Shabak
Total population
200,000–500,000 (2017 estimation)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Largest settlements:
Mosul, Gogjali, Bartella[2][3]
Languages
Shabaki, Arabic, Kurdish[4]
Religion
Shia Islam (Twelver),[5] Sunni Islam

Shabaks (Arabic: الشبك; Kurdish: شەبەک, romanized: Şebek) are a group with a disputed ethnic origin. Some Shabaks identify themselves as a distinct ethnic group and others as ethnic Kurds.[6][7][8] They live east of Mosul in Iraq. However their cultural traditions are different from Kurds and Arabs.[9] Historically the Shabak can be identified as an ethnoreligious group.[10] According to Shabak representatives,[who?] the Kurdish authorities intend to eliminate their culture and language, with concerns expressed over any new Kurdish language schools within Shabak villages.[11] Their origin is disputed, and they are considered Kurds by some scholars.[12] They speak Shabaki and live in a religious community (ta'ifa) in the Nineveh Plains. The ancestors of Shabaks were followers of the Safaviyya order, which was founded by the Kurdish mystic Safi-ad-din Ardabili in the early 14th century.[13] The primary Shabak religious text is called the Buyruk or Kitab al-Manaqib (Book of Exemplary Acts), which is written in Turkmen.[14]

Members of the three Kurdish tribes of Bajalan (or Bajarwans), Zangana and Dawoody live in the same villages as the Shabaks and are commonly mistaken for being Shabak.[5]

Origins

The origins of the word Shabak are not clear. One theory is that Shabak is an Arabic word شبك that means intertwine, indicating that the Shabak people originated from many different tribes. Austin Henry Layard considered Shabaks to be descendants of Kurds who originated in Iran, and believed that they might have affinities with the Ali-Ilahis.[12] Anastas Al-Karmali also argued that Shabaks were ethnic Kurds.[15] Another theory suggests that the Shabaks originated from Anatolian Turkomans, who were forced to settle in the Mosul area after the defeat of Ismail I at the battle of Chaldiran.[12]

Deportation and forced assimilation

After the 1987 census, the Iraqi regime started a revenge campaign against those Shabaks who chose to declare themselves Kurdish.[12] The campaign included both deportation and forced assimilation, and many of them (along with Zengana and Hawrami Kurds) were relocated to concentration camps (mujamma'at in Arabic) that were located in the Harir area of the Kurdistan Region. An estimated 1,160 Shabaks were killed during this period. In addition, increasing efforts have been made to force the Shabaks to suppress their own identity in favour of being Arab. The Iraqi government's efforts of forced assimilation, Arabization, and religious persecution put the Shabaks under increasing threat. As one Shabak told a researcher: "The government said we are Arabs, not Kurds; but if we are, why did they deport us from our homes?"[12] Shabak politician Salim al-Shabaki, a representative of Shabaks in the Iraqi parliament, said "The Shabaks are part of the Kurdish nation", emphasizing that Shabaks are ethnically Kurdish.[16]

On 21 August 2006, Shabak Democratic Party leader Hunain Qaddo proposed the creation of a separate province within the borders of the Nineveh Plain to combat the Kurdification and Arabization of Iraqi minorities. On 20 December 2006, ten Shabak representatives unanimously voted for the non-inclusion of Shabak-inhabited areas of the Mosul region into the Kurdistan Regional Government. A number of Shabak village aldermans noted that they were threatened into signing the incorporation petition by Kurdish authorities. On 30 June 2011, the Nineveh provincial council distributed 6,000 lots of land to state employees. According to the head of the Shabak Advisory Board Salem Khudr al-Shabaki, the majority of those lots were deliberately given to Arabs.[citation needed] Hunain al-Qaddo, a Shabak politician, was quoted by Human Rights Watch that: "The Peshmerga have no genuine interest in protecting his community, and that Kurdish security forces are more interested in controlling Shabaks and their leaders than protecting them."[17]

Religious beliefs

Shabaks regard themselves as Shia Muslims.[18]

Shabaks combine elements of Sufism with their own concept of divine reality. According to Shabaks, divine reality is more advanced than the literal reading of the Qur'an, which is known as Sharia. Shabak spiritual guides are known as pirs, and they are well versed in the prayers and rituals of the sect. Pirs are under the leadership of the Supreme Head or Baba.[12] Pirs act as mediators between divine power and ordinary Shabaks. Their beliefs form a syncretic faith that is similar to the beliefs of Yarsanism.[13]

Shabaks also consider the poetry of Ismail I to be revealed by Allah, and they recite Ismail's poetry during religious meetings.[13]

Settlements

List of Shabak–majority settlements in the Nineveh Plains:[5]



List of mixed settlements in the Nineveh Plains:[5]

As of March 2019, all of the above settlements are under federal control and are disputed territories of Northern Iraq.[21]

References

  1. ^ "Crossroads: The future of Iraq's minorities after ISIS" (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. p. 9. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Part I: ISIS exploited the marginalized minority groups of Iraq". Rudaw. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
  3. ^ C.J. Edmonds (1967). "A Pilgrimage to Lalish". p. 87.
  4. ^ Christine M. Helms. Arabism and Islam: Stateless Nations and Nationless States. p. 12.
  5. ^ a b c d عبود، زهير كاظم، (2009). الشبك في العراق (in Arabic). AIRP. p. 42. ISBN 9789953362700.
  6. ^ "Shabak". Minority Rights Group. 2015-06-19. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  7. ^ Ahmed, M. (19 January 2016). Iraqi Kurds and Nation-Building. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-03408-3. Since Shabak Kurds—a minority religious group—were legally deprivedfrom purchasing land in Mosul and those ...
  8. ^ "Kurdish Academy of Language | enables the Kurdish language in new".
  9. ^ Taneja, Preti (2011). "Iraq's Minorities: Participation in Public Life" (PDF). Minority Rights Group International. p. 9. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  10. ^ van Zoonen, Dave; Wirya, Khogir (2017). "The Shabaks: Perceptions of Reconciliation and Conflict" (PDF). Middle East Research Institute. p. 6. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  11. ^ Shanks, Kelsey (2015-11-19). Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq. Routledge. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-317-52042-9.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Leezenberg, Michiel (December 1994). "The Shabak and the Kakais: Dynamics of Ethnicity in Iraqi Kurdistan" (PDF). University of Amsterdam: 5–6. Retrieved 30 March 2019. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ a b c Amal Vinogradov (1974). "Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak". American Ethnologist. 1 (1): 207–218. doi:10.1525/ae.1974.1.1.02a00110.
  14. ^ Martin van Bruinessen (2000). Mullas, Sufis and Heretics: The Role of Religion in Kurdish Society : Collected Articles. Isis Press. p. 3000.
  15. ^ The Shabak, Bektashis, Safawis, and Kizilbash (1 ed.). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 1987. ISBN 0-8156-2411-5.
  16. ^ "Shabak minority want only Peshmerga to liberate their homes". Rudaw. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  17. ^ "On Vulnerable Ground". Human Rights Watch. 10 November 2009.
  18. ^ Imranali Panjwani. Shi'a of Samarra: The Heritage and Politics of a Community in Iraq. p. 172.
  19. ^ "'Trust is gone': Iraqi Christians fear returning due to Shiite militia". The Daily Star - Lebanon. 12 February 2019.
  20. ^ Erica Gaston (5 August 2017). "Iraq after ISIL: Qaraqosh, Hamdaniya District". GPPi. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  21. ^ "US State Dept. says Iraq's takeover of disputed areas caused 'abuse, atrocities'". Rûdaw. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.

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