Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine has been committed by Armed Forces of Russia, including the use of mass rape as a weapon of war. According to the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, the victims of sexual assault by Russian soldiers ranged from 4 years old to over 80 years old.[1]
The United Nations Human Rights High Commissioner issued a report on human rights violations and war crimes in October 2022; in the opening summary section, it stated, "Furthermore, the Commission documented patterns of summary executions, unlawful confinement, torture, ill-treatment, and rape and other sexual violence committed in areas occupied by Russian armed forces across the four provinces on which it focused. People have been detained, some have been unlawfully deported to the Russian Federation, and many are still reported missing. Sexual violence has affected victims of all ages. Victims, including children, were sometimes forced to witness the crimes. Children have become the victims of the full spectrum of violations investigated by the Commission, including indiscriminate attacks, torture and rape, and have suffered the predictable psychological consequences."[2]
Following the late March liberation of the Kyiv region and reports of gang rape, gunpoint sexual assaults, and rapes in front of children, The Guardian said that Ukrainian women were facing a threat of rape as a weapon of war.[6] As of May 2022, about 82.4% of cases of sexual violence related to the conflict that were reported by the United Nations were alleged to have been perpetrated by Russian or Russian-aligned combatants, while about 9.25% were reported to have been committed by the Ukrainian Armed Forces or law enforcement.[7][8] On 29 June, 2022, the OHCHR reported that it had received 108 allegations of conflict related sexual violence and it had verified 23 cases.[7] On 2 December, 2022, the OHCHR reported that it had documented 86 cases of conflict-related sexual violence, including rape, gang rape, forced nudity and forced public stripping, most of which were perpetrated by members of the Russian armed forces or police authorities.[9] The OHCHR also reported that Ukrainian law enforcement authorities were investigating 43 cases of sexual violence.[9]
Sexual violence as a weapon of war
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe released a statement on 19 June 2022 condemning the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war. Secretary General Helga Maria Schmid "called for an urgent end to the use of rape and other sexual crimes as a tactic of war in Ukraine". They highlighted the need for continued investigation, the prosecution of sexual violence during the war, and called on the international community to provide assistance to the survivors.[10] In November 2022 the OSCE participated in the 16 Days of Activism against Gender-based Violence and called for "an end to the use of rape, sexual violence and other sexual crimes as a tactic of war in Ukraine".[11]
UN envoy Pramila Patten, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, stated "When women are held for days and raped, when you start to rape little boys and men, when you see a series of genital mutilations, when you hear women testify about Russian soldiers equipped with Viagra, it's clearly a military strategy."[12][13][14] They stated that the cases currently reported are the "tip of the iceberg".[15] Ukraine's prosecutor general commented that acts of sexual violence is massively under reported due to the difficulty investigators faced in Russian occupied areas and the fear and shame experienced by survivors, "To investigate sexual crimes on the occupied territory, when we are still in the military conflict, is very hard," said Ukraine's prosecutor general, Iryna Venediktova. "It's very difficult, because the victims are actually scared."[16][17]
Extent of sexual violence
Reports of sexual violence against women, men, and children have been widespread in areas liberated from Russian occupation. Evidence of mass acts of sexual violence began to be uncovered early in the conflict;[18][19][20] Information regarding sexual violence by Russian soldiers in occupied areas have been steadily accumulating, allowing prosecutors to begin criminal proceeding and providing additional information for investigations.[21] Ukraine's prosecutor generals office stated they are documenting acts of sexual violence against civilians in all areas occupied by Russian soldiers;[22] evidence shows that acts of sexual violence were committed against men and children in addition to women.[23][24]
The United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and humanitarian organizations have all confirmed the widespread use of sexual violence by Russian soldiers in Ukraine.[25][26][27][28] The United Nations reported in January 2023, that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights had documented over 90 cases of sexual violence in Russian occupied areas.[29]
The New York Times reported "widespread evidence of sexual violence by Russian troops documented by Ukrainian and international investigators"; Anna Sosonska, an investigator in Ukraine's prosecutor general's office stated, "We are finding this problem of sexual violence in every place that Russia occupied. ... Every place: Kyiv region, Chernihiv region, Kharkiv region, Donetsk region and also here in Kherson region."[30] The BBC reported on additional evidence of widespread sexual violence in the Kyiv region.[31][32]
Communications intercepts
Since the beginning of the invasion, the Ukrainian Security Service has been monitoring and releasing communications, mainly phone calls, made by Russian soldiers and officials. Many of these communications have included comments regarding sexual violence.
Ukrainska Pravda reported an intercepted telephone conversation where a Russian soldier recounts their experience with sexual violence in Ukraine and its widespread nature;
"When we surrendered Lyman, we slaughtered everyone out there, f**king khokhols [a derogatory Russian term for Ukrainians]. ... We raped them, slaughtered them, shot them. In Lyman and Torske, we just walked around shooting everyone. All the men who were younger were taken to us out there, and the women, young ones: they were all f**ked, slaughtered, shot."[33][34][35]
Security services of Ukraine released an intercepted phone call from a Russian soldier stating, "Locals hate us all here. Ours [Russian soldiers] rape local women".[36][37]The Toronto Sun reported 14 April 2022 on an intercepted phone call where "A Russian wife laid down two ground rules after giving her soldier husband permission to rape women during the invasion of Ukraine"; "Rape them, yeah, ... Don't tell me anything, understand? Yeah, I allow you—just use protection."[38]
There have been at least two separate cases of women and children refugees who were allegedly taken advantage of while they were fleeing the violence in Ukraine. A man was arrested in Poland in mid-March for the alleged rape of a 19-year-old refugee who reportedly had sought shelter and aid from the man and two men reportedly assaulted a Ukrainian teenage refugee who was staying in German accommodations for refugees.[39] Prior to the launch of the United Kingdom Government's housing scheme for refugees, one woman reported a man who attempted to have her stay with him and promised free accommodation, food, expenses and a monthly allowance in return for sex. The woman reportedly tried to rebuff the man, who only stopped after she informed him she was traveling with her mother.[40]
Children and elderly
The United Nations has found that victims of sexual violence in Ukraine include children as young as 4 and adults older than 80.[41]
In late September 2022, a panel of investigators from the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine[42] released a statement which said that the commission has "documented cases in which children have been raped, tortured, and unlawfully confined" and labeled these as war crimes. The same report also referenced children being killed and injured by Russia's indiscriminate attacks as well as forced separation from family and kidnapping.[43][44]
In the Kyiv region, two Russian soldiers raped an entire family, including the husband, wife and their four-year-old daughter. In regions outside of Kyiv, Russian soldiers raped an 83-year-old woman, whose disabled husband was also present in the home. In another village in the same region, Russian soldiers gang-raped a 56-year-old woman after robbing her. Later the Russians tortured and murdered her husband.[45][44]
Reports and statements
According to the Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict data set, sexual violence by Russian forces has been reported in three of seven years of conflict since 2014 in eastern Ukraine.[46]
In April 2022, Ukrainian officials and human rights organisations reported that Russian troops were using sexual violence on a huge scale as an instrument of war against the civilian population, to break down the morale of Ukrainians and prevent them from resisting.[47] On 3 April, La Strada Ukraine, which runs a hotline for helping survivors of human trafficking, sexual assault and domestic violence, stated that rape is underreported and stigmatised in peacetime and that the cases known to the organisation could be "the tip of the iceberg".[6]
On 3 April 2022, British Ambassador to Ukraine Melinda Simmons called rape "an element of Russia's unprovoked war campaign. … Though we don't yet know the full extent of its use in Ukraine, it's already clear it was part of Russia's arsenal. … Women raped in front of their kids, girls in front of their families, as a deliberate act of subjugation."[48]
On 21 April 2022, the Canadian and UK foreign ministers Mélanie Joly and Liz Truss jointly signed a letter in which they said that rape was being "used as a weapon of war" by Russian soldiers in Ukraine.[49] They described rape as a weapon of war to be "a systematic weapon to exert control and exercise power over women … as destructive in conflict as chemical weapons or landmines, which are both banned by international conventions, but yet to be treated as seriously."[50][51]
On 19 June 2022, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe released a statement condemning sexual violence in war and referenced the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war against Ukraine. It stated in part, "Today, on the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict, OSCE Secretary General Helga Maria Schmid called for an urgent end to the use of rape and other sexual crimes as a tactic of war in Ukraine and elsewhere in the OSCE region and beyond."[53]
On 27 September 2022 a report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) said that it was not yet able to draw any conclusions on the extent of conflict-related sexual violence in Ukraine, but that it had documented "numerous cases" perpetrated against women, girls and men.[54] OHCHR had documented 9 cases of rape, 15 cases of sexual violence used as a method of torture, and 11 cases of forced public stripping against people considered to be "lawbreakers".[54]
On 18 October 2022, a United Nations commission issued a report finding Russia responsible for a "pattern of rape and other abuses in Ukraine"; they found Russia was responsible for the vast majority of human rights violations and war crimes.[44] The report was presented to the United Nations General Assembly by the Independent Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine.[55][2]
In January 2023, Human Rights Watch issued the World Report 2023, the 33rd edition of the human rights report reviewing events during 2022. Regarding Ukraine reported it part, "In areas they occupied, Russian or Russian-affiliated forces committed apparent war crimes, including torture, summary executions, sexual violence, and enforced disappearances."[57]
Prominent cases in the media
In late March, the Prosecutor General, Venediktova, started an investigation into a claim of Russian soldiers shooting a man and then raping his wife. The Times published an interview with the woman. She stated that she was from a small village in Brovary Raion. According to her testimony, when Russian soldiers arrived at the couple's house, they shot the couple's dog and then murdered her husband telling her, "You don't have a husband anymore. I shot him with this gun. He was a fascist." The woman was gang raped at gunpoint multiple times over several hours while the soldiers drank; eventually they became "so drunk they were barely standing". The woman eventually escaped with her son who had been in the home while this occurred. The alleged rapists were later identified from social media profiles.[58][59]Meduza published a report about this incident and similar crimes in the Bogdanivka region.[60] Russian spokesperson Dmitry Peskov described the allegations as "a lie".[61] An arrest warrant was issued in the case for an identified Russian soldier based on "suspicion of violation of the laws and customs of war".[61][62] The case has been verified by OHCHR and it was described in its June 2022 report on human rights in Ukraine during the Russian invasion.[59]
Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported on a 13 March beating and rape of a 31-year-old woman in the village of Mala Rohan in Kharkiv Raion, which at the time was controlled by the Russian Armed Forces. The report stated a Russian soldier entered a school and beat and raped at gunpoint a woman sheltering with her family and other villagers.[8]
The BBC News interviewed a 50-year-old woman from a village 70 kilometres (70,000 m) west of Kyiv, who said she was raped at gunpoint by a Chechen allied with the Russian Armed Forces. According to neighbours a 40-year-old woman was raped and killed by the same soldier, leaving what the BBC News described as a "disturbing crime scene". The police chief of Kyiv Oblast, Andrii Nebytov, stated that the police were investigating a case on 9 March when Russian soldiers shot a man and repeatedly raped his wife. The soldiers pillaged and burnt the house and killed the family's dogs.[63]
In June 2023, The Sunday Times reported on two former Ukrainian soldiers who had been tortured by Russians while in captivity and castrated with a knife, before being freed in a prisoner of war swap. A psychologist who was treating the men stated that she had heard of many other similar cases from her colleagues. The same report stated that doctors at a maternity clinic in Poltava reported cases of women who had been raped by Russian soldiers and then had window sealant injected into their sexual organs so that they could never have children.[66]
Responses
Protests
Women held protests at Russian embassies against rape by Russian soldiers in the invasion. The women protested with bags over their heads, their hands tied behind their backs, and their bare legs covered in red liquid, symbolising blood, with four women protesting on 16 April 2022 in Dublin, Ireland,[67] and 80 women protesting on the same day in Vilnius, Lithuania.[68] On 20 April, a similar protest, by 130 women took place in front of the Russian embassy in Riga, Latvia,[69] and another was held by a dozen women in front of the Russian consulate in Gdańsk, Poland.[70]
Investigations
In August 2022, Ukraine's prosecutor general's office reported that there were "several dozen" criminal proceedings underway for sexual violence committed by Russian servicemen.[71] As of 31 October 2022, Ukrainian authorities were reportedly investigating 43 cases of sexual violence.[9]
Ukrainian Prosecutor Iryna Didenko stated in January 2023 that their office had opened 154 cases related to acts sexual violence committed by Russian soldiers, but cautioned that the actual number of incidents is probably far higher. They stated that doctors and mental health workers had determined that in the Kyiv Oblast one in nine women had experienced sexual violence during the Russian occupation. Didenko added that Russian invaders have a clear pattern of behavior: “Ground forces arrive, and rapes start on the second or third day".[72]
Sources related to mass rape and rape as a weapon of war or military strategy
"Russians killed and raped civilians as they fled from Lyman, admits soldier in intercepted call". Ukrainska Pravda. 9 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023 – via Yahoo News. The Security Service of Ukraine (SSU) has intercepted a telephone conversation between occupiers which testifies to the fact that the Russians killed civilians and raped women during their retreat from Lyman, Donetsk Oblast. ... 'When we surrendered Lyman, we slaughtered everyone out there, f**king khokhols [a derogatory Russian term for Ukrainians]... We raped them, slaughtered them, shot them. In Lyman and Torske, we just walked around shooting everyone. All the men who were younger were taken to us out there, and the women, young ones: they were all f**ked, slaughtered, shot.'
Gall, C.; Boushnak, L. (5 January 2023). "'Fear Still Remains': Ukraine Finds Sexual Crimes Where Russian Troops Ruled". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023. We are finding this problem of sexual violence in every place that Russia occupied," said Ms. Sosonska, 33 [an investigator with the Ukraine's prosecutor general's office]. "Every place: Kyiv region, Chernihiv region, Kharkiv region, Donetsk region and also here in Kherson region.
Ochab, D. E. U. (17 December 2022). "Mobile Justice Team In Ukraine To Assist With Cases Of Conflict Related Sexual Violence". Forbes. Retrieved 10 January 2023. Prosecutor General of Ukraine has documented more than 100 cases of sexual violence, with the youngest victim being only 4 years old, and the oldest over 80. However, as Olena Zelenska stressed, "these are only those cases where the victims found the strength to testify."
Barber, H. (28 November 2022), "Rape as a weapon of war will trigger UK sanctions", The Telegraph, retrieved 12 January 2023, Most recently, following Russia's illegal invasion of Ukraine, our sanctioning of over 1,200 individuals including members of the Russian military responsible for atrocities
Chandra, T. (27 November 2022). "Russia Is Using Rape as a Weapon in Ukraine. The West Must Hold Putin Accountable". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 10 January 2023. As the war in Ukraine enters its 10th month, and as the Ukrainian military has begun to recover ground previously occupied by the Russians, new evidence of systematic campaigns of rape and torture has come to light. There had previously been troubling reports of widespread use of sexual violence against civilians, along with other clear violations of international laws that compel combatants to protect civilians.
Chen, P. W.; Tim Lister, Josh; Pennington, Heather (15 October 2022). "Russia using rape as "military strategy" in Ukraine: UN envoy". CNN. Retrieved 10 January 2023. Russia is using rape and sexual violence as part of its "military strategy" in Ukraine, a UN envoy said this week ... "When you hear women testify about Russian soldiers equipped with Viagra, it's clearly a military strategy," Pramila Patten, UN Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, said in an interview with AFP on Thursday.
Gans, J. (15 October 2022). "UN official: Russia using rape as war strategy in Ukraine". The Hill. Retrieved 10 January 2023. Pramila Patten, the U.N.'s special representative on sexual violence in conflict, told AFP in an interview that Russian forces have been carrying out sexual assault as a "deliberate tactic to dehumanize the victims," part of its military strategy. "When you hear women testify about Russian soldiers equipped with Viagra, it's clearly a military strategy," she said. Patten said the U.N. has verified more than a hundred cases of rape or sexual assault since the war began in February, and the first cases were reported just three days after Russia launched its full-scale invasion.
"Russia's 'most hidden crime' in Ukraine war: Rape of women, girls, men and boys". The Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023. The prosecutor general's office said last week there are "several dozen" criminal proceedings underway involving sexual violence committed by Russian military personnel. But police, prosecutors and counselors say the true number is likely far larger, in part because of reluctance to report such attacks.
""I wanted to take off my skin": Ukrainian women recount rape by Russian soldiers". ABC News. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023. Stories of rape and other atrocities at the hands of Russian troops are not unheard of in small towns and suburbs of Kyiv. Residents of Bucha and Borodyanka have reported human rights violations including rape, murder and torture by Russian forces during the invasion.
OSCE Secretariat (19 June 2022), "OSCE Secretary General condemns use of sexual violence as weapon of war, urges for international support to survivors", Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), retrieved 12 January 2023, Today, on the International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict, OSCE Secretary General Helga Maria Schmid called for an urgent end to the use of rape and other sexual crimes as a tactic of war in Ukraine and elsewhere in the OSCE region and beyond.
Fadel, L., Helić, A. (3 May 2022), "In the war on Ukraine, rape has been used as a weapon", NPR, retrieved 12 January 2023, NPR's Leila Fadel talks to British lawmaker Arminka Helić about how rape and sexual violence are being used as weapons in Russia's war on Ukraine.
Wamsley, L. (30 April 2022). "Rape has reportedly become a weapon in Ukraine. Finding justice may be difficult". NPR. Retrieved 10 January 2023. The number of reports that have emerged since the start of the war in late February suggests that rape in Ukraine at the hands of Russian soldiers may be widespread. Those fears were further crystallized earlier this month following the Russian withdrawal from Bucha, a suburb of the capital Kyiv, where some two dozen women and girls were "systematically raped" by Russian forces, according to Ukraine's ombudswoman for human rights, Lyudmyla Denisova.
Sidhu, T. J.; Oleksandra Ochman, Sandi (22 April 2022). "Russian troops use rape as "an instrument of war" in Ukraine, rights groups allege". CNN. Retrieved 10 January 2023. Ukrainian officials say Russian forces have been sexually abusing women, children and men since the invasion began, using rape and other sexual offenses as weapons of war. Human rights groups and Ukrainian psychologists who CNN spoke to say they have been working around the clock to deal with a growing number of sexual abuse cases allegedly involving Russian soldiers. A report by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), released on April 13, found violations of international humanitarian law by Russian forces in Ukraine, noting that "reports indicate instances of conflict-related gender-based violence, such as rape, sexual violence or sexual harassment."
^Wamsley, L. (30 April 2022). "Rape has reportedly become a weapon in Ukraine. Finding justice may be difficult". NPR. Retrieved 10 January 2023. The number of reports that have emerged since the start of the war in late February suggests that rape in Ukraine at the hands of Russian soldiers may be widespread. Those fears were further crystallized earlier this month following the Russian withdrawal from Bucha, a suburb of the capital Kyiv, where some two dozen women and girls were "systematically raped" by Russian forces, according to Ukraine's ombudswoman for human rights, Lyudmyla Denisova.
^Chandra, T. (27 November 2022). "Russia Is Using Rape as a Weapon in Ukraine. The West Must Hold Putin Accountable". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 10 January 2023. As the war in Ukraine enters its 10th month, and as the Ukrainian military has begun to recover ground previously occupied by the Russians, new evidence of systematic campaigns of rape and torture has come to light. There had previously been troubling reports of widespread use of sexual violence against civilians, along with other clear violations of international laws that compel combatants to protect civilians.
^"Russia's 'most hidden crime' in Ukraine war: Rape of women, girls, men and boys". The Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023. The prosecutor general's office said last week there are "several dozen" criminal proceedings underway involving sexual violence committed by Russian military personnel. But police, prosecutors and counselors say the true number is likely far larger, in part because of reluctance to report such attacks.
^Gall, C.; Boushnak, L. (5 January 2023). "'Fear Still Remains': Ukraine Finds Sexual Crimes Where Russian Troops Ruled". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 10 January 2023. We are finding this problem of sexual violence in every place that Russia occupied," said Ms. Sosonska, 33 [an investigator with the Ukraine's prosecutor general's office]. "Every place: Kyiv region, Chernihiv region, Kharkiv region, Donetsk region and also here in Kherson region.
^"Russia's 'most hidden crime' in Ukraine war: Rape of women, girls, men and boys". The Los Angeles Times. 21 August 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2023. ... people who had been raped or sexually abused in the course of this conflict — most are women and girls, but many are men and boys—are often reluctant to speak even in confidence with a therapist, let alone go to police or other investigators and provide a detailed account.
^Gans, J. (15 October 2022). "UN official: Russia using rape as war strategy in Ukraine". The Hill. Retrieved 10 January 2023. Patten [United Nations special representative on sexual violence in conflict] said the U.N. has verified more than a hundred cases of rape or sexual assault since the war began in February, and the first cases were reported just three days after Russia launched its full-scale invasion.
^OSCE Secretariat (19 June 2022), OSCE Secretary General condemns use of sexual violence as weapon of war, urges for international support to survivors, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), retrieved 12 January 2023, I am shocked by continued reports of sexual violence against women and girls, including rape, torture, trafficking and sexual exploitation occurring in Ukraine and in other conflict areas. Men and boys are also the targets of such crimes. This violence is completely unacceptable and must stop
^"World Report 2023: Conflict-Related Sexual Violence", Human Rights Watch, 2023, retrieved 14 January 2023, In December, the HRMMU reported that between February 24 and October 21, it had documented 86 cases of sexual violence, most by Russian forces, including rape, gang rape, forced nudity and forced public stripping in various regions of Ukraine and in one penitentiary facility in Russia.
^Ukraine: 'Humanitarian and human rights catastrophe' continues, Security Council hears, United Nations News Service, 13 January 2023, retrieved 14 January 2023, Turning to allegations of grave human rights violations, OHCHR has documented over 90 cases of conflict-related sexual violence since last February. Of those, men have been predominantly affected by torture and ill-treatment in detention, while women and girls in areas under Russian control have been sexually violated, including gang rape.
^Bhuiyan, J., Yang, M., Chao-Fong, L., Belam, M., McClure, T. (21 September 2022), "Zelenskiy lays out peace formula as arrests at Russia anti-war protests pass 1,000 – as it happened", The Guardian, retrieved 14 January 2023, The security service of Ukraine has released a recording of an intercepted call by a Russian soldier in which he appears to complain about the setbacks faced by Russian troops in recent months. "Locals hate us here. Ours rape local women," the soldier appeared to say into the phone, adding that there was little to no chance of him returning home anytime soon.
^Gall, C. (6 January 2023), "Russia 'used sexual violence as weapon'", Telegraph India, retrieved 14 January 2023, After investigating some areas Russia retreated from, an independent international commission reported to the United Nations in October that "an array of war crimes committed in Ukraine" included cases of sexual violence against women and girls. Victims ranged from older than 80 to as young as a 4-year-old girl forced to perform oral sex on a soldier, which is rape, the report said. It detailed more than a dozen cases involving gang rapes, family members forced to watch a relative being sexually assaulted and sexual violence against detainees.
^The Independent Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine (18 October 2022). "Summary". OHCHR A/77/533: Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine (Report). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. p. 2. Retrieved 10 January 2023. Furthermore, the Commission documented patterns of summary executions, unlawful confinement, torture, ill-treatment, and rape and other sexual violence committed in areas occupied by Russian armed forces across the four provinces on which it focused. People have been detained, some have been unlawfully deported to the Russian Federation, and many are still reported missing. Sexual violence has affected victims of all ages. Victims, including children, were sometimes forced to witness the crimes. Children have become the victims of the full spectrum of violations investigated by the Commission, including indiscriminate attacks, torture and rape, suffering the predictable psychological consequences.
