2nd Revolution of Bangladesh
বাংলাদেশের দ্বিতীয় বিপ্লব
Date25 January – 15 August 1975 (1975-01-25 – 1975-08-15)
(6 months and 3 weeks)
LocationBangladesh
Outcome

Second Revolution (Bengali: দ্বিতীয় বিপ্লব) was a political hypothesis presented by the "founding father" of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[1] The hypothesis included a series of reforms in the three pillars of a state: administrative, judiciary and legislative systems. The reforms were enacted through the fourth amendment of the constitution of Bangladesh. BaKSAL was formed as the decision making council to carry out the revolution.[2]

The 'revolution', as it was called by the Awami League leadership, ended with the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman during the 15 August 1975 Bangladesh coup d'état.

History

Background

With the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent nation in 1971, Bangladesh became a people's republic which enabled both democracy and socialism as state policies, with Bengali nationalism and secularism. And within one year of independence Bangladesh got its constitution.bn

Bangladesh introduced a parliamentary democracy as the legislative system with 300 constituencies, where every member of parliaments needed to be elected by direct vote by qualified voters. And in the 1973 general election, the Awami League emerged as the single largest party of the country to govern the nation winning 293 seats out of 300.

Amid political success, Bangladesh was facing difficulties with the condition of its economy after independence. In the 1974–75 fiscal year, after three years of independence, Bangladesh hardly registered a 2% growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) while the population grew by 3%, embarrassing statistics for a government.[3] Almost all private ventures were nationalised according to the state policy and private entrepreneurship was discouraged. Though Bangladesh was seemingly advocating socialist ideologies, one of the prime priorities- the land reforms- seemed a far cry.

The slower progress in economy, dysfunctional production system, smuggling of goods through the border and syndication among the traders who had been enjoying substantial support, including licenses from the ruling Awami League, since independence led the country to a famine in 1974 that claimed at least 1.5 million lives.[4] Estimates from some notable economists, including Dr. Amartya Sen however, suggest the death toll was much higher.[5] A sudden flood in the same year made the situation much worse leaving hundreds to die of starvation.

With these failures, the government started receiving criticism from opposition parties and newspapers. The government had decided to deal the political opposition harshly. Political figures like Siraj Sikder, Mosharraf Hossain, Badal Khan and almost thirty thousand political activists were either extrajudicially killed, or disappeared in three years due to Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini (transl. National Security Force) excesses and police actions.[citation needed] Opposition parties started protesting government repression and some of them opted for armed struggle to defend themselves. At least four members of parliament got killed.[citation needed]

The later events suggest that the government, due to the failures in the first three years of independence and the worsening law and order situation of the country, was convinced that democracy was no more the salient theme to put the country in order and a series of reforms was needed.

Origin

When considering the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 as the 'first revolution', the term 'Second Revolution' was first used in the 24 September 1974 edition of the Daily Banglar Bani newspaper which had Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani as the editor-in-chief. Mani was the nephew of Prime Minister Mujibur Rahman,.[6][7]

Mani advocated the idea of a one-party state with his uncle Mujibur as the head of state, in a series of public meetings of the Bangladesh Awami Jubo League (Jubo League), the youth wing of the Bangladesh Awami League.

In October 1974, he addressed several meetings of the League and began publicly advocating the view that the parliamentary system had failed in Bangladesh and another "revolution" was inevitable.[6]

Mani professed his ideas to his uncle, Mujibur, in a private meeting in 1974 as well. He said:

Leader, it does not look good that the father of the nation will be serving as merely a Prime Minister under a President. We request you to change the parliamentary system to a presidential one and remain the President of the country till death.[8]

Prime Minister Mujibur Rahman first pronounced the "Second Revolution" in his parliamentary speech after the Fourth Amendment on 25 January 1975.[9]

Enactment

The second revolution began with the enactment of the fourth amendment of the constitution on 25 January 1975. After the fourth amendment of the constitution was passed by majority vote in the parliament Sheikh Mujibur Rahman addressed the parliament members. He said:

Only 5pc of the Bangladeshis, the educated ones, are the most corrupt people, and we speak a lot. We write in the newspapers. Today, the day has come to criticize ourselves; this cannot go on too long. Today I have amended the constitution. Today I want to declare, this is our second revolution. The new system we are moving to from now on is also a democracy. This is the democracy of exploited.[10]

Ideology

Though the Second Revolution was a step forward to a Socialist Bangladesh with formidable economic and administrative reforms, it was much different than the other socialist revolutions of the contemporary world. It was more aimed at achieving some reformist goals than a social change.

In his emotional speech on 25 January 1975, Mujibur Rahman explaining the revolution, said:

How long will friends continue to give us food and assistance? We must have population control. We must discipline ourselves. I do not want to lead a nation of beggars.[1]

In a meeting with two pioneers of the communist movement in Bangladesh, Rashed Khan Menon and Haider Akbar Khan Rano on 20 February 1975, Mujibur said,

I have decided to go for socialism. Come with me. I am the one who had chased away those Punjabi capitalists, now I cannot allow those Marwari capitalists. I will not let the country go capitalist. I will make it a socialist one.[11]

Noted political scientist Rounaq Jahan pointed out the idea of the Second Revolution this way:

When he introduced the constitutional changes in Parliament Sheikh Mujib declared that he was changing the "system" because the old system had become a "free style democracy" incapable of solving the country's real problems. The new system which he called his "second revolution" would ensure democracy of the "have-nots".[12]

However, Mujibur later mentioned that parliamentary democracy was degenerating into a "free style", free-for-all democracy and he had to put a stop to it.

In a public meeting after the declaration of the constitution of BaKSAL, he said:

I cannot recollect that during the last ten to twenty years any of the old leaders left Paltan Maidan after rebuking Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Even then after coming to power… I said if you want to say something good speak out. If it is aimed for the betterment of the country speak out. But what could we see? When we started to proceed in this way foreign agents raised heads in this country and free style started.[12]

The remarks of Mujibur indicate that he was irked by the criticism of the opposition parties which he believed was taking place due to the 'free-style' of democracy, and one of the reasons of the Second Revolution was putting an end to it.[13]

Components

The Second Revolution, according to Mujibur Rahman, was a reformation of the government and the whole system.

Objectives

Mujibur spelled out four objectives of his Second Revolution on 26 March 1975 at the public meeting held at Suhrawardy Udyan. He said,

The 'Second Revolution' was not an end in itself. It was only a step forward for increased production, family planning, fighting against corruption and national unity. The ultimate object is the creation of a society free from exploitation where there would be no torture, repression, injustice or corruption and to retain the honour and dignity of Bangladesh as an independent and sovereign state.[14]

The clearly stated four objectives to create a society free from exploitation through Second Revolution were:[15]

Features

The basic concept of the reformation included certain features as indicated by the Fourth Amendment of the constitution and the subsequent government orders were:[12]

Presidential form of government

With the Fourth Amendment of the constitution, through which the revolution had begun in January 1975, Bangladesh converted into a Presidential form of government from a Parliamentary system .[6][16]

In the Fourth Amendment, the entire Chapter I relating to the President, and Chapter II relating to the Prime Minister, and the Cabinet under Part IV were replaced by new provisions. The new system vested executive power in the President, who was to be directly elected.[17]

One-party system

Further information: Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League

On 24 February 1975 Mujibur announced the formation of the only legal political party of the country the Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League (BaKSAL). The announcement automatically abolished all other political parties of the country, eventually made the other parties that did not join BaKSAL outlawed.[18][19]

The constitution of the new party was declared on 6 June of the same year by Mujibur. The formation of the party was a follow-up of the Fourth Amendment that gave all the power to the President to form the party through his executive order. It was also provided that the government servant would be qualified to be a member of the national party according to Article 117A(4) of the constitution.[20][21]

Reorganized administrative structure

According to the theories of the Second Revolution, the sub-divisions were to become districts with a new administrative council composed of representatives from BaKSAL, members of parliament and government officials. Each administrative council would be headed by a governor who would run the local administration. On 21 June 1975, by a Presidential Ordinance, Mujibur created 61 districts from the existing 19. The governor-designates for the districts were declared on 16 July of the same year.

An administrative council was announced to be formed for each thana, composed of the local youth, women, workers, farmers and BaKSAL members.

Compulsory multipurpose village level cooperatives

Mujibur, at the Bangladeshi Independence Day rally on 26 March 1975, declared that there should be compulsory multi-purpose co-operatives in every village of the country. The co-operatives would be formed in phases, under 5-years plans all 65,000 village would have such cooperatives.[22] Each cooperative would comprise 500–1,000 families. These cooperatives would be considered as the economic units of the nation.[23]

Controlled civil liberties

The Second Revolution imposed a greater control over civil liberties, including the basic rights of political activity, freedom of speech and the judiciary.

The judiciary was made subservient to the President. Contrary to the previous system, the President was given full authority to appoint judges other than those on the Supreme Court, and to remove any judge including the Chief Justice simply by an order on the grounds of 'misbehavior and incapacity'.[6][24]

On 16 June 1975, around 20 daily newspapers in the four major cities were closed down and only four survived: The Bangladesh Observer, The Bangladesh Times, Dainik Bangla, and Ittefaq.[6]

The government took over the four newspapers and appointed the editors as well. Anwar Hossain Manju the editor of Ittefaq, which was one of the most popular dailies of the country, was substituted with Nurul Islam Patwari. Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mani, the nephew of Mujibur was appointed as the Editor of The Bangladesh Times.[6][25]

Outcomes

With the reforms under the revolutionary program, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was made the President for an indefinite time since the possible ways to impeach a President were made much harder. The minimum number of votes required to impeach a President was increased to three-fourths from two-thirds of the total number of the members of parliament.

Though the revolution was thwarted before putting it in operation, it had infuriated a huge population of the country. Bangladeshis amid their sorrow due to an ongoing famine could not accept it.

Many journalists became unemployed due to the sudden closure of almost all the newspapers, though the government arranged a token stipend for some of them.

Political parties like Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal, National Awami Party, United People's Party and some other parties had to go underground in the changed system. Ganabahini, the armed section of Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal was made more active after the party opted for going underground.

Though the chief of the Bangladesh Army was made a member of the central committee of BaKSAL, a section of the force was agitated by the reforms. In a pre-dawn coup d'état in August 1975, Mujibur the President of the country and the leader of the revolution, was assassinated by a group of military personnel of the Bangladesh Army.

Legacy

"The fourth amendment became unavoidable to face socio-economic and law and order situations of the country. The global political reality also influenced to the adoption of the fourth amendment. It is to be mentioned that socialist countries of the world have the instance of single-party political system. But before the new system of government could come in effect in full swing in the country, the ruthless massacre was held on 15 August 1975."

–A part of grade 9-10 textbook History of Bangladesh and World Civilizations[26]

Second Revolution is generally represented positively in official Bangladeshi historiography. But it’s also criticized by the political thinkers and historians. Political scientist Rounaq Jahan questioned the goals of the revolution, writing: "It is hard to explain why one would need a revolution to achieve such reformist goals!".[citation needed] According to Jahan, Sheikh Mujib's political plan was to replicate in Bangladesh India's variant of the Westminster model—a "one-dominant party" parliamentary democracy.[27] She also argued that the 'second revolution” did not bring any radical change as the new model was no better than 'putting old wine into new bottle' by means of 'keeping the same old leadership with the same factional cleavages and the same style'.[28]

Though the revolution was aimed to foster national unity, Mujibur has been criticised for not making any visible step to achieve the objective.[29] Only eight out of hundred fifteen posts of the central committee was given to the leaders of those parties who joined the platform of national unity, BaKSAL. In the highest decision making council of BaKSAL there was no participation of any parties other than the Awami League.[15]

A. F. Salahuddin Ahmed, a historian, termed the revolution as in truth a political death for Bangladesh.[30]

Timeline

Sheikh Mani first used the term Second Revolution in his Bengali language. daily Banglar Bani

Mani used the term in a public meeting of the Jubo League and professed that the revolution is inevitable.

The President of Bangladesh declared a state of emergency in Bangladesh.

Public meetings, strikes and any similar activities were declared illegal under the emergency rule.

The parliamentary committee of the Awami League gave Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman absolute authority to take any step necessary for the national interest.

The Fourth Amendment bill was passed by the Parliament and Mujibur, in his speech about the Amendment of the Constitution, claimed that this is his Second Revolution.

Mujibur announced the formation of the new national party BaKSAL and therefore banned all other political parties and organisation.

Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani expressed his support of the Second Revolution in a joint declaration with Mujibur at Tangail, although he refrained from joining BaKSAL[30]

Mujibur detailed his Second Revolution plan, spelled out the four objectives of the revolution, and declared intentions to form multi-purpose co-operatives as economic units.

Pro-Pakistan politician and opposition leader Ataur Rahman Khan joined BaKSAL and pledged to be a part of the revolution.

Mujibur declared the constitution and the five fronts of national party.

All but four newspapers declared banned

61 sub-divisions were promoted to districts.

Names of 61 Governor-designates were released, a month-long political training for the governors was yet to begin and end by 16 August of the same year.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated, along with most of his family members, during a military coup d'état by a group of Bangladesh Army personnel. With the death of its leader, the revolution failed.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Bangladesh: The Second Revolution". Time. 10 February 1975. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  2. ^ "Forty years . . . and diverse governments". The Daily Star. 26 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  3. ^ Jahan, Rounaq (2005). Bangladesh Politics: Problems and Issues. University Press Limited. p. 142. ISBN 978-984-05-1029-0.
  4. ^ Alamgir, Mahiuddin (1978). Bangladesh: A Case of Below Poverty Level Equilibrium Trap. Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies.
  5. ^ Sen, Amartya (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay of Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-19-828463-2.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Maniruzzaman, Talukder (February 1976). "Bangladesh in 1975: The Fall of the Mujib Regime and Its Aftermath". Asian Survey. 16 (2): 119–129. doi:10.2307/2643140. JSTOR 2643140.
  7. ^ Jahan, Rounaq (2005). Bangladesh Politics: Problems and Issues. University Press Limited. p. 152. ISBN 978-984-05-1029-0.
  8. ^ Mia, MA Wazed (1993). Some events around Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib and Bangladesh. University Press Limited. pp. 197–198.
  9. ^ Socialist India Volume 11. Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. 1975. p. 30. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  10. ^ Ahmed, Mahiuddin (2014). Jāsadēra ut'thāna-patana: Asthira samaẏēra rājanīti জাসদের উত্থান-পতন: অস্থির সময়ের রাজনীতি (in Bengali). Prothoma. p. 158. ISBN 978-984-90747-55.
  11. ^ Śatābdī pēriẏē শতাব্দী পেরিয়ে (in Bengali). Taraphadara Prakashani. March 2010. p. 336. ISBN 978-984-779-027-5.
  12. ^ a b c Jahan, Rounaq (2005). Bangladesh Politics: Problems and Issues. University Press Limited. p. 153. ISBN 978-984-05-1029-0.
  13. ^ Nyrop, Richard F. (1975). Area Handbook for Bangladesh. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 7. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  14. ^ Ahmed, Moudud (1984) [First published 1983]. Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 247. ISBN 3-515-04266-0.
  15. ^ a b Śatābdī pēriẏē শতাব্দী পেরিয়ে (in Bengali). Taraphadara Prakashani. March 2010. p. 335. ISBN 978-984-779-027-5.
  16. ^ Mitra, Subrata Kumar; Enskat, Mike; Spiess, Clemens (2004). Political parties of South Asia. Greeenwood Publishing Group. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-275-96832-8.
  17. ^ Ahmed, Moudud (1984) [First published 1983]. Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 235. ISBN 3-515-04266-0.
  18. ^ Islam, Syed Serajul (May 1984). "The State in Bangladesh under Zia (1975–81)". Asian Survey. 24 (5): 556–573. doi:10.2307/2644413. JSTOR 2644413.
  19. ^ Mitra, Subrata Kumar; Enskat, Mike; Spiess, Clemens (2004). Political parties of South Asia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-275-96832-8.
  20. ^ Ahmed, Moudud (1984) [First published 1983]. Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 252. ISBN 3-515-04266-0. Mujib under Article 117(A) clause 3 of the Constitution in June 1975 announced the constitution of the Party
  21. ^ Halim, Md. Abdul (2010). Saṃbidhāna, sāṃbidhānika āina, o rājanīti: Bāṃlādeśa prasaṅga সংবিধান, সাংবিধানিক আইন ও রাজনীতি: বাংলাদেশ প্রসঙ্গ (in Bengali). CCB Foundation. p. 164.
  22. ^ Jahan, Rounaq (2005). Bangladesh Politics: Problems and Issues. University Press Limited. p. 154. ISBN 978-984-05-1029-0.
  23. ^ Ahmed, Moudud (1984) [First published 1983]. Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 245. ISBN 3-515-04266-0.
  24. ^ Ahmed, Moudud (1984) [First published 1983]. Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 238. ISBN 3-515-04266-0. The judiciary ... was now made completely subservient to the executive ... On the question of appointing judges other than those in the Supreme Court, the President was given the full authority ... On the question of removal of judges the ... power [of impeachment] was assumed by the President who could remove a judge including the Chief Justice simply by an order on ground of misbehaviour or incapacity.
  25. ^ Murshid, Ghulam (2009). Muktiyuddha o tārapara: ekaṭi nirdalīẏa itihāsa মুক্তিযুদ্ধ ও তারপরঃ একটি নির্দলীয় ইতিহাস (in Bengali). Prothoma. p. 205. ISBN 978-984-8765-37-1.
  26. ^ "Secondary - (E.Version.) 2022 - Class-9- History CD COM OPT.pdf - Google Drive"
  27. ^ Stern, Robert W. (2001). Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia: Dominant Classes and Political Outcomes in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-275-97041-3. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  28. ^ Rahman, M. Shamsur (1991). Administrative Elite in Bangladesh. Manak Publications. p. 256. ISBN 978-81-85445-02-1.
  29. ^ Ahmed, Moudud (1984) [First published 1983]. Bangladesh: Era of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. pp. 252–253. ISBN 3-515-04266-0.
  30. ^ a b Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). Bangladesh: Past and Present. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 213. ISBN 978-8176484695.
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