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((Short description|Type of religious schism))
((Other uses|Schism (disambiguation)))
((More citations needed|date=January 2022))
((Christianity|expanded=Related))
In Christianity, a [[schism]] occurs when a single religious body divides and becomes two separate religious bodies. The split can be violent or nonviolent but results in at least one of the two newly-created bodies considering itself distinct from the other. This article covers schisms in [[Christianity]].

In the early Christian church, the formation of a distinction between the concepts of "[[Heresy in Christianity|heresy]]" and "schism" began. In ecclesiastical usage, the term "heresy" refers to a serious confrontation based on disagreements over fundamental issues of faith or morality, while the term "schism" usually means a lesser form of disunity caused by organizational or less important ideological differences.((sfn|McGuckin|2014|p=7)) Heresy is rejection of a [[doctrine]] that a Church considered to be essential. Schism is a rejection of [[communion (Christian)|communion]] with the authorities of a Church.

== Definition of schism in Christianity ==

In [[Christian theology]], the concept of the unity of the Church was developed by the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]], [[Holy Fathers]] and [[apologists]]. The greatest contribution to the doctrine of church unity was made by the apostles [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]], [[Ignatius of Antioch]], [[Irenaeus of Lyons]], [[Cyprian of Carthage]], [[Basil the Great]], [[Gregory the Theologian]], [[John Chrysostom]], and [[John of Damascus]]. Christian [[ecclesiology]] insists on the statement that unity and the Church are synonymous, as John Chrysostom wrote: "the name of the Church is not one of separation but of unity and harmony".<ref>In 1 Cor 1.1 as quoted in Thomas P Halton, The Church, (Wilmington, Del.: M. Glazier, 1985), 56</ref>((sfn|Hovorun|2014|p=77))

[[Canon (canon law)|Canon]] 751 of the [[Latin Church]]'s [[1983 Code of Canon Law|1983 ''Code of Canon Law'']], [[Promulgation (Catholic canon law)|promulgated]] by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1983, defines schism as the following: "schism is the refusal of submission to the Supreme Pontiff or of communion with the members of the Church subject to him".<ref>((Cite web |title=Code of Canon Law – Book III – The teaching function of the Church (Cann. 747-755) |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib3-cann747-755_en.html#BOOK_III. |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=www.vatican.va))</ref> This definition is reused in the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]''.<ref>((CCC|pp=2089))</ref>

== Lists of Schisms ==
=== Schisms in the early Church ===
((See also|Proto-orthodox Christianity|Diversity in early Christian theology))
Since the early days of Christianity, many disputes have arisen between members of the Church.

The following are instances of denominations are considered as schisms of Early Christianity by the current mainstream [[Christian denominations]]:
* [[Marcionism|Marcionist]] schism (c. 150)<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Sider|first1=Robert D.|last2=Tertullian|last3=Evans|first3=Ernest|date=1973|title=Tertullian. Adversus Marcionem|journal=The Classical World|volume=66|issue=8|pages=493|doi=10.2307/4347925|issn=0009-8418|jstor=4347925))</ref>
* [[Montanism|Montanist]] Schism (c. 156)<ref>((Cite journal|date=October 1904|title=''La Théophilanthropie et le Culte Décadaire, 1796–1801: Essai sur l'Histoire Religieuse de la Révolution''. Par Albert Mathiez. [Bibliothèque de la Fondation Thiers, IV.] (Paris: Félix Alcan. 1904. Pp. 753.)|journal=The American Historical Review|doi=10.1086/ahr/10.1.189|issn=1937-5239))</ref>
* [[Monarchianism|Monarchianist]] schism (c. 100-200)<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Monarchianism|title=Monarchianism ((!)) Christianity|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2019-03-19))</ref>
* [[Sabellianism|Sabellianist]]/[[Patripassianism|Patripassianist]] schism (c. 200)<ref>((Cite book|title=A history of Christianity|author=Latourette, Kenneth Scott|date=1975|publisher=Harper & Row|isbn=0060649526|location=New York|oclc=1824537|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchristi01lato))</ref>
* [[Novatianism|Novatianist]] schism 250 onwards. Novatianism survived until the 8th century.<ref>((Cite web|title=Novatian|url=http://earlychristianwritings.com/novatian.html|access-date=2021-08-16|website=earlychristianwritings.com))</ref>
* [[Donatism|Donatist]] schism (c. 300-500)<ref>((Cite journal|date=1847-11-06|title=Meanness Exemplified|journal=Scientific American|volume=3|issue=7|pages=51|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican11061847-51f|issn=0036-8733))</ref>
* [[Arianism|Arian]] schism (325)<ref>((Cite book|title=Church history the rise and growth of the church in its cultural, intellectual, and political context|author=Ferguson, Everett|isbn=9780310516576|edition= Second|location=Grand Rapids|oclc=1085698140|date=2013-11-26))</ref>
* [[Quartodecimanism|Quartodecimanist]] schism (325)<ref>((cite encyclopedia|chapter=Fallow|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Entomology|pages=828|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|isbn=0792386701|doi=10.1007/0-306-48380-7_1566|year=2004|title=Encyclopedia of entomology: P-Z))</ref>
* [[Pneumatomachi|Macedonian]] schism (342)<ref>((Cite journal|last=Howland|first=A.C.|date=March 1913|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vols. XIII (pp. xv, 800) and XIV (pp. xv, 800). Price, $6.00 each. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=46|issue=1|pages=206–208|doi=10.1177/000271621304600140|s2cid=144983838|issn=0002-7162))</ref>
* [[Lucifer of Cagliari|Luciferian]] schism (355)<ref>((Cite book|date=2005-01-01|editor-last=Cross|editor-first=F. L.|editor2-last=Livingstone|editor2-first=E. A.|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001|isbn=9780192802903))</ref>
* [[Apollinarism|Appolinarist]] schism (381)<ref>((Cite journal|last=Kubiński|first=Tadeusz|date=December 1975|title=Mcinerny R. M.. Language. New Catholic encyclopedia, prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York etc. 1967, vol. 8, pp. 365–376. Hirschberger J.. Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von. New Catholic encyclopedia, prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York etc. 1967, vol. 8, pp. 620–621. Carlo W. E.. Methodology (physical sciences). New Catholic encyclopedia, prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York etc. 1967, vol. 9, pp. 747–750. Maziarz E. A.. Number. New Catholic encyclopedia, prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York etc. 1967, vol. 10, pp. 561–566. Ladrière J. A.. Verification. New Catholic encyclopedia, prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York etc. 1967, vol. 14, pp. 615–616. Stokes W. E.. Whitehead, Alfred North. New Catholic encyclopedia, prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York etc. 1967, vol. 14, pp. 896–897. McGuinness B. F.. Wittgenstein, Ludwig. New Catholic encyclopedia, prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York etc. 1967, vol. 14, pp. 983–984. Stahl G.. Un développement de la logique des questions. Revue philosophique de la France et de l'Etranger, vol. 153 (1963), pp. 293–301|journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume=40|issue=4|pages=599–600|doi=10.2307/2271807|issn=0022-4812|jstor=2271807))</ref>
* [[Collyridianism|Collyridianist]] schism (c. 376)<ref>((Cite book|title=The Qur'an in Christian-Muslim Dialogue : Historical and Modern Interpretations|first=Corrie|last=Block|date=2013|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9781135014056|location=Hoboken|oclc=860626008))</ref>
* [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] schism (431)<ref>((Cite book|title=Dictionary of the Middle Ages|date=1982|publisher=Scribner|editor=Strayer, Joseph R.|isbn=0684190737|location=New York|oclc=8474388))</ref>
* [[Eutychianism|Eutychian]] schism (451)<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|title=Chalcedon, Council of|doi = 10.1163/2211-2685_eco_c358))</ref>
* [[Monophysite controversy|Monophysite]] schism (451)<ref name=":0" />
* [[Acacian schism|Acacian]] schism (484)<ref>((Cite journal|last=Meyendorff|first=A.|date=June 1925|title=Notes on Marx's Predecessors|journal=Economica|issue=14|pages=202–203|doi=10.2307/2548079|issn=0013-0427|jstor=2548079))</ref>
* [[Schism of the Three Chapters]] (553)<ref>((Cite journal|last=Howland|first=A.C.|date=March 1913|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vols. XIII (pp. xv, 800) and XIV (pp. xv, 800). Price, $6.00 each. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=46|issue=1|pages=206–208|doi=10.1177/000271621304600140|s2cid=144983838|issn=0002-7162))</ref>
* [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]] schism (610)<ref>((Cite journal|title=Armenian Apostolic Church|doi = 10.1163/2211-2685_eco_a599))</ref>
* [[Monothelitism|Monothelitist]] schism (629)<ref>((Cite journal|last=Bury|first=Tracy|date=May 1995|journal=Physiotherapy|volume=81|issue=5|pages=251–252|doi=10.1016/s0031-9406(05)66817-4|issn=0031-9406|title=The Development of the CSP Research Strategy))</ref>
* First [[Byzantine Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] schism (787)<ref name=":1">((Cite journal|last=Reese|first=Alan W.|date=August 2000|title=A History of the Byzantine State and Society, by Warren Treadgold. A History of the Byzantine State and Society, by Warren Treadgold. Stanford California, Stanford University Press, 1997. xxiii, 1019 pp. $79.50 U.S. (cloth), $34.95 U.S. (paper)|journal=Canadian Journal of History|volume=35|issue=2|pages=300–301|doi=10.3138/cjh.35.2.300|issn=0008-4107))</ref>
* Second [[Byzantine Iconoclasm|Iconoclast]] schism (814)<ref name=":1" />
* The [[East–West Schism|Great Schism of 1054]]<ref name=":1" />

=== Schisms in Catholicism before the Reformation ===
* [[Catharism|Catharism schism]] (1147)
* [[Bosnian Church|Bosnian]] schism (1199)
* [[Waldensians|Waldensian schism]] (1215)
* [[Western Schism]] (1378)<ref>((Cite journal|title=Schism - Western Schism|doi = 10.1163/2468-483x_smuo_com_003974))</ref>
* [[Bohemian Reformation]] (1415) <ref>((Cite web |last=Antwood |first=Crag D. |date= |title=Czech Reformation and Hussite Revolution |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0108.xml |website=Oxford bibliographies))</ref>

=== [[Reformation]] ===
* The [[Reformation in Switzerland|Swiss Reformation]] 1516<ref>((Cite book|title=A Reformation reader : primary texts with introductions|date=2008|publisher=Fortress Press|editor=Janz, Denis|isbn=9780800663100|edition= 2nd|location=Minneapolis|oclc=226291754))</ref>
* The [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist Reformation]] 1525<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Dyck|first1=J. W.|last2=Fanger|first2=Donald|date=1967|title=Dostoevsky and Romantic Realism|journal=Books Abroad|volume=41|issue=1|pages=86|doi=10.2307/40121427|issn=0006-7431|jstor=40121427))</ref>
* The [[English Reformation]] 1529<ref>((Cite book|title=Education for sustainable development : papers in honour of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014)|editor=Brian Chalkley|editor2=Martin J Haigh|editor3=David Higgitt|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415460057|oclc=475732590))</ref>
* [[Schism of 1552]]
* The [[Scots Confession|Scottish Reformation]] 1560<ref>((Citation|last=Gray|first=Thomas|editor2-first=Leonard|editor2-last=Whibley|editor1-first=Paget|editor1-last=Toynbee|title=140. Gray to Walpole|work=Correspondence of Thomas Gray|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198794493|doi=10.1093/oseo/instance.00218602|year=1935))</ref>

=== Post Reformation schisms ===
* [[Melkite Greek Catholic Church|Melkite-Orthodox Schism]] 1724
* [[Reformed Orthodoxy (Eastern Christianity)|Orthodox Reformation]] 19th century
* [[Restorationism|Restorationist]] movement begins 1850s
* [[Bulgarian Exarchate#Bulgarian schism|Bulgarian schism]] 1872
* [[Old Catholic Church]] schism 1879
* [[Philippine Independent Church]] 1902
* [[Liberal Catholic movement]] 1913
** [[Liberal Catholic Church]] schism 1916
* [[True Orthodoxy|True Orthodox]] movement 1920s
** [[Old Calendarists|Old Calendarism]] schisms 1923
* [[Ancient Church of the East#Prior to 1964|Church of the East Schism]] 1964
* [[Schism of Montaner|Montaner Schism]] 1967–69
* [[Continuing Anglican movement]] schisms begin since 1977
* [[Society of Saint Pius X]] Considered materially schismatic from [[Écône consecrations|1988]] until 2005, canonically irregular
* [[Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)|Apostolic Catholic Church]] 1992
* [[1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism|Second Moscow–Constantinople schism]] 1996
* [[Anglican realignment]] schisms begin since 2002
** The separation of the [[Anglican Church in North America]] from the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] and the [[Anglican Church of Canada]] 2009<ref>((Cite journal|last=Padley|first=Kenneth|date=February 2009|title=Early Anglican Ecclesiology and Contemporary Ecumenism|journal=International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church|volume=9|issue=1|pages=3–16|doi=10.1080/14742250802562780|s2cid=143958364|issn=1474-225X))</ref>
* [[Community of the Lady of All Nations|Community of the Lady of All Peoples]] Quebec Excluded from the Catholic Church in April 2007<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.communaute-dame.qc.ca/ |title=Home |website=communaute-dame.qc.ca))</ref>
* [[North American Lutheran Church]], founded in 2010 by congregations that left the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] and [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada]]
* [[2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism|Third Moscow–Constantinople schism]] 2018
* [[Global Methodist Church]] formed by Conservative Methodist who left the [[United Methodist Church]] 2022
* [[Diocese of the Southern Cross]] formed by Conservative Anglicans who left the [[Anglican Church of Australia]] 2022

== See also ==
* [[Ecclesiastical separatism]]
* [[Old and New Lights]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

=== Sources ===
* ((cite book| last = Hovorun |first = Cyril | chapter = Ecclesiological foundations for Ecumenism| chapter-url = | format = | url = https://evl.fi/documents/1327140/41251337/Orthodox_Handbook_on_Ecumenism-Watermarked.pdf/3a95c2a2-7ca9-a6fa-cb9b-8325ba2be337 | title = Orthodox Handbook on Ecumenism | orig-year = | agency = Pantelis Kalaitzidis, Thomas Fitzgerald, Cyril Hovorun, Aikaterini Pekridou, Nikolaos Asproulis, Guy Liagre, Dietrich Werner | edition = 1st  |location= Oxford |date = 2014 |publisher= Regnum book international |volume=  | pages = 77–85| series =  | isbn = 978-1-908355-44-7))
* ((cite book|last=McGuckin |first = Fr. John|title=Orthodox Handbook on Ecumenism |chapter = The Role of Orthodoxy in World Christianity Today – Historical, Demographic and Theological Perspectives – An Introduction |url= https://evl.fi/documents/1327140/41251337/Orthodox_Handbook_on_Ecumenism-Watermarked.pdf/3a95c2a2-7ca9-a6fa-cb9b-8325ba2be337|edition=1st |location=Oxford |publisher=Regnum book international |agency= Pantelis Kalaitzidis, Thomas Fitzgerald, Cyril Hovorun, Aikaterini Pekridou, Nikolaos Asproulis, Guy Liagre, Dietrich Werner|year=2014 |pages=3–9 |isbn=978-1-908355-44-7))

== Further reading ==
* ((cite book| last = Ionita |first = Fr. Viorel  | chapter = Bilateral Theological Dialogues of Orthodox Churches – a General Introduction| chapter-url = | format = | url = https://evl.fi/documents/1327140/41251337/Orthodox_Handbook_on_Ecumenism-Watermarked.pdf/3a95c2a2-7ca9-a6fa-cb9b-8325ba2be337 | title = Orthodox Handbook on Ecumenism | orig-year = | agency = Pantelis Kalaitzidis, Thomas Fitzgerald, Cyril Hovorun, Aikaterini Pekridou, Nikolaos Asproulis, Guy Liagre, Dietrich Werner | edition = 1st  |location= Oxford |date = 2014 |publisher= Regnum book international | pages = 457–472| series =  | isbn = 978-1-908355-44-7))
* ((cite book| last = Kalaitzidis |first = Pantelis | chapter = Theological, historical, and cultural reasons for anti-ecumenical movements in Eastern Orthodoxy| chapter-url = | format = | url = https://evl.fi/documents/1327140/41251337/Orthodox_Handbook_on_Ecumenism-Watermarked.pdf/3a95c2a2-7ca9-a6fa-cb9b-8325ba2be337 | title = Orthodox Handbook on Ecumenism | agency = Pantelis Kalaitzidis, Thomas Fitzgerald, Cyril Hovorun, Aikaterini Pekridou, Nikolaos Asproulis, Guy Liagre, Dietrich Werner | edition = 1st  |location= Oxford |date = 2014 |publisher= Regnum book international | pages = 134–152| isbn = 978-1-908355-44-7))
* ((cite book| author = Christine Chaillot, Alexander Belopopsky | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url =  | title = Towards Unity. The Theological Dialogue between the Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches | orig-year = | agency =  | edition =   |location= Geneva |date = 1998 |publisher= Inter-Orthodox Dialogue |at=  |volume=  | pages = | page =  | series =  | isbn = 9788390695846))
* ((cite book| author = [[Francis Dvornik|Dvornik F.]] | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2dyNPwAACAAJ | title = The Photian Schism: History and Legend | orig-year = | agency =  | edition =   |location= Cambridge |date = 2008 |publisher= Cambridge University Press | isbn = 9780521101769))
* ((cite book| author = W. H. C. Frend | title = The Donatist Church: A Movement of Protest in Roman North Africa | orig-year = | agency =  | edition =   |location= Oxford |date = 2000 |publisher= Oxford University Press |at=  |volume=  | pages = | page =  | series =  | isbn = 978-0198264088))
* ((cite book| author = Gary L. Ward | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url =  | title = Independent Bishops: An International Directory | orig-year = | agency =  | edition =   |location=  |date = 1990 |publisher= Omnigraphics Inc |at=  |volume=  | pages = | page =  | series =  | isbn = 978-1558883079))

[[Category:Schisms in Christianity|Schisms in Christianity]]
[[Category:Theological controversies]]

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