Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Minimal recognition
Unclear legal status
See also
Notes
  1. KoN: Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. NZ: Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. UK: Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. US: Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Israel: Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. EU: The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. All EU member states except Romania follow the ruling.
  7. Cambodia: Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  8. China: Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. HK: Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. India: Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Japan: Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Namibia: Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. Romania: Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
* Not yet in effect
LGBT portal

Same-sex marriage has been legal in France since 18 May 2013,[1] making France the thirteenth country in the world and the ninth in Europe to allow same-sex couples to marry. The legislation applies to metropolitan France as well as to all French overseas departments and territories.[2]

A bill granting same-sex couples the right to marry and jointly adopt children was introduced to the National Assembly by the Socialist government of Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault on 7 November 2012, with the support of President François Hollande who declared his intent to support the legislation during his campaign for the presidency. On 12 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the bill in a 329–229 vote. On 12 April 2013, the Senate approved the bill with amendments in a 171–165 vote, followed by the approval of the amended bill by the National Assembly on 23 April 2013 in a 331–225 vote. However, a challenge to the law by the conservative Union for a Popular Movement party was filed with the Constitutional Council following the vote.[3][4] On 17 May 2013, the Council ruled that the law was constitutional.[5][6] That same day, President Hollande promulgated the bill,[7] which was officially published the next day in the Journal Officiel de la République Française.[2] The first official same-sex marriage ceremony took place on 29 May 2013 in the city of Montpellier.[8]

History

Despite the creation and implementation in 1999 of the civil solidarity pact (French: pacte civil de solidarité, pronounced [pakt sivil də sɔlidaʁite]),[a] more commonly known as PACS, a system allowing civil partnerships between two persons without regard to their gender and guaranteeing certain personal and civil rights to both "pacsés", there was considerable political and societal debate over same-sex marriage in France during the first decade of the 21st century.

The civil solidarity pact was voted on by the French Parliament in November 1999 with the support of Prime Minister Lionel Jospin. Following President Hollande's signature of a 2013 legalising same-sex marriage, PACS remains in effect and available for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples.

2004 same-sex marriage

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

On 5 June 2004, former Greens presidential candidate Noël Mamère, the Mayor of the Bordeaux suburb of Bègles, conducted a same-sex marriage ceremony for two men, Bertrand Charpentier and Stéphane Chapin. Mamère claimed that there was nothing in French law to prohibit such a ceremony, and that he would appeal any challenge to the European Court of Human Rights.[15]

Minister of Justice Dominique Perben had stated that such unions would be legally void, and called for judicial intervention to halt the ceremony.[16] On 27 July 2004, the Bordeaux Court of General Jurisdiction declared the marriage null and void. One legal argument defended by the public prosecutor, representing the national government, was that the French Civil Code contained several mentions of husband and wife, thereby implying different genders.[17] On 19 April 2005, the Appeals Court of Bordeaux upheld the ruling, and on 14 March 2007, the Court of Cassation turned down Charpentier and Chapin's appeal.[18] On 9 June 2016, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the decision to invalidate Charpentier and Chapin's marriage did not constitute an infringement of the European Convention on Human Rights.[19][20][21]

Reaction

Shortly after the ceremony took place, Interior Minister Dominique de Villepin instituted disciplinary procedures against Mayor Mamère, suspending him from his duties for one month.[16] The local administrative court ruled that Mamère's suspension was legal and substantiated. Mamère said he would not appeal the ruling, having already unsuccessfully attempted to get an injunction from the court, then appealing the case to the Council of State; both had ruled that an injunction was not justified on grounds of urgency.

On 11 May 2004, the First Secretary of the Socialist Party, François Hollande, announced that he would ask his party to file a draft law making same-sex marriages unequivocally legal. Some other party leaders, such as former Prime Minister Lionel Jospin, publicly disapproved of same-sex marriage. Hollande's partner, Ségolène Royal, said at the time that she harbored doubts about same-sex marriage, though now fully supports it.[22]

2006 parliamentary report

A parliamentary "Report on the Family and the Rights of Children" was released on 25 January 2006.[23] Although the committee recommended increasing some of the rights already granted by the PACS civil partnership, it recommended maintaining prohibitions against marriage, adoption, and access to medically assisted reproduction for same-sex couples, arguing that these three issues were inseparable and that allowing them would contravene a number of articles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, to which France is a signatory (though many UN member nations did grant some or all of these rights to same-sex couples). Referring to the rights of children as a human rights issue, the report argued that children "now have rights, and to systematically give preference to adult aspirations over respect for these rights is not possible anymore."[24] Because of these prohibitions, left-wing members of the committee rejected the report.[25]

2011 bill and Constitutional Council decision

Main article: Bill 586

LGBT organizations in France, believing that the prohibition of same-sex marriage was contrary to the Constitution of France, asked the Constitutional Council to examine the constitutionality of same-sex marriage and to review the articles of the Civil Code. On 28 January 2011, the Council decided that the illegality of same-sex marriages was not contrary to the Constitution, further stating that same-sex marriage legalization was a question for Parliament to decide.[26]

On 14 June 2011, the National Assembly of France voted 293–222 against legalizing same-sex marriage.[27] Deputies of the governing Union for a Popular Movement party mostly voted against the measure, while deputies of the Socialist Party mostly voted in favour. Members of the Socialist Party said that the legalization of same-sex marriage would become a priority should they gain a majority in the 2012 legislative election.[28]

On 12 November 2011, Mayor Jean Vila of Cabestany performed a same-sex wedding ceremony for a couple named Patrick, 48, and Guillaume, 37.[29] The marriage was not recorded in order to prevent a subsequent nullification, and Vila described it as a "militant act", saying that "there are times when it is necessary to act outside the law. Refusing same-sex marriage is to deny the reality of thousands of couples."[30] The French Government's reaction was mixed: the Secretary of State for Family, Claude Greff, called the event a "provocation on the eve of the presidential election", while Minister of Solidarity and Social Cohesion Roselyne Bachelot said she supported same-sex marriage but that the ceremony was "not the best way to advance the cause".[30]

2012–2013 bill

Main article: Law 2013-404
The French National Assembly voting for same-sex marriage, 23 April 2013

During his campaign for the 2012 presidential election, Socialist Party candidate François Hollande declared his support for same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples, including them as one of his campaign's 60 government commitments.[31] On 6 May 2012, Hollande won the election and promised to pass same-sex marriage legislation before the spring of 2013.[32] On 17 June, Hollande's party won an absolute majority in the National Assembly,[33] followed by an announcement by government spokesperson Najat Vallaud-Belkacem that a same-sex marriage bill would be adopted in spring 2013 at the latest.[34] On 3 July, in his first speech in front of the newly elected assembly, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that marriage and adoption for all couples would be a reality "in the first semester of 2013".[35] The draft bill was submitted to the French Parliament on 7 November 2012.[36]

On 2 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the first article of the same-sex marriage bill by 249 votes to 97;[37] the debate took several days as opponents introduced more than 5,000 amendments to the bill in order to slow down its passage. On 12 February, the National Assembly approved the bill as a whole in a 329–229 vote and sent it to the Senate.[38]

The Senate started debating the bill on 4 April 2013 and five days later approved its first article in a 179–157 vote.[39] On 12 April, the Senate approved the bill with minor amendments in a 171–165 vote.[40][41][42] The Senate version of the marriage bill was adopted by the National Assembly on 23 April 2013 in a 331–225 vote.[43][44]

23 April 2013 vote in the National Assembly[45]
Party Voted for Voted against Abstained Non-voting
  Socialist, Republican and Citizen group
281
4
4
1
  Union for a Popular Movement group
6
183
5
 -
  Union of Democrats and Independents
5
25
 - -
  Ecologist group
17
 - - -
  Radical, Republican, Democratic and Progressive
13
2
 - -
  Democratic and Republican Left group
9
4
1
 -
  Non-attached members -
7
 - -
Total 331 225 10 1

The same-sex marriage law is commonly referred to in France as la loi Taubira ("the Taubira law") in reference to Justice Minister Christiane Taubira who introduced the bill to the French Assembly in November 2012 and was the bill's main sponsor.[46] The law amended Article 143 (Book I, Title V, Chapter I) of the Napoleonic Code to state: Marriage is contracted by two persons of different or of the same sex.[c]

Reaction and aftermath

Supporters of same-sex marriage campaigning in Strasbourg, 19 January 2013
Opponents of same-sex marriage at a rally against the law, Paris, 21 April 2013

The opposition Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party immediately filed a challenge against the law with the Constitutional Council.[47][48] On 17 May 2013, the Council declared the law constitutional.[5] The same day, President François Hollande promulgated the bill, which was officially published on 18 May 2013 in the Journal Officiel de la République Française.[2] The first same-sex marriage to be recognized in France was that of Dominique Adamski and Francis Dekens, who had their marriage performed in Belgium in 2006 registered in Cayeux-sur-Mer on 23 May.[49] The first official same-sex wedding ceremony took place on 29 May in the city of Montpellier between Vincent Autin and Bruno Boileau. The ceremony was conducted by Mayor Hélène Mandroux.[8] The first same-sex marriage between two women took place on 1 June in Saint-Jean-de-la-Ruelle.[50]

In June 2013, the French Government issued a circulaire stipulating a maximum sentence of 5 years' imprisonment and a fine of 75,000€ for any mayor or local official who refuses to perform a marriage for a same-sex couple on the sole basis of their sexual orientation.[51] The official may also face discrimination charges under Article 432-7 of the Penal Code. In October 2013, the Constitutional Council dismissed a lawsuit challenging the circulaire, ruling that it did not violate the French Constitution. The court wrote in its ruling that the circulaire "ensures a good enforcement of the law and guarantees neutrality from the state".[52] In September 2015, a court in Marseille sentenced Sabrina Hout to five months' imprisonment for having refused to perform a same-sex marriage back in August 2014. Hout, who served as deputy mayor in Marseille, had been scheduled to officiate at the marriage on 16 August but said she was not feeling fell and asked a local council member to perform the marriage instead. However, the council member did not have the legal authority to perform the marriage and it was later invalidated. Hout officiated at four opposite-sex marriages that same day.[53] In October 2018, the European Court of Human Rights dismissed an appeal from 146 mayors in the case.[54]

In July 2018, MP Guillaume Chiche introduced a bill to legalise assisted reproduction for married and unmarried lesbian couples and single women.[55][56] In June 2019, Prime Minister Édouard Philippe told the National Assembly that the government intended to have the legislation examined in the Assembly from the end of September 2019.[57][58][59][60] The bill was adopted in its first reading by the National Assembly on 15 October 2019 by a vote of 359–114.[61][62] It passed its second reading on 31 July 2020 by 60 votes to 37 (the low turnout being due to most Assembly members having gone on summer holidays).[63][64] The Senate approved the bill in first reading on 4 February 2020 by 153 votes to 143 with 45 abstentions.[65] The proposal would also foresee the state covering the cost of the assisted reproduction procedures for all women under 43 and allowing children born with donated sperm to find out their donor's identity when they reach the age of 18. The bill passed its final reading in the French Parliament on 29 June, and came into effect in September 2021.[66][67]

There has been little political movement to abrogate the same-sex marriage law despite some politicians, including 2017 presidential candidate Marine Le Pen,[68] expressly calling for its repeal. Former President Nicolas Sarkozy said he favored repealing the law in 2014, but said in a 2016 interview that he had changed his mind, calling a repeal "unjust, cruel and legally impossible".[69] In 2017, the party president of The Republicans (previously the UMP), Laurent Wauquiez, said he opposed repealing the law,[70] and in June 2019, the vice president of the National Rally, Jordan Bardella, said the matter was "settled".[71] While running in the 2022 presidential election, Le Pen said she also opposed repealing the law, tweeting on 15 April 2022, "I will not take rights away from French citizens. Marriage for all will remain if I am elected President of the French Republic".[72]

Scope

There had been initial confusion over whether the act applied to nationals of Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, Kosovo, Laos, Montenegro, Morocco, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia or Tunisia, as it breached bilateral agreements stipulating that the law of those countries applies rather than French law.[73] The Court of Cassation ruled that it does in September 2015, finding the provisions excluding these countries discriminatory and contrary to French law.[74]

Historical recognition in Overseas France

While Polynesian and Mayotte culture historically practiced polygamy, there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a Western perspective being performed in those cultures.[75][76] However, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum.

In the Society Islands of French Polynesia, there exists people who fulfill a traditional, spiritual and social third gender role. They are known as māhū (pronounced [ˈmaːhuː]) in Tahitian. The māhū are assigned male at birth but express themselves as women.[77] "Being outside of the traditional male-female divide", they are raised as girls from early childhood, carry out women's work in the home and the community, and historically often served as domestic servants of the nobility. The māhū are considered an integral part of Tahitian society; "Māhū were not merely tolerated; they were regarded as a legitimate and contributory part of the ancient Polynesian community."[78] They have been known to Europeans since the 18th century, with William Bligh, the captain of HMS Bounty, having noted the presence of "men with great marks of effeminacy". Historically, if they wished to marry and have children, they would marry women. The māhū status thus created the possibility for marriages between two female-presenting individuals to be performed in Tahitian culture.[79][80] In 2005, media reported the story of a popa’a, a Frenchman, leaving his wife and child to live with a rae-rae in Raiatea.[81]

In Wallisian culture, people who occupy a similar third gender role are known as fakafafine (pronounced [fakafaˈfine]), and it is likely that "they have always existed" on Wallis.[82] Assigned male at birth, they express themselves as women and carry out women's work in the community. They are also known as fakafafine (pronounced [fakafaˈfine]) in Futunan. In the Marquesas Islands, people born as male but expressing themselves as women are known as piivehine (pronounced [piːveˈhine]), while people born as female but expressing themselves as men are known as piivahana (pronounced [piːvaˈhana]).[83] French sociologist Laure Hins Grépin reported in 2005 that piivehine had sexual intercourse primarily with "openly macho" cisgender men, but did not say whether were historically allowed to marry.[81] They are known as ’akava’ine (pronounced [ˌʔakavaˈʔine]) in the Rapa language,[84] as ’aka’a’ine (pronounced [ʔakaʔaˈʔine]) in Mangareva,[85] and as hakavahīne (pronounced [hakavaˈhiːne]) in the Tuamotuan language, though māhū is also used.[86]

In Mayotte, the sarambavi (سَرَمْٻَاڤِ; Maore Comorian: [saraˈᵐbavi]; Bushi: [saramˈbavi]) occupy a similar cultural role, and are "relatively well integrated into Mayotte society". They choose to obey the "law of women", and can take part in the mbiwi, a traditional dance generally reserved for women.[87] However, it is unknown if the sarambavi were historically allowed to marry.

Marriage statistics

In 2013, following the introduction of same-sex marriage in France, approximately 7,300 same-sex couples were legally married in the country.[88] They made up approximately 3% of all marriages in that time, with three out of every five same-sex marriages involving male couples. Approximately 10,500 same-sex marriages took place in France in 2014, representing 4% of all marriages performed that year.[89] Male couples accounted for about 54% of these marriages, while female couples accounted for the remaining 46%.[90] Some 6,000 French communes performed at least one same-sex marriage. 1,331 same-sex couples married in Paris, comprising 13.5% of the total number of weddings performed in the city.[91]

Number of marriages and unions performed in France since 2013[92]
Year Same-sex marriages Total marriages Same-sex PACS Total PACS
2013 7,367 238,592 6,093 168,692
2014 10,522 241,292 6,262 173,731
2015 7,751 236,316 7,017 188,947
2016[93] 7,113 232,725 7,112 191,537
2017 7,244 233,915 7,400 195,633
2018 6,386 234,735 8,589 208,871
2019 6,272 224,740 8,356 196,370
2020 4,598 154,581 7,983 173,894
2021 6,406 218,819 9,810 209,461
2022 6,869 241,710 10,350 209,827

From May 2013 to December 2016, approximately 32,640 same-sex marriages were performed in France.[94]

By 23 April 2018, five years after the French Parliament had approved the same-sex marriage law, approximately 40,000 same-sex couples had married in the country. This represented about 3.5% of all marriages performed during that time.[95] The departments with the highest share of same-sex marriages were Paris (9.7%), Calvados (5.6%), Charente-Maritime (5.4%), Hérault (5.1%), Orne (4.8%), Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (4.6%), Alpes-Maritimes (4.5%) and Lot (4.4%) whereas the departments with the lowest shares were Guadeloupe (0.3%), Mayotte (0.6%), Martinique (0.6%), French Guiana (1%), Haute-Corse (1.1%), Réunion (1.2%), Ariège (1.5%) and Corse-du-Sud (1.6%).[96]

Overseas departments and territories

Map showing the percentage of same-sex marriages in France by department, 2014–2018. The overseas departments recorded far lower percentages than metropolitan France.

A lesbian couple, Rosemonde Zébo and Myriam Jourdan, became the first same-sex couple to marry in Martinique in June 2013. The couple were married in Le Carbet in a ceremony alongside family, friends and well-wishers.[97] The first same-sex wedding in Guadeloupe occurred in July 2013 in Saint-Anne between Eric Dandler and Serge Willame.[98] The first same-sex marriage in French Guiana took place in August 2013 in the city of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni,[99][100] and by April 2018 12 same-sex couples had married in the capital city of Cayenne.[101]

In Réunion, the first same-sex marriage was performed for a lesbian couple, Laurence Serveaux and Corinne Denis, in Saint-Paul in June 2013.[102] By July 2015, 93 same-sex couples had married on the island.[103] In Mayotte, the first same-sex wedding was performed in September 2013 for a French-Cuban couple in Mamoudzou.[104] The marriage was performed by Mayor Abdourahamane Soilihi, a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage. This marked the first time in modern history that a legally recognized same-sex marriage had occurred in a jurisdiction where a majority of the population follows the religion of Islam. The first marriage between a male Maorais couple was performed in March 2015. In 2022, a couple from the town of Kani-Kéli were denied the right to marry on multiple occasions. The couple were initially scheduled to get married on 12 February after months of planning, but the mayor later postponed the ceremony to 14 February, before postponing it again onto several successive dates. They accused the mayor of being "scared" of performing the marriage in the face of public opposition.[105] Media reported that the couple had successfully married by May 2023.[106] Between 2013 and May 2023, 560 same-sex marriages were performed in Mamoudzou.[106]

The first same-sex marriage in French Polynesia took place in Haapiti, Mo'orea in July 2013.[107] The couple who had wished for a quiet ceremony were harassed by a group of opponents of same-sex marriage. By February 2014, 11 same-sex marriages had occurred in New Caledonia, representing 1.7% of all marriages, with 9 of these being performed in the South Province and the remaining 2 in the North Province. The first same-sex marriage in the North Province was performed in Poindimié in September 2013.[108] The same-sex marriage law does not apply to individuals governed under Kanak customary law, which recognises Kanak customs for contracts, land, family and persons. If a Kanak same-sex couple wishes to marry, they would need to renounce their customary law status and ask to be governed under French civil law.[109]

The first couple to marry in Saint Barthélemy did so in August 2013 in Gustavia.[110] In Saint Martin, the first same-sex marriage was performed in October 2013 and officiated by politician Guillaume Arnell.[111] The couple had rocks thrown at them and received homophobic insults as they left city hall. The first same-sex marriage in Saint Pierre and Miquelon occurred in March 2014.[112]

Overall, relatively few same-sex marriages have been performed in the overseas departments and territories compared to metropolitan France. According to a 2018 report, eight same-sex marriages had been performed in Saint Barthélemy, five in French Polynesia, four in Saint Martin, two in Saint Pierre and Miquelon and one in Wallis and Futuna since legalization.[113]

Religious performance

In May 2015, the United Protestant Church of France voted to allow its pastors to bless same-sex marriages. The measure, which was passed by 94 votes to 3, also includes a freedom of conscience clause allowing pastors with objections to opt out.[114] A marriage between two lesbian pastors was celebrated in a Protestant church in Montpellier in July 2021.[115] The assembly of the Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine voted in November 2019 by 36 votes to 13 to allow its pastors to bless same-sex marriages. The measure also includes a freedom of conscience clause for pastors opposed to blessing same-sex relationships.[116]

Other religious denominations also perform and bless same-sex marriages, including Old Catholic churches,[117] and Breton Druid groups.[118]

The Catholic Church opposes same-sex marriage and does not allow its priests to officiate at such marriages. In December 2023, the Holy See published Fiducia supplicans, a declaration allowing Catholic priests to bless couples who are not considered to be married according to church teaching, including the blessing of same-sex couples.[119] Bishop of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron Marc Aillet reacted to the declaration, "I invite them [priests], if the people ask for it, to give them [same-sex couples] a blessing, provided it's to each person individually, calling them to conversion and inviting them to ask for the help of the grace that the Lord grants to all those who ask him to conform their lives to God's will." Bishops of the Ecclesiastical Province of Rennes said, "It is appropriate to spontaneously bless, individually, each of the two persons forming a couple, whatever their sexual orientation, who humbly ask God's blessing, with the desire to conform more and more to his holy will."[120]

Public opinion

Protest sign at a demonstration in favour of same-sex marriage in Paris, 27 January 2013
Support for same-sex marriage among 18–21-year-olds according to a 2016 survey from the Varkey Foundation

Opinion polls show that the French public supports the legalization of same-sex marriage, with that support gradually increasing over time:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In some regional languages of France:
  2. ^ President of the National Assembly
  3. ^ French: Le mariage est contracté par deux personnes de sexe différent ou de même sexe.

References

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