The notion of a "second Holocaust" (Hebrew: השואה השנײה, romanized: HaShoah HaShniyah) or "Another Holocaust" (שואה נוספת, Shoah Nosephet) is an assertion that the Holocaust or a similar event is recurring or will recur. It is often used to discuss real or perceived threats to the State of Israel, the Jewish people, or the Jewish way of life.
Threats to Israel's security have often been described as a potential "second Holocaust".[1][2] During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, it was feared that defeat in the war would mean a second genocide of Jews, this time at the hands of Arab armies. These fears were based on antisemitism in the Arab world, many Israeli soldiers having lost relatives in the Holocaust, and the temporal proximity of the last genocide. The Arabs did not face a comparable existential threat, and the lack of motivation of Arab armies contributed to defeat in the war.[3][4][5] The Six-Day War also led Israelis to fear another Holocaust.[6][1]
Belief that Jews are threatened by another existential event, like the Holocaust, is an important element in support for the Israeli state and its military.[1][7] For example, in 1987, Yitzhak Rabin opined that "In every generation, they try to destroy us" (quoting from the Passover Haggadah) and therefore the Holocaust could happen again.[7] Before he came to power, Menachem Begin compared accepting reparations from Germany to allowing "another Holocaust".[8] Before the 1982 Lebanon war, Begin told his cabinet: "Believe me, the alternative to this is Treblinka, and we have decided that there will not be another Treblinka". He also justified Operation Opera, the 1981 bombing of an Iraqi nuclear reactor, by stating that by ordering the strike he had prevented another Holocaust.[1]
The Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei has repeatedly called Israel a "cancerous tumor that must be uprooted from the region".[9][10] Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad made international headlines when in October, 2005, he declared in Persian that Iran would "wipe Israel off the map." Some commentators in the United States argued that the phrase was a mistranslation and that Ahmadinejad did not have genocidal intent.[11] In 2018, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said "Iran wants a second Holocaust" and to "destroy another six million plus Jews", after his Iranian counterpart described Israel as a "malignant cancerous tumor".[12] In 2020, he expressed that because it has "an independent state and a strong army", "The State of Israel will do whatever is necessary to prevent another Holocaust."[13]
Mike Pence, former Vice President of the United States, said in 2019 that "The Iranian regime openly advocates another Holocaust and seeks the means to achieve it", referring to the Iranian nuclear program.[14]
This tendency has been criticized by some Israelis.[7] For example, in 2017 President Reuven Rivlin said that he disagreed with Begin's invocation of "another Treblinka": "According to this approach, the justification for the existence of the State of Israel is the prevention of the next Holocaust. Every threat is a threat to survival, every Israel-hating leader is Hitler ... any criticism of the State of Israel is anti-Semitism." He said that the approach was "fundamentally wrong" and "dangerous".[15]
The 2023 Hamas attack on Israel has been likened to events of the Holocaust by many Israel Jews, including Holocaust survivors, as well as world leaders such as the Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the American president Joe Biden.[16][17] However, this analogy has been criticized by some, especially critics of Netanyahu and his government.
Writing on Arutz Sheva, Steven Plaut referred to the one-state solution as the "Rwanda Solution", and wrote that the implementation of a one-state solution in which a Palestinian majority would rule over a Jewish minority would eventually lead to a "new Holocaust".[18]
Some Holocaust survivors have expressed fear that rising antisemitism in the 21st century could lead to another Holocaust.[19] Israel Meir Lau, former Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel and a Holocaust survivor, said that while another Holocaust was possible, "this time, the fact that we have a Jewish state that deters Israel's haters, the fact that we have the Israel Defense Forces, and the fact that we have won wars decisively, makes things starkly different".[20]
According to one survey, 58% of Americans believe something like the Holocaust could happen again.[19]
A 2009 law journal article by Israeli-American human rights lawyer Justus Weiner and Israeli-American law professor Avi Bell argued that Hamas attacks against Israelis met the definition of the crime of genocide in the Genocide Convention.[21] In 2023, a letter signed by over 100 international law experts argued that the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel "most probably constitute[s] an international crime of genocide, proscribed by the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court".[22][23] Its signatories included Irwin Cotler, former Attorney-General of Canada; the organiser of the letter was Dan Eldad, former acting State Attorney of Israel.[22] The same argument was made by Jens David Ohlin, dean of Cornell Law School, in a post on the Opinio Juris group blog.[24]
In his 2009 book on genocide, Worse than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity, Harvard professor Daniel Goldhagen argues that Palestinian suicide attacks should be called "genocide bombings", and their perpetrators "genocide bombers".[25][26] The coining of the label "genocide bombing" is sometimes attributed to Irwin Cotler, in remarks he made in the Canadian Parliament in 2002;[27][28] however, the phrase was used by the UK's ambassador, Stephen Gommersall, during an April 1996 meeting of the UN Security Council.[29] Other supporters of the use of the "genocide bombing" phrase have included the American political scientist R. J. Rummel,[30] and Arnold Beichman.[31]
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Main article: Jewish assimilation |
In 2019, Israeli education minister Rafi Peretz compared Jewish intermarriage in the United States to a "second Holocaust".[32] At the time, fifty-eight percent of married American Jews had non-Jewish spouses. Jonathan Greenblatt, director of the Anti-Defamation League, said that Peretz' remark "trivializes the Shoah [Holocaust]".[33]