Types of writing systems
Arabic alphabets
| Europe | |
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| Asia | |
| Africa | |
| Saraiki alphabet |
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| آ ا ب ٻ پ ت ٹ ث ج ڄ چ ح خ د ڈ ݙ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ک گ ڳ ل م ن (ں) ݨ و ہ ھ ی ے |
|
Extended Perso-Arabic script |
There are three writing systems for Saraiki:
Multani is a Brahmic script originating in the Multan region of Punjab. The script was used for routine writing and commercial activities. Multani is one of four Landa scripts whose usage was extended beyond the mercantile domain and formalized for literary activity and printing; the others being Gurmukhi (Punjabi), Khojki (Marwari) and Khudawadi (Sindhi). Although Multani is now obsolete, it is a historical script in which written and printed records exist.
Traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as Langdi, although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times. Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Multani Script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted by Anshuman Pandey, on 26-04-2011.[1] Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005.[2]
The most common Saraiki writing system today is the Perso-Arabic script, as standardized in Pakistan as an extension to the Shahmukhi alphabet. Saraiki has a 43-letter alphabet including, which includes four letters not used in the related Punjabi and Hindko languages.[3] Another difference the Saraiki alphabet has with Shahmukhi is the disuse of the already uncommon Lam with tah above which is present in standard Shahmukhi.
| Letter | Name of Letter | Transcription | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| ا | alif | ā, a, e, ē, o, i, u | /a/, /ə/, /e/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/ |
| ب | be | b | /b/ |
| ٻ | ɓe | ɓ/bb | /ɓ/ |
| پ | pe | p | /p/ |
| ت | te | t | /t/ |
| ٹ | ṭe | ṭ | /ʈ/ |
| ث | se | (s) | /s/ |
| ج | jīm | j | /d͡ʒ/ |
| ڄ | ʄe | ʄ/jj | /ʄ/ |
| چ | ce | c | /t͡ʃ/ |
| ح | baṛī he | (h) | /ɦ/ |
| خ | xe | x | /x/ |
| د | dāl | d | /d/ |
| ڈ | ḍāl | ḍ | /ɖ/ |
| ݙ | ɗāl | ɗ/dd | /ᶑ/ |
| ذ | zāl | (z) | /z/ |
| ر | re | r | /r/ |
| ڑ | ṛe | ṛ | /ɽ/ |
| ز | ze | z | /z/ |
| ژ | že | ž/(š) | /ʃ/ |
| س | sīn | s | /s/ |
| ش | šīn | š | /ʃ/ |
| ص | svād | (s) | /s/ |
| ض | zvād | (z) | /z/ |
| ط | to'e | (t) | /t/ |
| ظ | zo'e | (z) | /z/ |
| ع | ‘ain | (‘/'), (a), (e), (ē), (o), (i), (u) | /∅/, /ə/, /e/, /ɛ/, /o/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/ |
| غ | ǧain | ǧ | /ɣ/ |
| ف | fe | f | /f/ |
| ق | qāf | q | /q/ |
| ک | kāf | k | /k/ |
| گ | gāf | g | /g/ |
| ڳ | ɠāf | ɠ/gg | /ɠ/ |
| ل | lām | l | /l/ |
| م | mīm | m | /m/ |
| ن | nūn | n | /n/ |
| ں | nūn ǧunnā | _̃ | /◌̃/ |
| ݨ | ṇūn | ṇ | /ɳ/ |
| و | vāv | v | /v/ |
| ہ | coṭī he | h | /ɦ/ |
| ھ | do cašmī he | _h | /◌ʰ/, /◌ʱ/ |
| ی | coṭī ye | y, ī | /j/, /i/ |
| ے | baṛī ye | e, ē | /e/, /ɛ/ |
Saraiki has 4 additional glyphs that are not present in its parent alphabet of Shahmukhi. ٻ represents the Voiced bilabial implosive, ڄ represents the Voiced palatal implosive, ڳ represents the Voiced velar implosive, and ݙ represents the Voiced retroflex implosive. 3 out of the 4 implosive consonants (ٻ,ڄ,ڳ) are shared with the Sindhi alphabet, and ݙ was proposed in 2002[4] to differentiate from ڏ of Sindhi.
Saraiki also lacks the phoneme /ʒ/, and therefore, employs other phonemes such as /ʃ/ to represent the letter ژ. Due to this, ژ is only used in loanwords.
Saraiki uses the Eastern Arabic numerals:
| Hindu–Arabic | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saraiki | ۰ | ۱ | ۲ | ۳ | ۴ | ۵ | ۶ | ۷ | ۸ | ۹ |
The romanization is often termed "transliteration" but that is not strictly correct, as transliteration is the direct representation of letters by using foreign symbols, but most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually transcription systems that represent the sound of the language. For example, the above rendering munāẓaratu l-ḥurūfi l-ʻarabīyah of the Arabic: مناظرة الحروف العربية is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation; an example of transliteration would be mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʻrbyḧ.
For Saraiki, all letters and symbols are used in Saraiki in Latin script.[5]
The Devanagari and Gurmukhi scripts, written from left to right, were used by Hindus and Sikhs respectively around Saraikistan. Though not used in present-day Pakistan, there are still emigrant speakers in India who know the Devanagari or Gurmukhi scripts for Saraiki.[6]
Devanagari has support for all the 4 Saraiki implosive consonants: ॻ (ڳ), ॼ (ڄ), ॾ (ݙ) and ॿ (ٻ), which were actually introduced to write Sindhi. In Gurmukhi, these are approximated by gemination ligatures.
