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  1. Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. Cohabitation. Registered foreign marriages confer limited rights. Marriage recognized in some cities.
  6. The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. All EU member states except Romania follow the ruling.
  7. Recognition of a "declaration of family relationship", which may be useful in matters such as housing, but they are not legally binding.
  8. Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
* Not yet in effect
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Same-sex marriage has been legal in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands since 13 March 2014, in accordance with the law in force in England and Wales, although the Foreign and Commonwealth Office only updated its travel advice website page to include a note about it in January 2018.[1][2] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, despite having no permanent population, was the first British Overseas Territory to recognise same-sex marriage.

Background

South Georgia was claimed by Captain James Cook for the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1775. In 1908, the United Kingdom established constitutional arrangements of its possession of South Georgia and formally annexed the South Sandwich Islands. The islands were governed as Falkland Islands Dependencies.[3]

The Marriage Ordinance 1949, applying to both the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, was enacted on 31 December 1949. The ordinance provides for the issuance of marriage licenses and empowers the Governor of the Falkland Islands (now the Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) to appoint registrars to conduct the marriage ceremony.[4] Article 3 of the ordinance states:

Every marriage (1) which by the law of England would be valid; [...] shall be good and valid to all intents and purposes

The ordinance does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage, and uses gender-neutral language with regard to married spouses. The marriage forms provided for by the ordinance do not require the names of the "bride" and the "groom" rather the names of both "parties". Further, it does not define the term "marriage". Nonetheless, a marriage between persons of the same sex was considered void ab initio in common law, and as such same-sex couples could not marry on the islands.[5] The ordinance was repealed in the Falkland Islands in 1996, but remains in force in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.[6]

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ceased to be administered as a Falkland Islands dependency and became its own separate territory with the enactment of the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985 by the Privy Council in 1985.[7] The Order provides for a Commissioner, who has the authority to make laws in the territory; primary legislation known as "ordinances" and secondary legislation known as "orders and regulations".[8] The Government of the United Kingdom may also enact laws that are directly applicable to the territory, generally regarding matters of international relations. Concerning matters not covered by local legislation or directly applied UK legislation, then, in accordance with the Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance 1977, the law in force in England and Wales shall be in force in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands "in so far as the circumstances permit and provided they are not inconsistent with or repugnant to any Ordinance or Order in Council".[8][9]

Legalisation

On 17 July 2013, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II granted royal assent to the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 which legalised same-sex marriage in England and Wales. Schedule 3 of the Act states that 'In existing England and Wales legislation— (a) a reference to marriage is to be read as including a reference to marriage of a same sex couple; (b) a reference to a married couple is to be read as including a reference to a married same sex couple; and (c) a reference to a person who is married is to be read as including a reference to a person who is married to a person of the same sex'. The law went into effect on 13 March 2014, with the first same-sex marriage ceremonies in England occurring on 29 March 2014. As the Marriage Ordinance 1949 does not provide for a definition of marriage, all references to marriage and married spouses are deemed to apply to same-sex couples.[10]

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office only updated its travel advice website page to include a note about it in 2018,[1] and has confirmed that, as of January 2018, no same-sex weddings had taken place in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.[11] Any marriage conducted in the territory is recognised in the UK. Only civil marriages can be conducted in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands as there are no ministers of religion present on the islands. The marriage ceremony must take place within three months of the issue of the marriage license. All marriages must be conducted in the vicinity of Grytviken, with the Norwegian Anglican Church being a popular location for ceremonies.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Foreign travel advice South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Local laws and customs". Government of the United Kingdom.
  2. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
  3. ^ "A Brief History Of South Georgia". Aurora Expeditions. 18 February 2018.
  4. ^ "Ordinance - 6" (PDF). www.gov.gs. p. 8.
  5. ^ Mendelson, Sara H. (January 2008). "Hunt, Arabella (1662–1705)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14190. Retrieved 14 March 2012. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  6. ^ "Marriage Ordinance 1996" (PDF). www.legislation.gov.fk.
  7. ^ "The South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Order 1985" (PDF). www.legislation.gov.uk.
  8. ^ a b "Laws of SGSSI". www.gov.gs.
  9. ^ "Interpretation and General Clauses Ordinance 1977" (PDF). www.gov.gs.
  10. ^ "Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, Schedule 3, Part 1, Interpretation of existing England and Wales legislation". www.legislation.gov.uk.
  11. ^ Tabberer, Jamie (26 January 2018). "12 facts about South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands - where you could be the first LGBTI couple to wed". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  12. ^ "Getting Married on South Georgia". www.gov.gs.
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