Sea star-associated densovirus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Monodnaviria
Kingdom: Shotokuvirae
Phylum: Cossaviricota
Class: Quintoviricetes
Order: Piccovirales
Family: Parvoviridae
Genus: Aquambidensovirus
Species:
Asteroid aquambidensovirus 1

Sea star-associated densovirus (SSaDV) belongs to the Parvoviridae family. Like the other members of its family, it is a single-stranded DNA virus. SSaDV has been suggested to be an etiological agent of sea star wasting disease, but conclusive evidence has not yet been obtained.[1] Further work in 2018 and 2020 re-examined the association between SSaDV and sea star wasting and found no evidence in both the original work and subsequent surveys of sea stars.[2][3] More recently, densoviruses associated with echinoderms were recognized as forming persistent infections in their hosts [4] and become endogenized within sea star genomic DNA.[3] Densoviruses including SSaDV become more pronounced during sea star wasting progression, but no single strain is associated with sea star wasting disease.[5]

Epidemiology

SSaDV occurs in sea stars from southern Alaska to Baja California. It tends to occur during large outbreaks of starfish-afflicting diseases with high mortality rates, as it has in 1972, 1978, 2013, and 2014. See Sea star wasting disease.[1] The virus was observed in wasting Pycnopodia helianthoides, and detected in small quantities in healthy sea stars and aquarium sediments.[1] The highest viral load was found in the body wall of the central disk.[1] A similar virus infecting sea stars on the Atlantic Coast of North America is found in only healthy specimens.[4] As of 2021, SSaDV is no longer believed to be associated with sea star wasting disease but may rather be one of many viruses that replicate as a consequence of disease process.[6]

Structure

The genomic characteristics of SSaDV are similar to the other members of the genus Ambidensovirus.[1] It is predicted to be a non-enveloped icosahedral particle at ~25 nm, although the virus has never been imaged.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Hewson, Ian; Button, Jason B.; Gudenkauf, Brent M.; Miner, Benjamin; Newton, Alisa L.; Gaydos, Joseph K.; Wynne, Janna; Groves, Cathy L.; Hendler, Gordon (December 2014). "Densovirus associated with sea-star wasting disease and mass mortality". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 (48): 17278–83. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11117278H. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416625111. PMC 4260605. PMID 25404293.
  2. ^ Hewson, Ian; Bistolas, Kalia S. I.; Quijano Cardé, Eva M.; Button, Jason B.; Foster, Parker J.; Flanzenbaum, Jacob M.; Kocian, Jan; Lewis, Chaunte K. (2018). "Investigating the Complex Association Between Viral Ecology, Environment, and Northeast Pacific Sea Star Wasting". Frontiers in Marine Science. 5. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00077. ISSN 2296-7745. S2CID 3729059.
  3. ^ a b Jackson, Elliot W.; Wilhelm, Roland C.; Johnson, Mitchell R.; Lutz, Holly L.; Danforth, Isabelle; Gaydos, Joseph K.; Hart, Michael W.; Hewson, Ian (2020-09-23). Pfeiffer, Julie K. (ed.). "Diversity of Sea Star-Associated Densoviruses and Transcribed Endogenous Viral Elements of Densovirus Origin". Journal of Virology. 95 (1): e01594–20, /jvi/95/1/JVI.01594–20.atom. doi:10.1128/JVI.01594-20. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 7737747. PMID 32967964.
  4. ^ a b Jackson, Elliot W.; Pepe-Ranney, Charles; Johnson, Mitchell R.; Distel, Daniel L.; Hewson, Ian (2020-01-10). Alexandre, Gladys (ed.). "A Highly Prevalent and Pervasive Densovirus Discovered among Sea Stars from the North American Atlantic Coast". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 86 (6): e02723–19, /aem/86/6/AEM.02723–19.atom. doi:10.1128/AEM.02723-19. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 7054102. PMID 31924612.
  5. ^ Hewson, Ian; Aquino, Citlalli A.; DeRito, Christopher M. (November 2020). "Virome Variation during Sea Star Wasting Disease Progression in Pisaster ochraceus (Asteroidea, Echinodermata)". Viruses. 12 (11): 1332. doi:10.3390/v12111332. PMC 7699681. PMID 33233680.
  6. ^ Hewson, Ian; Aquino, Citlalli A.; DeRito, Christopher M. (November 2020). "Virome Variation during Sea Star Wasting Disease Progression in Pisaster ochraceus (Asteroidea, Echinodermata)". Viruses. 12 (11): 1332. doi:10.3390/v12111332. PMC 7699681. PMID 33233680.

Further reading

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