Saudi Arabia has not officially maintained and possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In 1972 Saudi Arabia signed and approved the convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of biological (bacteriological) and toxin weapons.[1][2][3] Nevertheless, Saudi Arabia has made steps towards a nuclear program[4][5] and according to some observations, they can be used to develop nuclear weapons.[6] According to some reports, Riyadh has an alleged deal with Pakistan regarding nuclear weapons projects.[7]
Riyadh officials had travels to France and Russia and signed several transactions, among the establishment of atomic foundations in Saudi Arabia. Riyadh is pursuing its open negotiations about the establishment of atomic foundations in front of the media.[15] Despite that, it has been secretly looking for the establishment of a scientific atomic center with the co-operation of Pakistan,[6][15] which can be associated with purchasing nuclear weapons from Pakistan.[16]
Riyadh declared that it was following a nuclear power program without co-operation of other countries, and according to a royal command in April 2010: "The development of atomic energy is essential to meet the Kingdom's growing requirements for energy to generate electricity, produce desalinated water and reduce reliance on depleting hydrocarbon resources." KA-CARE has been set up in the capital of Saudi Arabia to progress this agenda which is considered an alternative to oil, and also to be the proper agency for treaties on nuclear energy signed by the Saudi kingdom. Besides, it appointed the Finland- and Swiss-based Poyry consultancy company to assist define "high-level strategy in the area of nuclear and renewable energy applications" with desalination.[17]
As well as this, the (South) Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute has signed an agreement with KA-CARE in March 2015 which led to the evaluation of its potential to build two or more than two South Korean SMART reactors. Furthermore, in March/August 2017, the Saudi Arabia Geological Survey signed an agreement with a Chinese nuclear company (CNNC), and it was associated with co-operation on uranium exploration. CNNC mentioned that this will explore 9 potential areas for the resources of uranium in Saudi Arabia.[17]
Nuclear weapons
In 1988, the international community became suspicious of Saudi nuclear proliferation after it purchased 36 CSS-2 intermediate-range ballistic missiles from China during the Iran-Iraq War. After defecting to the United States in 1994, Saudi diplomat Mohammad al Khilewi claimed that Saudi Arabia started a nuclear weapons program chaired by Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz following the Yom Kippur War and that it also financially and technologically assisted the Iraqi nuclear weapons program. After the 2003 U.S. invasion of IraqThe Guardian reported that Saudi Arabia renewed its interest in nuclear weapons, while in 2005 The New York Times claimed that U.S. President George W. Bush indicated to British Prime Minister Tony Blair that he was open to a preemptive invasion to prevent Saudi Arabia from acquiring nuclear weapons.[18]
The BBC reported using multiple sources that Saudi Arabia has funded nuclear weapons development in Pakistan,[10][19] and the Saudi government believes that it can gain nuclear weapons at will.[20] A senior NATO decision maker did mention that he personally viewed intelligence reports indicating that nuclear weapons which have been manufactured in Pakistan by the request of Riyadh, are ready for delivery.[10] Saudi Arabia's foreign minister neither rejected nor confirmed the possibility of purchasing nuclear weapons.[16]
Furthermore, Saudi royalty and other high-ranking officials have explicitly mentioned warnings in regards to their intention to obtain nuclear weapons if Iran were to come in possession of such weaponry.[10][21][22][23] On March 15, 2018 Saudi defense minister and heir to the throne Prince Mohammad bin Salman made such a statement on the CBS60 Minutes programme.[24]
On 17 September 2020, according to a confidential report compiled by the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) and the Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology (BRIUG), as seen by The Guardian, Saudi Arabia was identified to have enough uranium ore reserves to begin domestic production of nuclear fuel. Saudi Arabia was found heading as another country in the Arab region, after the United Arab Emirates, to begin its own nuclear energy program. Chinese data revealed that Saudi was capable of producing nearly 90,000 tonnes of uranium. Saudi Arabia was working with Chinese geologists to identify the uranium deposits that were located in Saudi's northwestern region, where the Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman was planning to build the Neom city. There were concerns, where Saudi was under suspicions of producing nuclear weapons, as it lacked transparency. Saudi Arabia followed the IAEA's Small Quantities Protocol regulations which did not allow direct inspections of Saudi nuclear facilities.[18][29][30]
Nuclear weapons delivery
According to the BBC, Saudi Arabian attempts to acquire ballistic missiles capable of fielding a nuclear warhead go back several decades.[31] The Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force possesses DF-3A (NATO: CSS-2) as a Chinese missile which is used in nuclear weapons delivery.[32]
It is regarded as a Chinese liquid-fueled, single-stage, nuclear medium-range ballistic missile. Saudi Arabia bought several dozen (between 36 and 60) of this kind of missile from China in 1987.[33] Riyadh displayed them in a parade in 2014, the first public viewing of the weapons.[34]
Biological Weapons Convention
Participation in the Biological Weapons Convention
Officially, Saudi Arabia is regarded as a party to both the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), and also the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).[11]
^Committee on Oversight and Reform. Whistleblowers raise grave concerns with Trump administration's efforts to transfer sensitive nuclear technology to Saudi Arabia: interim staff report. OCLC1088438840.
