Scottish diaspora
Grave of the MacFarland sisters of Edinburgh, British Cemetery of Funchal, Madeira
Total population
c. 28–40 million worldwideA[1]
Regions with significant populations
 Scotland   4,446,000 (2011)
(Scottish descent only.)[2]
 United StatesB5,393,554 – 6,006,955[3][4]
 CanadaC4,719,850[5]
 AustraliaH1,792,600[6]
 EnglandD795,000
 Argentina100,000
 Chile80,000
 France45,000
 Poland15,000
 New ZealandF12,792[7]
 South AfricaF11,160
 Isle of Man2,403[8]
 Hong KongG1,459[9][10][11]
 Philippines1,403
 Norway1,400
 Spain1,390
 Netherlands1,380
  Switzerland1,377
 Germany1,373
 Italy1,370
 Sweden1,367
Languages
Scottish English • Scottish Gaelic • Scots
Religion
Presbyterianism • Roman Catholicism • Episcopalianism • deists • atheists[citation needed].
A These figures are estimates based on official
 census data of populations and official surveys of
 identity.[12][13][14][15]
B Scottish Americans and Scotch-Irish Americans.
C Scottish Canadians.
D Scottish-born people in England only
E Ulster-Scots
F missing
G Number of people born in Scotland. missing
HScottish Australians

The Scottish diaspora consists of Scottish people who emigrated from Scotland and their descendants. The diaspora is concentrated in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, England, New Zealand, Ireland and to a lesser extent Argentina, Chile, and Brazil. The Scottish disapora has been estimated by the Scottish Government to be between 28 and 40 million people worldwide.[1] Other estimates have ranged as high as 80 million.[16]

According to Marjory Harper (2003) of the University of Aberdeen, Scottish emigrants and their descendants have maintained connections to Scotland though formal and informal means including "church, school and Scottish society" and "place names, correspondence, family and community networks, and chain migration".[17] Rogers Brubaker (2005) wrote that immigrants from Scotland have regarded the ancestral homeland as "an authoritative source of value, identity and loyalty".[18] According to Lauren Brancaz (2016) of the Centre for Breton and Celtic Research: "Scottish culture has not been contained within the borders of Scotland. It has lived on in the minds of migrants who have remained attached to it".[19]

Americas

Argentina

Main article: Scottish Argentines

A Scottish Argentine population has existed at least since 1825.[20] There are an estimated 100,000 Argentines of Scottish ancestry, the most of any country outside the English-speaking world.[21] Scottish Argentines have been incorrectly referred to as English.[22]

Brazil

Main article: Scottish Brazilians

Canada

Main article: Scottish Canadians

See also: Canadian Gaelic

Scottish people have a long history in Canada, dating back several centuries. Many towns, rivers and mountains have been named in honour of Scottish explorers and traders such as Mackenzie Bay and the major city of Calgary, Alberta, is named after a Scottish beach. Most notably, the Atlantic province of Nova Scotia is Latin for New Scotland. Once Scots formed the vanguard of the movement of Europeans across the continent. In more modern times, emigrants from Scotland have played a leading role in the social, political and economic history of Canada, being prominent in banking, labour unions, and politics.[23]

The first documented Scottish settlement in the Americas was of Nova Scotia (New Scotland) in 1629. On 29 September 1621, the charter for the foundation of a colony was granted by James VI of Scotland to Sir William Alexander.[24] Between 1622 and 1628, Sir William launched four attempts to send colonists to Nova Scotia; all failed for various reasons. A successful occupation of Nova Scotia was finally achieved in 1629. The colony's charter, in law, made Nova Scotia (defined as all land between Newfoundland and New England) a part of mainland Scotland. The Scots have influenced the cultural mix of Nova Scotia for centuries and constitute the largest ethnic group in the province, at 29.3% of its population. Many Scottish immigrants were monoglot Scottish Gaelic speakers from the Gàidhealtachd (Scottish Highlands). Canadian Gaelic was spoken as the first language in much of "Anglophone" Canada, such as Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Glengarry County in Ontario. Gaelic was the third most commonly spoken language in Canada.[25]

As the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and amongst the first Europeans to settle in the country, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. According to the 2011 Census of Canada, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,714,970,[26] or 15.10% of the nation's total population.

Chile

Main article: Scottish Chileans

A large proportion of Scottish Chileans are sheep farmers in the Magallanes region of the far south of the country, and the city of Punta Arenas has a large Scottish foundation dating back to the 18th century. A famous Scot, Thomas, Lord Cochrane (later 10th Earl of Dundonald) formed the Chilean Navy to help liberate Chile from Spain in the independence period. Chile developed a strong diplomatic relationship with Great Britain and invited more British settlers to the country in the 19th century.

The Chilean government land deals invited settlement from Scotland and Wales in its southern provinces in the 1840s and 1850s. The number of Scottish Chileans is still higher in Patagonia and Magallanes regions. The Mackay School, in Viña del Mar is an example of a school set up by Scottish Chileans. The Scottish and other British Chileans are primarily found in higher education as well in economic management and the country's cultural life.

United States

Main article: Scottish Americans
Scottish ancestry in the United States, 1700–2013
Year Ethnic group Population % of total population Ref.
1700 est. Scottish 7,526 3.0% [27][28]
1755 est. Scottish & Scots-Irish 4.0% & 7.0% (11.0%) [27]
1775 est. Scottish & Scots-Irish 6.6% & 7.8% (14.4%) [29]
1790 est. Scottish & Scots-Irish 6.6% & 4.8% (11.4%) [30][31]
1980 Scottish 10,048,816 4.44% [32]
1990 Scottish & Scots-Irish 5,393,581 & 5,617,773 2.2% & 2.3% (4.5%) [33]
2000 Scottish & Scots-Irish 4,890,581 & 4,319,232 1.7% & 1.5% (3.2%) [34]
2010 (ACS) Scottish & Scots-Irish 5,460,679 & 3,257,161 1.9% & 3.1% (5%) [35]
2013 (ACS) Scottish & Scots-Irish 5,310,285 & 2,976,878 1.7% & 1% (2.7%) [35]

The table shows the ethnic Scottish population in the United States from 1700 to 2013. In 1700, the total population of the American colonies was 250,888 of whom 223,071 (89%) were white and 3.0% were ethnically Scottish.[27][28] In the 2000 census, 4.8 million Americans[36] self-reported Scottish ancestry, 1.7% of the total US population. Another 4.3 million self-reported Scots-Irish ancestry, for a total of 9.2 million Americans self-reporting some kind of Scottish descent.

The 2008 US Census 2008 American Community Survey figures showed approximately 5.8 million Americans self-identified as being of Scottish ancestry, and another 3.5 million Scots-Irish, for 9.3 million total.[37] In the 2013 American Community Survey, 5.3 ;million identified as Scottish and another nearly 3 million as of Scots-Irish descent, for about 8.3 million total.[38]

Self-reported numbers are regarded by demographers as massive under-counts, because Scottish ancestry is known to be disproportionately under-reported among the majority of mixed ancestry,[39] and because areas where people reported "American" ancestry were the places where, historically, Scottish and Scots-Irish Protestants settled in North America (that is: along the North American coast, Appalachia, and the Southeastern United States). The number of actual Americans of Scottish descent today is estimated to be 20 to 25 million[40][41][42][43] (up to 8.3% of the total US population), and Scots-Irish, 27 to 30 million[44][45] (up to 10% of the total US population), the subgroups overlapping and not always distinguishable because of their shared ancestral surnames.

Large-scale emigration from Scotland to America began in the 1700s after the Battle of Culloden, when the Clan structures were broken up. Anti-Catholic persecution[46][47] and the Highland Clearances also obliged many Scottish Gaels to emigrate. The Scots went in search of a better life and settled in the thirteen colonies, mainly around South Carolina and Virginia.

The majority of Scots-Irish originally came from Lowland Scotland and the Scottish Borders before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland mostly in the 17th century (see Plantation of Ulster) and from there, beginning about five generations later, to North America in large numbers during the 18th century.

Later Scottish Americans descended from 19th-century Scottish immigrants tend to be concentrated in the West, while others in New England are the descendants of immigrants from the Maritime Provinces of Canada, especially in the 1920s.

Americans who identify themselves as of Scottish descent outnumber the population of Scotland, where 4,459,071 or 88.09% of people identified as ethnic Scottish in the 2000 Census.[36][48] There are many US-based Scottish clan societies and other heritage organizations (such as the Saint Andrews societies, Caledonian societies, An Comunn Gàidhealach America, Slighe nan Gàidheal), through which "Scottish migrants have remained attached to their homeland".[49]

Asia-Pacific

Australia

Main article: Scottish Australians
Scottish ancestry in Australia, 1986–2011 (Census)
Year Population Percent of pop. Ref
1986 740,522 4.7% [50]
2001 540,046 2.9% [50]
2006 1,501,200 7.6% [51][52]
2011 1,792,622 8.3% [52][53]

A steady rate of Scottish immigration continued into the 20th century, with substantial numbers of Scots continued to arrive after 1945.[54][page needed] From 1900 until the 1950s, Scots favoured New South Wales, as well as Western Australia and Southern Australia.[citation needed] A strong cultural Scottish presence is evident in the Highland games, dance, Tartan day celebrations, Clan and Gaelic speaking societies found throughout modern Australia.

According to the 2011 Australian census 130,204 Australian residents were born in Scotland,[55] while 1,792,600 claimed Scottish ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry.[6] This is the fourth most commonly nominated ancestry and represents over 8.9% of the total population of Australia.

New Zealand

Main article: Scottish New Zealanders
The settlement of English in the North Island and northern South Island and Scottish in the Deep South is reflected in the dominance of Anglicanism and Presbyterianism in the respective regions.

Scottish migration to New Zealand dates back to the earliest period of European colonisation, with a large proportion of Pākehā New Zealanders being of Scottish descent.[56] However, identification as "British" or "European" New Zealanders can sometimes obscure their origin. Many Scottish New Zealanders also have Māori or other non-European ancestry.

The majority of Scottish immigrants settled in the South Island. All over New Zealand, the Scots developed different means to bridge the old homeland and the new. Many Caledonian societies were formed, well over 100 by the early twentieth century, who helped maintain Scottish culture and traditions. From the 1860s, these societies organised annual Caledonian Games throughout New Zealand. The games were sports meets that brought together Scottish settlers and the wider New Zealand public. In so doing, the games gave Scots a path to cultural integration as Scottish New Zealanders.[57]

The Lay Association of the Free Church of Scotland founded Dunedin at the head of Otago Harbour in 1848 as the principal town of its Scottish settlement. The name comes from Dùn Èideann, the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh, the Scottish capital.[58] Charles Kettle, the city's surveyor, instructed to emulate the characteristics of Edinburgh, produced a striking, "Romantic" design. [59] The result was both grand and quirky streets as the builders struggled and sometimes failed to construct his bold vision across the challenging landscape. Captain William Cargill, a veteran of the war against Napoleon, was the secular leader. The Reverend Thomas Burns, a nephew of the poet Robert Burns, was the spiritual guide.

Europe

Denmark

In 1570–1630, some 6,000 Scots served as mercenary soldiers of Denmark.[60]

England

As England is Scotland's only land neighbour, there has been significant Scottish migration to England since the Union of the Crowns in 1603. London now has two Church of Scotland congregations, the ScotsCare charity (formerly the Royal Scottish Corporation), and Scottish social clubs. Corby has a significant Scottish population due to its historic steel industry.[citation needed]

France

William Davidson, court doctor of Kings of France and Poland

In 1570–1630, some 11,000 Scots served as mercenary soldiers of France.[60]

William Davidson (c. 1593–c. 1669) was an authority on medicine, pharmacy and chemistry in France, court doctor of the French king, and the first native of the British Isles to become a professor of chemistry in France.[61]

Ireland

Main article: Ulster Scots people

See also: Plantations of Ireland and Gallowglass

The Ulster-Scots, commonly known as Scots-Irish outside of Ireland, are an ethnic group in Ireland, found mostly in the Ulster region and to a lesser extent in the rest of Ireland. Their ancestors were mostly Protestant Lowland Scottish migrants, the largest numbers coming from Galloway, Lanarkshire, Stirlingshire, and Ayrshire, although some came from the Scottish Borders region, and others from further north in the Scottish Lowlands (Perthshire and the North East) and also to a lesser extent from the Highlands.

These Scots migrated to Ireland in large numbers both as a result of the government-sanctioned Plantation of Ulster and the previous and contemporary settlement of Scots in Antrim and Down by James Hamilton, Hugh Montgomery, and Lord Randal MacDonnell; the former a planned process of colonisation beginning in 1610 which took place under the auspices of King James I on land confiscated from members of the Gaelic nobility of Ireland who fled Ulster, and the latter a private scheme beginning in 1606, but also authorised by King James. These arrivals joined other Scots already in the area from centuries of smaller-scale immigration by Scottish gallowglass mercenaries and their families.

Ulster-Scots emigrated onwards from Ireland in significant numbers to what is now the United States and to all corners of the then-worldwide British Empire; Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the West Indies, British India, and to a lesser extent Argentina and Chile. Scotch-Irish (or Scots-Irish) is a traditional term for Ulster-Scots in North America.

Lithuania

The Scots, forming a significant diaspora in Poland (see Poland section below), rarely settled in the Lithuanian part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, however, they conducted trade there, and there were Scottish communities in Kėdainiai and Słuck.[62][63] Out of gratitude for the opportunity to settle in Kėdainiai, the Scottish burghers funded scholarships for students from Lithuania at the University of Edinburgh.[64]

Poland

Robert Gilbert Porteous, wealthiest merchant of 17th-century Krosno

From as far back as the mid-16th century, historical records document the presence of Scots trading, serving as mercenary soldiers, and settling in Poland.[65] The vast majority were traders, from wealthy merchants to the thousands of pedlars who ensured that the term szot became synonymous in the Polish language with "tinker".[66][page needed] A "Scotch Pedlar's Pack in Poland" became a proverbial expression. It usually consisted of cloths, woollen goods and linen kerchiefs (head coverings). Itinerants also sold tin utensils and ironware such as scissors and knives. By 1562 the community was sizeable enough that the Scots, along with the Italians, were recognized by the Sejm as traders whose activities were harming Polish cities; in 1566, they were banned from roaming and peddling their wares.[67]

However, from the 1570s onward, it was recognized that such bans were ineffectual. A heavy tax was placed upon them instead. Thomas Chamberlayne, an English eyewitness, described them disapprovingly in a 1610 letter to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, stating that "[t]hese Scotts for the most parte are height landers [i.e. highlanders] men of noe credit, a Company of pedeling knaves..."[68] Linked to some degree of persecution and their role in the Danzig uprising, protection (and by extension, a form of control) was offered by King Stephen Báthory in the Royal Grant of 1576, assigning Scottish immigrants to a district in Kraków. By the first half of the 17th century, the affairs of the Scottish community were regulated by twelve Brotherhoods with seats across various Polish cities; this included a tribunal that met to adjudicate disputes in the Royal city of Toruń.[66][page needed] In 1603, the office of the Scottish General (Generał Szkocki) was created to collect taxes and organize the judiciary over all Scots in Poland, with Captain Abraham Young appointed by King Sigismund III Vasa as the first superior.[69]

Scottish mercenary soldiers first served in large numbers in the late 1570s. Many were former traders. According to Spytko Wawrzyniec Jordan, one of King Stephen Báthory's captains, they were former pedlars who, "having abandoned or sold their booths ... buckle on their sword and shoulder their musket; they are infantry of unusual quality, although they look shabby to us ... 2000 Scots are better than 6000 of our own infantry."[70] It is possible that the shift from peddling to military occupations was connected to the implementation of heavy taxation on pedlars in the 1570s. Scottish mercenary soldiers were recruited specifically by King Stephen Báthory following his experience with them in forces raised by Danzig against him in 1577.[66][page needed] Báthory commented favourably upon the Scots and expressed a wish for them to be recruited in campaigns that he was planning against Muscovy. A steady stream of Scots soldiers served the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from this point forward.

Records from 1592 mention Scots settlers granted citizenship of Kraków, and give their employment as trader or merchant. Fees for citizenship ranged from 12 Polish florins to a musket and gunpowder, or an undertaking to marry within a year and a day of acquiring a holding.

Home of Alexander Chalmers, mayor of Warsaw

By the 17th century, an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Scots lived in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[71] Many came from Dundee and Aberdeen.[citation needed] The largest Scottish communities could be found in Gdańsk, Kraków, Lublin, Lwów, Poznań, Warsaw and Zamość, and sizeable numbers of Scots also lived in Brzeziny, Bydgoszcz, Człopa, Krosno, Łobżenica, Raciąż, Sieradz, Sierpc, Tarnów, Tuchola, Wałcz, Warta and Zakroczym.[72] Small communities also existed in Biały Bór, Borek Wielkopolski, Brody, Chojnice, Czarne, Człuchów, Gniew, Gostyń, Iłża, Jedlińsk, Koronowo, Opole Lubelskie, Puck, Skoki, Starogard, Szamotuły, Szydłowiec, Świecie and Węgrów.[73][74][75][76] Settlers from Aberdeenshire were mainly Episcopalians or Catholics, but there were also large numbers of Calvinists. As well as Scottish traders, there were also many Scottish soldiers in Poland. In 1656, a number of Scottish highlanders travelled to Poland, serving under the King of Sweden in his war against it.

The Scots integrated well and many acquired great wealth. They contributed to many charitable institutions in the host country, but did not forget their homeland; for example, in 1701 when collections were made for the restoration fund of the Marischal College, Aberdeen, Scottish settlers in Poland gave generously.[citation needed]

Many royal grants and privileges were granted to Scottish merchants until the 18th century, at which time the settlers began to merge more and more into the native population. Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") was half Polish, since he was the son of James Francis Edward Stuart, the "Old Pretender", and Maria Clementina Sobieska, granddaughter of John III Sobieski, king of Poland.[77][78][failed verification][79] In 1691, the City of Warsaw elected the Scottish immigrant Aleksander Czamer (Alexander Chalmers) as its mayor.[80]

There are places named after the Scottish settlers in Poland, i.e. Stare Szkoty ("Old Scots"), a former suburb of Gdańsk, today a neighborhood within the city limits, inhabited by Scots since the 15th and 16th centuries,[81] and the village of Szkocja ("Scotland"), founded in 1823.[82][83]

In 1879, Scottish specialists were brought to Warsaw to run a newly established hornware factory of Polish industrialist Ludwik Józef Krasiński [pl].[84]

In the 2011 Polish census, 632 people declared Scottish nationality.[85]

Notable people include:

Sweden

In 1570–1630, some 30,000 Scots served as mercenary soldiers of Sweden.[60]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland". Gov.scot. Scottish Government. May 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  2. ^ "Statistical Bulletins - Scotland Census 2011". Scotlandscensus.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  3. ^ American Community Survey 2008 Archived 28 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine by the US Census Bureau estimates 5,827,046 people claiming Scottish ancestry and 3,538,444 people claiming Scotch-Irish ancestry.
  4. ^ "Who are the Scots-Irish?". Parade.com. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  5. ^ The 2006 Canadian Census Archived 23 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine gives a total of 4,719,850 respondents stating their ethnic origin as Scottish. Many respondents may have misunderstood the question and the numerous responses for "Canadian" does not give an accurate figure for numerous groups, particularly those of British Isles origins.
  6. ^ a b "ABS Ancestry". Abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012.
  7. ^ [1][dead link]
  8. ^ "Isle of Man Census Report 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  9. ^ "Scotland analysis: Borders and citizenship" (PDF). Gov.uk. p. 70. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  10. ^ "Scotland's Diaspora and Overseas-Born Population" (PDF). Gov.scot. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  11. ^ Scottish Government, St Andrew's House (5 October 2009). "Scotland's Diaspora and Overseas-Born Population". Gov.scot. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  12. ^ "Friends Of Scotland". Friendsofscotland.gov.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  13. ^ The Ancestral Scotland website states the following: "Scotland is a land of 5.1 million people. A proud people, passionate about their country and her rich, noble heritage. For every single Scot in their native land, there are thought to be at least five more overseas who can claim Scottish ancestry; that's many millions spread throughout the globe."] Ancestralscotland.com
  14. ^ "History, Tradition and roots, ancestry". Scotland.org. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  15. ^ "Mediaoffice - news". Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007.
  16. ^ Leith, Murray S.; Sim, Duncan (11 April 2022). "'Will ye no' come back again?': Population challenge and diaspora policy in Scotland". Population, Space and Place. 28 (7): 5. doi:10.1002/psp.2572. Citing: McAskill, Kenny; McLeish, Henry (2007). Wherever the Saltire Flies. Luath.
  17. ^ Harper, Marjory (2003). Adventurers and Exiles: The Great Scottish Exodus. London: Profile Books. p. 370. ISBN 9781861973047. Quoted in: Brancaz, Lauren Ann-Killian (2016). "The Homecoming of Tartan: How Scotland and North America Collaborate in Shaping Tartan". Études écossaises (18). pp. 69–87, para. 4. doi:10.4000/etudesecossaises.1074. S2CID 131473903.
  18. ^ Brubaker, Rogers (2005). "The 'Diaspora' Diaspora". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 28 (1): 5. doi:10.1080/0141987042000289997. S2CID 17914353. Quoted in: Brancaz (2016), para. 7.
  19. ^ Brancaz (2016), para. 7.
  20. ^ "Clan Macrae news". Clan-macrae.org.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  21. ^ Gilchrist, Jim (14 December 2008). "Stories of Homecoming - We're on the march with Argentina's Scots". The Scotsman. Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  22. ^ Pelayes, Hector Darvo. "Footbol AFA". Members.tripod.com.
  23. ^ "Scottish Studies – History". Archived from the original on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  24. ^ Fry, Michael (2001). The Scottish Empire. Tuckwell Press. p. 21. ISBN 1-84158-259-X.
  25. ^ Dembling, Jonathan (2006). "Gaelic in Canada: New evidence from an old census". In McLeod, Wilson; Fraser, James; Gunderloch, Anja (eds.). Cànan & Cultar/Language & Culture: Rannsachadh na Gàidhlig 3. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. pp. 203–214.
  26. ^ "Statistics Canada: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables, 2006 Census". 12.StatCan.ca. Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  27. ^ a b c Boyer, Paul S.; Clark, Clifford E.; Halttunen, Karen; Kett, Joseph F.; Salisbury, Neal (1 January 2010). The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781111786090 – via Google Books.
  28. ^ a b Purvis, Thomas L. (14 May 2014). Colonial America to 1763. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438107998. Retrieved 11 January 2018 – via Google Books.
  29. ^ Harr, J. Scott; Hess, Kären M.; Orthmann, Christine Hess; Kingsbury, Jonathon (1 January 2014). Constitutional Law and the Criminal Justice System. Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305162907 – via Google Books.
  30. ^ Parrillo, Vincent N. (11 January 2018). Diversity in America. Pine Forge Press. ISBN 9781412956376. Retrieved 11 January 2018 – via Google Books.
  31. ^ Perlmutter, Philip (11 January 1996). The Dynamics of American Ethnic, Religious, and Racial Group Life: An Interdisciplinary Overview. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275955335. Retrieved 11 January 2018 – via Google Books.
  32. ^ "Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980" (PDF). Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  33. ^ "1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States" (PDF). Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  34. ^ "Ancestry: 2000". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  35. ^ a b "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-year Estimates". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  36. ^ a b "QT-P13. Ancestry: 2000". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. 2020. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  37. ^ "Population" (PDF). Statistical Abstract of the United States 2011. Washington DC: United States Census Bureau, US Department of Commerce. October 2010. p. 50, table 52. In turn citing: "2008 American Community Survey". US Census Bureau. Table B04006: "People Reporting Ancestry". Retrieved 23 August 2023 – via Data.Census.gov.
  38. ^ "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2013 American Community Survey 1-year Estimates". American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  39. ^ Walters, Mary C. (1990). Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 31–36.
  40. ^ McCarthy, James; Hague, Euan (5 November 2004). "Race, Nation, and Nature: The Cultural Politics of 'Celtic' Identification in the American West". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 94 (2): 392. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402014.x. S2CID 128668995. Citing: Hewitson, J. (1993). Tam Blake and Co.: The Story of the Scots in America. Edinburgh: Canongate Books.
  41. ^ "Tartan Day 2007". ScotlandNow. No. 7. March 2007. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  42. ^ "Scottish Parliament: Official Report, 11 September 2002, Col. 13525". Scottish.Parliament.uk. Scottish Parliament. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  43. ^ "Scottish Parliament: European and External Relations Committee Agenda, 20th Meeting 2004 (Session 2), 30 November 2004, EU/S2/04/20/1" (PDF). Scottish.Parliament.uk. Scottish Parliament. 14 August 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  44. ^ Webb, James (2004). Born Fighting: How the Scots-Irish Shaped America. New York: Broadway Books. Front flap. ISBN 0767916883. More than 27 million Americans today can trace their lineage to the Scots, whose bloodline was stained by centuries of continuous warfare along the border between England and Scotland, and later in the bitter settlements of England's Ulster Plantation in Northern Ireland.
  45. ^ Webb, James (23 October 2004). "Secret GOP Weapon: The Scots Irish Vote". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
  46. ^ MacKay, Donald (1996). Scotland Farewell: The People of the Hector (3rd illustrated ed.). Dundurn Press. p. vii. ISBN 1896219128.
  47. ^ Campey, Lucille H. (2007). After the Hector: The Scottish Pioneers of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton 1773–1852 (2nd ed.). Toronto: National Heritage Books. pp. 60–61. ISBN 9781550027709.
  48. ^ "Table 1.1: Scottish population by ethnic group - All People". Scotland.gov.uk. 24 April 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  49. ^ Brancaz (2015), para. 5. Citing: Harper (2003), pp. 359–360
  50. ^ a b Khoo, Siew-Ean; McDonald, Peter F., eds. (2003). The Transformation of Australia's Population: 1970–2030. UNSW Press. p. 164. ISBN 9780868405025 – via Google Books.
  51. ^ "The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2006 Census" (PDF). DSS.gov.au. Department of Immigration and Citizenship. 2008. p. 50. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  52. ^ a b "The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2011 Census" (PDF). OMI.WA.gov.au. p. 55. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  53. ^ "2011 Census data shows more than 300 ancestries reported in Australia". ABS.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  54. ^ Prentis, Malcolm (2008). The Scots in Australia. University of New South Wales Press. ISBN 9781921410215.
  55. ^ "20680-Country of Birth of Person (full classification list) by Sex — Australia" (Microsoft Excel). 2006 Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
  56. ^ "Loading..." Naturemagics.com. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  57. ^ Bueltmann, Tanja (2009). "'No Colonists are more Imbued with their National Sympathies than Scotchmen': The Nation as an Analytical Tool in the Study of Migration" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of History. 43 (2): 169–181.
  58. ^ McLintock, A. H., ed. (1949). The History of Otago: The Origins and Growth of a Wakefield Class Settlement. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago Centennial Historical Publications. OCLC 154645934.
  59. ^ Hocken, Thomas Moreland (1898). Contributions to the Early History of New Zealand (Settlement of Otago). London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company. OCLC 3804372.
  60. ^ a b c Feduszka 2009, p. 55.
  61. ^ a b "William Davidson of Aberdeen : 1648". Nature. Vol. 162. 1948. p. 954.
  62. ^ Wijaczka 2010, p. 204.
  63. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom X (in Polish). Warszawa. 1889. p. 839.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  64. ^ Bagińska, Elżbieta (2012). "Edukacja kaznodziejów ewangelicko-reformowanych na Litwie w XVII wieku". Studia Podlaskie (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku. XX: 68. ISSN 0867-1370.
  65. ^ "Scotland and Poland: A 500 year relationship". The Scotsman. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  66. ^ a b c Murdoch, Steve (2001). Scotland and the Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648. Brill.
  67. ^ Steuart, A. F. (1915). Papers Relating to the Histories of Scots in Poland 1576–1793. Edinburgh.
  68. ^ "Thomas Chamberlayne to Robert Cecil (Elbląg, 29 Novembris 1610)"". EFE. 4 (68): 81–82.
  69. ^ Feduszka 2009, pp. 52–53.
  70. ^ Biegánksa, Anna (1984). "Żołnierze szkoccy w dawnej Rzeczpospolitej". Rzeczypospolitej Studia i Materiały do Historii Wojskowości. 27.
  71. ^ Richards, Eric (2004). Britannia's Children: Emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 53. ISBN 1852854413 – via Google Books.
  72. ^ a b Feduszka 2009, p. 53.
  73. ^ Wijaczka 2010, pp. 202–203, 205–206.
  74. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VII (in Polish). Warszawa. 1886. p. 560.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  75. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom X (in Polish). Warszawa. 1889. p. 686.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  76. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XI (in Polish). Warszawa. 1890. p. 782.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  77. ^ Chorzempa, Rosemary A. (1993). Polish Roots. Genealogical Pub. p. 68. ISBN 9780806313788. Retrieved 3 October 2012 – via Google Books.
  78. ^ "Scotland and Poland". Scotland.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  79. ^ "Legacies – Immigration and Emigration – Scotland – North-East Scotland – Aberdeen's Baltic Adventure – Article Page 1". BBC. 5 October 2003. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  80. ^ "Warsaw's Scottish Mayor Remembered". Warsaw-Life.com. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
  81. ^ Wijaczka 2010, p. 201.
  82. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XI. p. 923.
  83. ^ Stojanowski, Hubert (2015). Koloryt ziemi suwalskiej (in Polish and English). Translated by Dudek, Zdzisław. Suwałki. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-83-926944-6-5.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  84. ^ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VIII (in Polish). Warszawa. 1887. p. 697.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  85. ^ Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (PDF) (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2013. p. 266. ISBN 978-83-7027-521-1.
  86. ^ Feduszka 2009, pp. 56–57.

Bibliography

Categories