San Marco 1

Mission type	Ionospheric Earth science Astrophysics[1]
Operator	CNR
COSPAR ID	1964-084A
SATCAT no.	00957
Mission duration	~272 days
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass	115.2 kilograms (254 lb)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date	15 December 1964, 20:24:00 (1964-12-15UTC20:24Z) UTC[1]
Rocket	Scout X-4[2]
Launch site	Wallops LA-3A
End of mission
Decay date	13 September 1965[1]
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth
Eccentricity	0.0469[1]
Perigee altitude	198.0 kilometres (123.0 mi)[1]
Apogee altitude	846.0 kilometres (525.7 mi)[1]
Inclination	37.80 degrees[1]
Period	94.9 minutes[1]
Epoch	15 December 1964 20:24:00 UTC

San Marco 1, also known as San Marco A, was the first Italian satellite. Built in-house by the Italian Space Research Commission (Italian: Commissione per le Ricerche Spaziali, CRS) on behalf of the National Research Council, it was the first of five as part of the Italian-US San Marco programme.

The name of the spacecraft series comes from the San Marco platform, a Jackup barge used as an offshore launch pad for the main phase of the project. San Marco (English: Saint Mark) is the patron saint of Venice, often depicted as aiding Venetian sailors.^[3]

Development

In 1961 the Italian government, led by Amintore Fanfani, approved a plan for the development of an indigenous satellite research programme that had earlier been proposed by the CRS. At the time only the Soviet Union and the United States had launched spacecraft into orbit and Italy lacked a suitable launcher and crews trained in firing orbital rockets. As a result, a cooperative plan was developed with the American space agency NASA who would provide the rockets and the launch crew training for Italians to operate them.^[3]

The spacecraft was built by members of the CRS, a group of distinguished Italian scientists and engineers including Edoardo Amaldi, co-founder of major European scientific organisations including CERN and ESRO.

The mission was principally a test-flight of a real satellite to gain experience before launches from Italy's own San Marco platform began, the last of 3 phases of the project.^[4]

Mission

The primary mission of the San Marco series was to conduct ionospheric (upper-atmosphere) research. As a test satellite San Marco 1 contained relatively few experiments;

• Atmosphere, an Ion probe.
• Electron-content Beacon, a radio transmitter to study ionospheric effects on long-range radio communication.

Launch

San Marco 1 was launched by an Italian crew using an American Scout rocket from Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, US. Launched on 15 December 1964 at 20:24:00 UTC the satellite destructively re-entered the atmosphere on 13 September 1965.