1964 film by Raj Kapoor
Sangam (transl. Confluence) is a 1964 Indian musical romantic drama directed, produced and edited by Raj Kapoor at R. K. Studios, written by Inder Raj Anand, and distributed by R. K. Films with Mehboob Studio and Filmistan. The film stars Kapoor, Vyjayanthimala and Rajendra Kumar in lead roles, with Iftekhar, Raj Mehra, Nana Palsikar, Lalita Pawar, Achala Sachdev and Hari Shivdasani in supporting roles. It tells the story of a pilot (Kapoor), who upon returning home from war after being assumed dead, weds the woman (Vyjayanthimala) he had long loved, unaware that she had been planning to marry his best friend (Kumar).
Sangam was the first Indian film to be exclusively shot abroad on locations including London, Paris and Switzerland,[2] and was also among the most expensive film of its time with the longest runtime for an Indian film up to that time. The film explores themes of love, loyalty, sacrifice, and the consequences of choices made in relationships. It portrays the conflicts and emotional turmoil faced by the characters as they navigate their complicated circumstances. The film was considered bold and much ahead of its time due to its storyline and characterizations. All these things immensely contributed to the commercial success of the film.[3]
Sangam released on 18 June 1964 to widespread critical acclaim, with high praise for its novel concept, direction, screenplay, dialogue, soundtrack, costumes, cinematography and performances of the cast, and was widely considered as Hindi cinema's greatest love triangle.[4][5] It emerged as a major blockbuster at the box-office, grossing ₹8 crore worldwide, ranking as the highest-grossing Hindi film of the year, and the second highest-grossing film of the decade behind Mughal-e-Azam (1960).[6]
Sangam is widely regarded as Kapoor’s magnum opus and the career-best performances of Kapoor, Vyjayanthimala and Kumar.
Internationally, the film was released in the Soviet Union in 1964.[7][8] Director Dasari Narayana Rao remade the film in Telugu and Kannada languages as Swapna (1981).
Plot
Sundar, Radha and Gopal have been friends since childhood. As they grow into adults, Sundar develops an obsessive romantic attraction to Radha; for him, she is the only woman in the world. However, Radha prefers Gopal, who is also in love with her, and systematically resists Sundar's advances. Matching Sundar's great love for Radha is his unswerving devotion to his friendship with Gopal. Sundar confides his feelings for Radha to Gopal, who decides to sacrifice his love for his friend's sake.
Eventually, Sundar enlists in the Indian Air Force and is assigned a dangerous mission in Kashmir, delivering items to soldiers fighting there. Before leaving, he extracts a promise from Gopal, whom he trusts implicitly, never to let any man come between Radha and himself while he is away. Sundar subsequently completes his mission, but his aircraft is shot down and he is listed as killed in action and presumed dead. For his bravery, he is awarded the Param Vir Chakra. The news saddens Radha and Gopal, but they are nonetheless now free to profess their love for one another. Among other expressions of love, Gopal writes her an unsigned love letter that touches her and which she hides away. Just when they begin taking steps to be married, Sundar returns, safe and sound. The self-effacing Gopal sacrifices his love once more, stepping back into the shadows and watching as the reborn Sundar resumes his wooing of Radha. Before Sundar enlisted, Radha's parents did not like him, but after he was awarded the Param Vir Chakra, they happily marry their daughter to him.
After the couple returns from an extended European honeymoon, Sundar is deliriously happy, as his life's dream has been realised. Radha is resolved to be faithful to her husband and to put Gopal out of her mind, privately asking him to stay away from her and Sundar because of the torture his presence causes her. Sundar's devotion to Gopal, however, is such that he constantly tries to draw him into their lives, much to Radha's chagrin. The perfection of their marital bliss is, however, shattered when Sundar accidentally discovers the unsigned love letter Gopal had written to Radha. An enraged Sundar pulls a pistol on his wife and demands she divulge the name of her supposed lover, threatening to kill the man, but she refuses.
In the days that follow, Sundar becomes consumed with discovering the identity of the letter's author. Radha's life becomes miserable, lived out against the incessant drama of Sundar's jealousy, threats, anger, and fixation with the letter. Eventually unable to bear the wretchedness of her existence with Sundar any further, she flees to Gopal for help. Sundar takes the same route, unaware that Radha has gone to Gopal's house. There, matters come to a head. The overwrought Gopal admits his authorship of the infamous letter to Radha, an admission that almost destroys his friend. Sundar asks Gopal why he sacrificed his love for his sake, admitting that he would have happily done the same for him. Radha, meanwhile, chastises the two men for not ever taking her feelings into consideration through the whole situation, and only focussing on their friendship. Gopal, perceiving no exit from the impasse at which the three have arrived, kills himself with Sundar's pistol. Radha and Sundar are finally reunited but in mourning.
Production
Development
In the late 1940s, Raj Kapoor planned to launch a film under the title of Gharonda with Dilip Kumar, Nargis and himself in the lead playing the central characters.[9] The story was penned by Inder Raj Anand during the making of Kapoor's first directorial film, Aag (1948).[9] However, the film was postponed for several reasons and was in development hell until 1962, when it was titled as Sangam, with new cast and crew.[9]
Casting
Initially, Kapoor approached Dilip Kumar to play the role of Gopal Verma.[9] Kumar agreed to play either one of the two male roles, on the condition that he be given the right to edit the final copy of the film.[9] Since Kapoor could not accept Kumar's condition, he then approached Dev Anand and offered him the choice of either one of the male leads. Anand also declined the film, citing call sheet problems as the reason.[9] Raj Kapoor then offered the role to Uttam Kumar, but he too declined the offer.[10] The role was finally given to Rajendra Kumar.[9]
Filming
During filming, Raj Kapoor took the help of the Indian Air Force in the shooting of the Air Force scenes. This was also Raj Kapoor's first complete film in colour.
Soundtrack
Sangam's soundtrack was composed by Shankar–Jaikishan, with lyrics were penned by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri. The soundtrack was listed by Planet Bollywood as number 8 on their list of 100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks. Lead actress Vyjayantimala made her debut as a singer by beautifully humming to the tunes of "Yeh Mera Prem Patra", along with Mohammed Rafi.[11]
Reception
Commercial response
Sangam went on to become an All Time Blockbuster at the box-office, grossing ₹8 crore worldwide, ranking as the highest-grossing Hindi film of the year.[12] Boxofficeindia.com reported the film had collected ₹80,000,000 and its net collection, ₹40,000,000.[12] Similarly, Boxofficeindia.co.in reported the film had the same box-office collection, while its adjusted to inflation by comparing the collection with the price of Gold in 1964 is about ₹7,173,154,362 (US$90 million).[13] Contrary to both reports, Ibosnetwork.com claim that Sangam grossed around ₹50,000,000 with its adjusted to inflation gross to be ₹7,602,400,000 (US$95 million).[14]
Furthermore, Sangam also ranked as the second highest-grossing film of the decade by Box Office India behind Mughal-e-Azam (1960), where its adjusted to inflation net reportedly was about ₹885,700,000 (US$11 million).[6] The film was also ranked at fourth by Boxofficeindia.co.in in their 2011 list of "Top 50 Film of Last 50 Years", which feature all-time highest grossing Hindi films by using the relative price of gold in different years to arrive at a hypothetical current value of box-office collections of past films.[15]
