Samson can be either a masculine given name or a surname. It may refer to:

Given name

Samson, the man of extraordinary strength in the Book of Judges in the Bible
Samson of Dol (c. 485–c. 565), British saint
Samson of Brechin (fl. 1150–1165), first known Bishop of Brechin, Scotland
Samson of Tottington (1135–1211), English Benedictine monk and Abbot of Bury St. Edmunds
Samson (bishop of Worcester) (died 1112), chaplain to William the Conqueror, later Bishop of Worcester
Samson Abramsky (born 1953), British computer scientist
Samson Felix Amarasinghe, Sri Lankan Sinhala civil servant
Samson Ebukam (born 1995), American football player
Samson Gombe (1938–1989), Kenyan scientist and professor
Samson Johnson (born 2002), Togolese basketball player
Samson Kandie (born 1971), Kenyan long-distance runner
Samson Kitur (1966–2003), Kenyan middle-distance runner
Samson Lee (born 1992), Welsh international rugby union player
Samson Makintsev (1776–1849), Russian-Iranian general
Samson Mulugeta (born 1983), Ethiopian footballer
Samson Mwita Marwa (1932–2022), Kenyan member of parliament
Samson Rausuk (1793–1877), Lithuanian-British librarian and poet
Samson Tam (born 1964), elected member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong

Surname

Charles Rumney Samson (1883–1931), British air commodore and naval aviation pioneer
Cid Samson (born 1943), Canadian politician
Craig Samson (born 1984), Scottish footballer
David Samson (rabbi) (born 1956), Orthodox rabbi
David Samson (baseball) (born 1968), former Miami Marlins president; contestant on Survivor: Cagayan
Edmé Samson (1810–1891), French possible forger of porcelain and pottery
Elisabeth Samson (1715–1771), Surinamese coffee plantation owner
Jérôme Samson (born 1987), Canadian National Hockey League player for the Carolina Hurricanes
Joseph Samson (1888–1957), composer
Leela Samson (born 1951), Indian Bharatanatyam dancer
Leona D. Samson (born 1952), American biochemist
Louis Samson (born 1995), German footballer
Michel Samson (born 1972), Canadian politician
Paul Samson (1953–2002), British heavy metal guitarist
Polly Samson (born 1962), British novelist, songwriter and journalist
Sanju Samson (born 1994), Indian cricketer
Savanna Samson, stage name of American pornographic actress Natalie Oliveros (born 1967)
Stéphane Samson (born 1975), French footballer
Valerie Samson (born 1948), American composer and ethnomusicologist