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((Short description|Collection of bodily substances for medical assessment))
((Other uses|Sampling (disambiguation)((!))Sampling))((More citations needed|date=September 2019))
[[File:Medical sampling equipment.jpg|thumb|Medical equipment used to collect samples from patients]]
In [[medicine]], '''sampling''' is gathering of [[matter]] from the body to aid in the process of a [[medical diagnosis]] and/or evaluation of an [[indication (medicine)|indication]] for treatment, further [[medical test]]s or other procedures. In this sense, the '''sample''' is the gathered matter, and the '''sampling tool''' or '''sampler''' is the person or material to collect the sample.

Sampling is a prerequisite for many [[medical test]]s, but generally not for [[medical history]], [[physical examination]] and [[radiologic test]]s.

==By sampling technique==
* Obtaining excretions or materials that leave the body anyway, such as [[urine]], [[Feces|stool]], [[sputum]], or [[vomitus]], by direct collection as they exit.  A sample of [[saliva]] can also be collected from the mouth. 
[[Surgery#Types of surgery|Excision]] (cutting out), a surgical method for the removal of solid or soft tissue samples.
* ((anchor|aspiration))Puncture (also called ''centesis'') followed by aspiration is the main method used for sampling of many types of tissues and body fluids. Examples are [[thoracocentesis]] to sample [[pleural fluid]], and [[amniocentesis]] to sample [[amniotic fluid]]. The main method of centesis, in turn, is [[fine needle aspiration]], but there are also somewhat differently designed needles, such as for [[bone marrow aspiration]]. Puncture ''without'' aspiration may suffice in, for example, [[capillary blood sampling]].
* Scraping or swiping. In a [[Pap test]], cells are scraped off a [[uterine cervix]] with a special [[spatula]] and brush or a special broom device that is inserted through a vagina without having to puncture any tissue. [[Epithelial cell]]s for [[Genetic testing|DNA testing]] can be obtained by swiping the inside of a cheek in a mouth with a swab.

===Biopsy or cytopathology===
In terms of sampling technique, a [[biopsy]] generally refers to a preparation where the normal tissue structure is preserved, availing for examination of both individual cells and their organization for the study of [[histology]], while a sample for [[cytopathology]] is prepared primarily for the examination of individual cells, not necessarily preserving the tissue structure. Examples of biopsy procedures are [[bone marrow biopsy]], [[brain biopsy]], [[skin biopsy]] and [[liver biopsy]].

==By sampled matter==
Different types of matter that are sampled can be categorized by solidness versus fluidity, such as:
* Solid tissue, such as in [[bone marrow biopsy]]
* Soft tissue, such as in a [[muscle biopsy]]
* [[Body fluid]]s such as [[blood]]

===Body fluid sampling===
[[Body fluid#Sampling|Body fluid sampling]] includes:
* ((anchor|blood)) [[Blood|Blood sampling]] for any [[blood test]], including:
** [[Arterial blood]] sampling, such as by [[radial artery puncture]].  This can be done for [[arterial blood gas]] analysis.
** [[Capillary blood sampling]], generally by using a [[blood lancet]] for puncture, followed by sampling by [[capillary action]] with a test strip or small pipe.  This is common for routine [[diabetic]] monitoring for [[glucose]].
** [[Venous]] blood sampling, also called ''phlebotomy''. It is generally done by [[venipuncture]] (which can also be used for [[intravenous therapy]]). Other than routine diabetic monitoring for glucose, the majority of [[blood test]]s are done on samples of venous blood taken by a [[health professional]], including [[phlebotomist]]s who are specifically trained in venipuncture. Such samples are commonly collected in capped [[test tube]]s, often with a small amount of some sort of preservative. 
* [[Cerebrospinal fluid]] sampling, generally by [[lumbar puncture]]
* [[Pleural fluid]] sampling, generally by [[thoracocentesis]]
* [[Amniotic fluid]] sampling, generally by [[amniocentesis]]
* [[Peritoneal fluid]] sampling, generally by [[peritoneocentesis]] (also called ''laparocentesis''). It can be used for [[Cytopathology|cytology]] to detect spread of [[gynecologic cancer]]s.

==By component of interest==
[[File:Infektionsschutzzentrum im Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, Köln-6306 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Demonstration of throat swab collection]]

The sampled matter can be analyzed for various components, for example:
* [[Electrolytes]]
* [[Protein]]s
* [[Cell (biology)|cells]], such as [[white blood cell]]s in blood sampling
* Microbiological agents, such as bacteria or fungi

===Microbiological sampling===
''[[Medical microbiology|Microbiological]] sampling'' include:
* ''Blood sampling'' for [[blood culture]]s, performed similarly as that for tests on the fluid itself above
* ((anchor|swab))''Throat swab'' for [[throat culture]]. It is performed by applying a [[cotton swab]] to the surface of the [[throat]].
* ((anchor|brush))Sampling of [[sputum]] from the [[lungs]] for [[sputum culture]]. It can be performed by special techniques of coughing, or by a ''protected specimen brush'' (PSB),<ref>((Cite journal
 | last1 = Chastre | first1 = J.
 | last2 = Viau | first2 = F.
 | last3 = Brun | first3 = P.
 | last4 = Pierre | first4 = J.
 | last5 = Dauge | first5 = M. C.
 | last6 = Bouchama | first6 = A.
 | last7 = Akesbi | first7 = A.
 | last8 = Gibert | first8 = C.
 | title = Prospective evaluation of the protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in ventilated patients
 | journal = The American Review of Respiratory Disease
 | volume = 130
 | issue = 5
 | pages = 924–929
 | year = 1984
 | doi = 10.1164/arrd.1984.130.5.924
 | doi-broken-date = 31 January 2024
 | pmid = 6497170
))</ref> which is a brush that can be retracted into a plastic tube to prevent contamination of bacteria in the throat while inserting and removing the instrument.

==References==
((reflist))

[[Category:Biological techniques and tools]]
[[Category:Biological specimens]]

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