Sapindus mukorossi, commonly known as Indian soapberry, washnut, ritha[2][3][4][5] or Chinese soapberry,[1] is a species of tree in the family Sapindaceae. It is a deciduous tree that grows in the lower foothills and midhills of the Himalayas at altitudes of up to 1,200 metres (4,000 ft).[6][7] It is also native to western coastal Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Goa in India; as well as Indochina, southern China,[8]Japan and Taiwan as known by its many indigenous peoples.[9] It is tolerant to reasonably poor soil, can be planted around farmers’ homes,[10] and one tree can produce 30 to 35 kilograms (66 to 77 lb) of fruit per year.[11]
Uses
Fruits of Sapindus mukorossiFruits of the washnut tree
The value of the tree mostly comes from its fruit, which can be used for many pharmacological and cleansing purposes.[3]
Cleanser/insecticide
The soapnut contains the compound of saponin, which has natural cleansing properties, and therefore the soapnut can be used as a cleanser for hair, skin, and clothing.[6] These saponins are also useful as insecticides, for purposes such as removing head lice off the scalp.[3]
Surfactant
Methods of extracting the maximum amount of oil from existing oil reserves has become a scientific focus in a world that has become dependent on fossil fuels. Researchers have found that the Ritha fruit can be used in an enhanced oil recovery technique.[12] More specifically, Chhetri, Watts, Rahman, and Islam (2009) found that extracts from the soapnut can be used as an organic surfactant to increase the mobility of oil from the fields. In addition, researchers have demonstrated the potential for the soapnut to be used as a natural surfactant for washing arsenic from soils that are rich in iron.[13]
Antimicrobial agent
Due to its saponin content, soapnuts extract may exhibit antibacterial activity.[14][15] In addition, Grzywaczyk et al. (2023) found that saponins from soapnuts can support the effects of the antibiotics nitrofurantoin or furazolidone against several Pseudomonas bacteria.[16]
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Sapindus mukorossi". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
^Sarin, J. L.; Beri, M. L. (1939). "Extraction of saponin from soapnut". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 31 (6): 712–713. doi:10.1021/ie50354a012.
^Sun, C.; Wang, J.; Duan, J.; Zhao, G.; Weng, X.; Jia, L. Association of Fruit and Seed Traits of Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm with Environmental Factors in Southern China. Forests2017, 8, 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120491
^Poudel, K. L. (2011). Trade potentiality and ecological analysis of NTFPs in Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. Himalayan Research Papers Archives, 61 . Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1928/3300
^Chhetri, A. B.; Watts, K. C.; Rahman, M. S.; Islam, M. R. (2009). "Soapnut extract as a natural surfactant for enhanced oil recovery". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 31 (20): 1893–1903. doi:10.1080/15567030802462622. S2CID95498375.
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