Samuel Lyde (1825–1860) was an English writer and Church of England missionary who lived and worked in Syria in the 1850s and wrote a pioneering book on the Alawite sect. In 1856, he sparked months of anti-Christian rioting in Ottoman Palestine when, during a visit there, he killed a beggar.

Life and missionary work

Samuel Lyde is located in Eastern Mediterranean
Bhamra
Bhamra
Nablus
Nablus
Alexandria
Alexandria
Beirut
Beirut
Cairo
Cairo
Modern Syria and surrounding countries, showing locations visited by Lyde including the village of Bhamra where he established his mission.

Lyde was born in 1825.[1] He obtained a degree in 1848 after studying at Jesus College, Cambridge and in 1851 he was awarded an M.A, took holy orders as a clergyman of the Church of England and became employed as a fellow of Jesus College.[2] Poor health, according to Lyde, prevented him from "exercising the duties of his profession in England, at least during the winter months" and, therefore, in the winter of 1850/1851 he made "the usual tour" of Egypt and Syria.[3] While on the "tour", he decided, because of his health, to settle permanently in Syria, then a part of the Ottoman Empire.[3] While visiting Beirut, the British consul suggested to him that he could occupy his time by working as a missionary to the Alawites,[3] also known as Nusayris, a secretive mountain sect who later provided two of modern Syria's leaders: Bashar al-Assad and his father, Hafez al-Assad.[4]

Lyde was persuaded by the idea. From 1853 to 1859, he lived among the Alawite community of the Kalbiyya district, and established a mission and school in Bhamra,[5][6] a village overlooking the Mediterranean port of Latakia.[7] However, he later wrote that living among them convinced him that the Alawites fulfilled St Paul's description of the heathen: "filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness".[4]

Nablus at the end of the 19th century

Lyde travelled to Palestine in 1856, and as he rode on his horse into Nablus he shot and killed a beggar who was trying to steal his coat.[8][9][10] It was either an accidental discharge of the gun or Lyde had lost his nerve and fired.[8] An anti-Christian riot ensued during which Christian houses were burned and several Greeks and Prussians were killed.[9][10] Lyde took refuge in the town governor's house but was eventually put on trial for murder.[9] The only witnesses were three women who accused him of attacking and deliberately killing the beggar.[9] However, the testimony of women was inadmissible in Ottoman courts and he was acquitted of murder, although he was ordered to pay compensation to the man's family.[9] The violent rioting continued for several months and even spread to Gaza.[9]

Lyde developed a deranged mental state and had delusions that he was John the Baptist, Jesus Christ or God himself.[8][9] However, he subsequently recovered sufficiently to write a book on the Alawites, which he completed in Cairo shortly before his death. He died in Alexandria in Egypt in April 1860.[1][11] He was 35 years old.[4] He bequeathed his mission at Bhamra to two American missionaries, R. J. Dodds and J. Beattie[note 1] of the Reformed Presbyterian Church.[13]

Publications and influence

Alawites dancing the Dabke folk dance, 1880

Lyde wrote two books on the Alawites: The Anseyreeh and Ismaeleeh: A Visit to the Secret Sects of Northern Syria with a View to the Establishment of Schools (1853) and The Asian Mystery Illustrated in the History, Religion and Present State of the Ansaireeh or Nusairis of Syria (1860).[14] The latter is considered to be a pioneering work, and was the first monograph to be written on the Alawite-Nusayri religion.[15][16] It remained the only Western book on the subject until 1900, when René Dussaud published his Histoire et religion des Nosairîs.[16]

His description of Alawite doctrines was based on a document called Kitab al-mashyakha ("The Manual of the Shaykhs"),[17] which he said he had bought from a Christian merchant from Latakia.[16] This document appears to have differed in certain respects from other sources on Alawite doctrine.[17] For many years it was thought to have been lost and only available through the extracts quoted in translation by Lyde.[17] In 2013, it was announced that the document Lyde had used had been discovered in the archives of the Old Library of Jesus College, Cambridge.[18] Lyde had bequeathed it to his old college, and, apparently, had sent it to Cambridge shortly before his death.[18]

His writing reveals a negative view of the Alawites and, in particular, he was critical of what he saw as their brigandage, feuds, lying and divorce.[4] He went as far as saying that "the state of [Alawi] society was a perfect hell upon earth".[19] The Asian Mystery became a popular book and has been described as "colourful" but "unreliable" in some respects.[4] Nevertheless, Lyde's account remains an influential source on Alawites, and, for instance, is widely quoted on the internet.[4]

Notes

  1. ^ Robert James Dodds and Joseph Beattie had begun their missionary work in Syria in 1856 on behalf of a Reformed Presbyterian denomination known as the Reformed Presbyterian Church Old Light Synod.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b Lindemann, Gerhard (2011). Für Frömmigkeit in Freiheit: Die Geschichte der Evangelischen Allianz im Zeitalter des Liberalismus (1846-1879). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 869. ISBN 978-3-8258-8920-3.
  2. ^ Krieger, Bella Tendler (2013). "The Rediscovery of Samuel Lyde's Lost Nusayrī Kitāb al-Mashyakha (Manual for Shaykhs)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 24: 1–16 (page 5). doi:10.1017/S135618631300059X. S2CID 163066384.
  3. ^ a b c Lyde, Samuel (1853). The Anseyreeh and Ismaeleeh: A Visit to the Secret Sects of Northern Syria with a View to the Establishment of Schools. pp. i, iii–iv.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Secretive sect of the rulers of Syria". The Telegraph. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  5. ^ Moosa, Matti (1987). Extremist Shi'ites: The Ghulat Sects. Syracuse University Press. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-8156-2411-0.
  6. ^ Douwes, Dick (1993). "Knowledge and Oppression: The Nusayriyya in the Late Ottoman Period". Convegno sul tema La Shia nell’impero ottomano. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, Fondazione Leone Caetani. pp. 149–169, (p.158). ISBN 978-88-218-0437-3. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  7. ^ Joffe, Lawrence (18 October 2005). "Major-General Ghazi Kanaan". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  8. ^ a b c Tibawi, Abdul Latif (1961). British interests in Palestine, 1800-1901: a study of religious and educational enterprise. p. 116. OCLC 742343.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Figes, Orlando (2011). Crimea. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 429–430. ISBN 978-0-14-101350-3.
  10. ^ a b Idinopulos, Thomas A. (1998). Weathered by miracles: a history of Palestine from Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the mufti. Ivan R. Dee. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-56663-189-1.
  11. ^ Lyde, Samuel (1860). The Asian Mystery Illustrated in the History, Religion and Present State of the Ansaireeh or Nusairis of Syria. p. viii.
  12. ^ Glasgow, William Melancthon (2007) [First published 1888]. History of the Reformed Presbyterian Church in America. Reformation Heritage Books. pp. 484–487. ISBN 978-1-60178-019-5.
  13. ^ Krieger, Bella Tendler (2013). "The Rediscovery of Samuel Lyde's Lost Nusayrī Kitāb al-Mashyakha (Manual for Shaykhs)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 24: 1–16. doi:10.1017/S135618631300059X. S2CID 163066384.
  14. ^ Denney, John Patrick (1996). Paschal Beverly Randolph: A Nineteenth-century Black American Spiritualist, Rosicrucian and Sex Magician. SUNY Press. p. 486. ISBN 978-0-7914-3119-1.
  15. ^ Bar-Asher, M. M. (2003). "The Iranian Component of the Nusayri Religion". Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. 41: 223.
  16. ^ a b c Seale, Patrick (1992). Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-520-06976-3.
  17. ^ a b c Friedman, Yaron (2009). The Nusayri-Alawis: An Introduction to the Religion, History and Identity of the Leading Minority in Syria. BRILL. pp. 68, 220, 271. ISBN 978-90-04-17892-2.
  18. ^ a b Bella Tendler Kriegler (2013). "The Rediscovery of Samuel Lyde's Lost Nusayrī Kitāb al-Mashyakha (Manual for Shaykhs)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 24: 1–16 (pages 1 and 5). doi:10.1017/S135618631300059X. S2CID 163066384.
  19. ^ Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition. Oxford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-19-506022-5.

External links

Full texts of Lyde's works via Google books:

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