonio Igualitario". idl.com.mx. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  23. ^ "Denuncian ante la CIDH negativa de autoridades de Chiapas para legalizar bodas gay". Proceso. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  24. ^ "Entra a la CIDH queja hacía el Congreso del Estado". Oye Chiapas (in Spanish). 6 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  25. ^ "Activistas interpusieron ante Comisión Interamericana recurso para que Chiapas legalice matrimonio igualitario". Chiapas Paralelo (in Spanish). 5 August 2015. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  26. ^ "A unos pasos de legalizar los matrimonios "gay" en Chiapas". Noticiasnet. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  27. ^ "Consensan iniciativa para unión legal entre personas del mismo sexo". Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  28. ^ Henríquez, Elio (14 June 2016). "Congreso de Chiapas bloquea iniciativa sobre bodas gay, denuncian activistas". La Jornada en línea. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  29. ^ Chiapas, Isaí López | El Heraldo de. "Congreso no pretende reformar el Código Civil en diversidad sexual". El Heraldo de Chiapas | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre México, Chiapas y el Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  30. ^ (in Spanish) Índice de Acciones de Inconstitucionalidad Archived 2 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "Activistas van contra prohibición de bodas gay en Chiapas" (in Spanish). Proceso. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
  32. ^ Reyes, Juan Pablo (11 July 2017). "Suprema Corte avala el matrimonio igualitario en Chiapas" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Excélsior. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  33. ^ Lastirl, Diana (11 July 2017). "Avala Suprema Corte bodas gay en Chiapas" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: El Universal. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
  34. ^ "Celebran primera boda igualitaria en Chiapas" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: El Universal. 31 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017.
  35. ^ (in Spanish) Ya son legales las bodas entre personas del mismo sexo en Chiapas Archived 7 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^ "SENTENCIA dictada por el Tribunal Pleno de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación en la Acción de Inconstitucionalidad 32/2016, así como los Votos Concurrentes formulados por los ministros Eduardo Medina Mora I., Luis María Aguilar Morales y Arturo Zaldívar Lelo de Larrea". SCJN (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  37. ^ (in Spanish) Parejas gay en Chiapas podrán adoptar, acceder a la salud… Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ "Se han realizado en Chiapas más de 300 matrimonios igualitarios". Diario de Palenque (in Spanish). 12 June 2018. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  39. ^ (in Spanish) Encuesta nacional 2017 Archived 19 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica
  40. ^ (in Spanish) #Data | ¿Quién está en contra del matrimonio gay? Archived 16 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine

External links

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